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12.

0 PENSKORAN

12.1 Panduan Penskoran Amali (Kategori A)

Contoh Laporan Murid

Inferens : Tempoh ayunan bergantung kepada panjang bandul.


Inference : The period of oscillation depends on the length of pendulum.

Hipotesis : Semakin bertambah panjang bandul, semakin bertambah tempoh ayunan.


Hypothesis : The length of pendulum increases, the period of oscillation increases ✓
Tujuan
Aim
: Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang bandul dan tempoh ayunan.
: To study the relationship between the length of pendulum and the period of

oscillation

Pemboleh ubah:
Variables :

Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan : Panjang bandul, ℓ


Manipulated variable : Length of pendulum, ℓ ✓


Pembolehubah bergerak balas : Tempoh ayunan, T .
Responding variable : Period of oscillation, T

Pembolehubah dimalarkan : Pecutan graviti, g .


Constant variable : Gravitational acceleration, g ✓

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Senarai radas dan bahan:
List of apparatus and material:
Kaki retort, ladung, benang, kayu, pembaris meter, jam randik, protraktor, pemberat.
Retort stand, bob, string, wood, metre rule, stopwatch, protractor, weight ✓
Susunan radas dan bahan:
Arrangement of apparatus and material:

Papan lapis
Plywood

Kaki retort
Retort stand

Benang
String
Bandul
Pendulum ✓
Prosedur:
Procedures:
1. Panjang bandul diukur, ℓ=30.0 cm.
The length of pendulum is measured, ℓ = 30.0 cm. ✓
2. Benang diapit di antara dua keping papan lapis pada pengapit kaki retort.
The pendulum is clamped in between two pieces of plywood to the clamp of the retort
stand.
3. Ladung disesarkan ke kiri dengan sudut ayunan 10o.
The bob is displaced to the left with the angle of oscillation 10o.
4. Ladung dilepaskan dan masa, t1, bagi 20 ayunan diukur dengan menggunakan

jam randik dan direkodkan.
The bob is released and the time, t1, for 20 oscillations is measured using stopwatch and
recorded.

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5. Langkah 4 dan 5 diulang dan masa,t2, bagi 20 ayunan diukur dan direkodkan. ✓
Step 4 and 5 is repeated and the time, t2, for 20 oscillations is measured and recorded.
6. Purata masa, t,bagi 20 ayunan dihitungkan.
The average time, t, for 20 oscillations is calculated.

7. Tempoh ayunan, T, dihitung menggunakan formula, .

The period of oscillation, T, is calculated using formula, .

8. Nilai T2 dihitung.
The value of T2 is calculated.
9. Prosedur diulang bagi nilai-nilai ℓ= 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm, 60.0 cm
dan 70.0 cm.
The procedure is repeated for the value of ℓ = 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm, 60.0 cm
and 70.0 cm.

Keputusan:
Result:

Masa bagi 20 ayunan, t/s


Panjang bandul, Time for 20 oscillation, t / s T2/s2
Length of pendulum,
ℓ/cm
t1 t2
Purata
T/s

Average

30.0 21.0 23.0 22.0 1.10 1.21

40.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 1.25 1.56


50.0 28.0 30.0 29.0 1.45 2.10

60.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 1.55 2.40

70.0 34.0 32.0 33.0 1.65 2.72

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T 2 ( s2 ) ✓
Graf T2 melawan ℓ
Graph of T2 against ℓ

3.0

✓ x

x
2.0

1.0

✓ ℓ (cm)
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Kesimpulan : T2 berkadar langsung dengan ℓ


Conclusion : T2 is directly proportional to ℓ ✓
Langkah berjaga-jaga : Kedudukan mata hendaklah berserenjang dengan skala
pembaris untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks. ✓
Precaution : The position of eye must be perpendicular to the scale of
ruler to avoid parallax error.
KPS - 17
KM – 2
NM – 1
Jum - 20
Nota:
KPS – Kemahiran Proses Sains KM – Kemahiran Manipulatif NM – Nilai Murni

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12.2 Panduan Penskoran Amali (Kategori B)

I. Contoh Laporan Murid (Tugasan 1 - Menganalisis Data Melalui Graf)

Tujuan : Menentukan indeks biasan bongkah kaca.


