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0 PENSKORAN
Pemboleh ubah:
Variables :
✓
Pembolehubah bergerak balas : Tempoh ayunan, T .
Responding variable : Period of oscillation, T
1
Senarai radas dan bahan:
List of apparatus and material:
Kaki retort, ladung, benang, kayu, pembaris meter, jam randik, protraktor, pemberat.
Retort stand, bob, string, wood, metre rule, stopwatch, protractor, weight ✓
Susunan radas dan bahan:
Arrangement of apparatus and material:
Papan lapis
Plywood
Kaki retort
Retort stand
Benang
String
Bandul
Pendulum ✓
Prosedur:
Procedures:
1. Panjang bandul diukur, ℓ=30.0 cm.
The length of pendulum is measured, ℓ = 30.0 cm. ✓
2. Benang diapit di antara dua keping papan lapis pada pengapit kaki retort.
The pendulum is clamped in between two pieces of plywood to the clamp of the retort
stand.
3. Ladung disesarkan ke kiri dengan sudut ayunan 10o.
The bob is displaced to the left with the angle of oscillation 10o.
4. Ladung dilepaskan dan masa, t1, bagi 20 ayunan diukur dengan menggunakan
✓
jam randik dan direkodkan.
The bob is released and the time, t1, for 20 oscillations is measured using stopwatch and
recorded.
2
5. Langkah 4 dan 5 diulang dan masa,t2, bagi 20 ayunan diukur dan direkodkan. ✓
Step 4 and 5 is repeated and the time, t2, for 20 oscillations is measured and recorded.
6. Purata masa, t,bagi 20 ayunan dihitungkan.
The average time, t, for 20 oscillations is calculated.
8. Nilai T2 dihitung.
The value of T2 is calculated.
9. Prosedur diulang bagi nilai-nilai ℓ= 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm, 60.0 cm
dan 70.0 cm.
The procedure is repeated for the value of ℓ = 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm, 60.0 cm
and 70.0 cm.
Keputusan:
Result:
3
T 2 ( s2 ) ✓
Graf T2 melawan ℓ
Graph of T2 against ℓ
3.0
✓ x
x
2.0
1.0
✓ ℓ (cm)
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
4
12.2 Panduan Penskoran Amali (Kategori B)
Kotak sinar
Ray box
✓
P
Bongkah kaca
Glass block
Garis normal
Normal line
Prosedur:
Procedures:
1. Bongkah kaca diletakkan di atas kertas putih dan bentuknya disurih. Bongkah kaca dialihkan dan
garis normal dilukis.
The glass block is placed on a white paper and its shape is traced. The glass block is removed
and the normal line is drawn.
5
2. Garis sinar tuju bagi setiap sudut tuju, i =10, 20, 30, 40 dan 50 dilukis.
The line of incident ray for each incident angle, i =10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 is drawn.
3. Bongkah kacadiletakkan semula dan sinar cahaya dihalakan pada sudut tuju,
i = 10 menerusi bongkah kaca pada garis normal, P.
The glass block is placed back to its trace and the light ray is pointed atthe incident angle,
i = 10 into the glass block at normal line, P.
4. Sinar cahaya yang keluar dari bongkah kaca ditanda. Satu garis dilukis dari titik P ke Q.
The light ray emitted from the glass block is marked. A line is drawn from point P to Q.
Keputusan:
Result:
Sudut tuju, Sudut biasan,
Incident angle, Refracted angle, Sin i Sin i
i/ r/
10 7 0.174 0.139
20 14 0.342 0.242
30 19 0.500 0.326
40 24 0.643 0.407
50 31 0.766 0.515
6
Graf sin i melawan sin r
Sin i
✓ Graph of sin i against sin r
1.00
0.80
x
x
0.60
✓
x
0.40
0.20
x
0.0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 Sin r
7
Pengiraan kecerunan:
The calculation of gradient:
= 1.48
✓
Langkah berjaga-jaga:
Precaution:
Kedudukan mata hendaklah berserenjang dengan skala protraktor untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks
The position of eye must be perpendicular to the scale of protractor to avoid parallax error.
✓
KPS - 12
KM – 2
NM – 1
Jum - 15
Nota:
8
II. Contoh Laporan Murid (Tugasan 2 - Melalui Kaedah Penghitungan)
✓
Tujuan : Menentukan nilai muatan haba tentu blok aluminium
Aim : To determine the specific heat capacity of an aluminium block.
Bekalan kuasa ✓
Power supply
Termometer
Thermometer
Pemanas rendam
Immersion heater
Blok aluminium
Aluminium block
Prosedur:
Procedures:
1. Jisim blok aluminium, m, diukur dengan menggunakan neraca.
The mass of aluminium block, m ,is measured using balance.
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3. Beberapa titis minyak dititiskan ke dalam kedua-dua lubang.
A few drops of oil are dropped intoboth holes. ✓
4. Blok aluminium diletakkan di atas sekeping asbestos.
The aluminium block is placed on the asbestos sheet.
Pengiraan:
Calculation:
✓
✓
✓