Aim : To determine the refractive index of glass block ✓
Senarai radas dan bahan : Bongkah kaca, kotak sinar, bekalan kuasa, protraktor, ✓
kertas putih dan pembaris.
List of apparatus and material : Glass block, ray box, power supply, protractor,
white paper and metre rule

Susunan radas dan bahan:


Arrangement of apparatus and material:

Kotak sinar
Ray box


P
Bongkah kaca
Glass block

Garis normal
Normal line

Prosedur:
Procedures:

1. Bongkah kaca diletakkan di atas kertas putih dan bentuknya disurih. Bongkah kaca dialihkan dan
garis normal dilukis.
The glass block is placed on a white paper and its shape is traced. The glass block is removed
and the normal line is drawn.

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2. Garis sinar tuju bagi setiap sudut tuju, i =10, 20, 30, 40 dan 50 dilukis.
The line of incident ray for each incident angle, i =10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 is drawn.

3. Bongkah kacadiletakkan semula dan sinar cahaya dihalakan pada sudut tuju,
i = 10 menerusi bongkah kaca pada garis normal, P.
The glass block is placed back to its trace and the light ray is pointed atthe incident angle,
i = 10 into the glass block at normal line, P.

4. Sinar cahaya yang keluar dari bongkah kaca ditanda. Satu garis dilukis dari titik P ke Q.
The light ray emitted from the glass block is marked. A line is drawn from point P to Q.

5. Sudut biasan, r, diukur menggunakan protraktor.


The refracted angle, r, is measured using protractor. 
6. Eksperimen diulang dengan sudut tuju, i = 20, 30, 40 dan 50.
The experiment is repeated with the incident angle, i = 20, 30, 40 dan 50.

7. Sin i dan sin r dihitung.


Sin i and sin r are calculated.

8. Graf sin i melawan sin r dilukis.


Graph sin i against sin r is drawn.

Keputusan:

Result:

Sudut tuju, Sudut biasan,
Incident angle, Refracted angle, Sin i Sin i
i/  r/
10 7 0.174 0.139
20 14 0.342 0.242
30 19 0.500 0.326
40 24 0.643 0.407
50 31 0.766 0.515

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Graf sin i melawan sin r

Sin i
✓ Graph of sin i against sin r

1.00

0.80
x

x
0.60

x

0.40

0.20
x

0.0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 Sin r

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Pengiraan kecerunan:
The calculation of gradient:

= 1.48

Langkah berjaga-jaga:
Precaution:

Kedudukan mata hendaklah berserenjang dengan skala protraktor untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks
The position of eye must be perpendicular to the scale of protractor to avoid parallax error.

KPS - 12
KM – 2
NM – 1
Jum - 15
Nota:

KPS – Kemahiran Proses Sains KM – Kemahiran Manipulatif NM – Nilai Murni

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II. Contoh Laporan Murid (Tugasan 2 - Melalui Kaedah Penghitungan)


Tujuan : Menentukan nilai muatan haba tentu blok aluminium
Aim : To determine the specific heat capacity of an aluminium block.

Senarai radas dan bahan :


List of apparatus and material:
Blok aluminium, kain penebat, termometer, jam randik, pemanas rendam, bekalan kuasa, neraca,
minyak, kepingan asbestos.
Aluminium block, insulator cloth, thermometer, stopwatch, immersion heater, power supply, balance,
oil, asbestos sheet ✓
Susunan radas dan bahan :
Arrangement of apparatus and material:

Bekalan kuasa ✓
Power supply

Termometer
Thermometer
Pemanas rendam
Immersion heater

Blok aluminium
Aluminium block

Prosedur:
Procedures:
1. Jisim blok aluminium, m, diukur dengan menggunakan neraca.
The mass of aluminium block, m ,is measured using balance.

2. Blok aluminium dibalut dengan kain penebat.


The aluminium block is wrapped with an insulator cloth.

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3. Beberapa titis minyak dititiskan ke dalam kedua-dua lubang.
A few drops of oil are dropped intoboth holes. ✓
4. Blok aluminium diletakkan di atas sekeping asbestos.
The aluminium block is placed on the asbestos sheet.

5. Suhu awal blok aluminium, 1, diukur menggunakan termometer.


The initial temperature, 1, is measured using a thermometer.

6. Suis bekalan kuasa dihidupkan serentak dengan jam randik.


The power supply is switched on simultaneously with the start of the stopwatch.

7. Selepas 5 minit, suis bekalan kuasa dimatikan.


After 5 minutes, the power supply is switched off.

8. Suhu akhir blok aluminium, 2, diukur menggunakan termometer.


The final temperature, 2, is measured using a thermometer. ✓
Keputusan:
Result:
Jisim blok aluminium, m = 1.00 kg
The mass of the aluminium block, m ✓
Suhu awal, 1 = 30C
The initial temperature, 1
Suhu akhir, 2 = 46C
The final temperature, 2
Masa pemanasan, t = 300 s ✓
The time of heating, t
Kuasa pemanas rendam, P = 50 W
The power of immersion heater, P

Pengiraan:
Calculation:


✓ ✓
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Langkah berjaga-jaga:

Kedudukan mata hendaklah berserenjang dengan skala bacaan termometer untuk mengelakkan ralat
paralaks.
The position of eye must be perpendicular to the scale of thermometer to avoid parallax error. ✓
KPS - 12
KM – 2
NM – 1
Jum - 15
Nota:

KPS – Kemahiran Proses Sains KM – Kemahiran Manipulatif NM – Nilai Murni

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III. Contoh Laporan Murid (Tugasan 3 - Melalui Pemerhatian)

Tujuan : Memerhati corak pembelauan gelombang air.


Aim : To observe the pattern of diffraction of water wave

Senarai radas dan bahan :
List of apparatus and material:
Tangki riak, kertas putih, penghadang, mentol, pencelup satah, bekalan kuasa, motor, spring
dan air.
Ripple tank, white paper, barrier, bulb, plane dipper, power supply, motor, spring and water. ✓
Susunan radas dan bahan :
Arrangement of apparatus and material:
Lampu
Lamp
Ke bekalan kuasa
To power supply
Pencelup satah
Spring Plane dipper
Air
Water

Penghadang
Barrier

Kertas putih
White paper

Prosedur:
Procedures:
1. Air dimasukkan ke dalam tangki riak dan kedalamannya ditetapkan pada 1 cm..
Water is put into the ripple tank and set at the depth of 1 cm.
2. Bekalan kuasa dihidupkan untuk menghasilkan gelombang satah.
The power supply is switched on to produce plane wave.

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3. Dua penghadang lurus diletakkan dihadapan pencelup untuk membentuk satu celahan.

4.
Two plane barriers are placed in front of the dipper to produce one gap.
Corak gelombang setelah melalui celahan diperhati dan dilukis.

The wave pattern after passing through the gap is observed and drawn.

5. Celah digantikan dengan satu penghadang.
The gap is replaced with one barrier.
4. Corak gelombang setelah melalui penghadang diperhati dan dilukis.
The wave pattern after passing through the barrier is observed and drawn.

Pemerhatian:
Observation:
(i) Corak pembelauan gelombang air melalui (ii) Corak pembelauan gelombang air melalui
satu celah. satu penghadang
The diffraction pattern of water wave passing The diffraction pattern of water wave passed
through one gap through one barrier.

Penghadang
Barrier

Celah
Slit

✓ ✓
.

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Kesimpulan:
Conclusion:

Corak pembelauan akan jelas kelihatan apabila gelombang air melalui celahan sempit atau halangan
kecil.
The diffraction pattern is obvious when the water wave passed through the narrow gap or small
barrier.
1 = 2
v1 = v2 ✓
Question:
Soalan:

Berdasarkan kesimpulan yang anda buat, cadangkan satu cara untuk mengurangkan hakisan di
kawasan pantai.
Based on your conclusion, suggest how to reduce the erosion at seashore.

Membina halangan menggunakan batu


Construct barriers using rocks. ✓
Langkah berjaga-jaga:
Percaution:


Pastikan kedalaman air di dalam tangki riak adalah tetap.
Make sure the depth of water in the ripple tank is constant.
KPS - 12
KM – 2
NM – 1
Jum - 15
Nota:

KPS – Kemahiran Proses Sains KM – Kemahiran Manipulatif NM – Nilai Murni

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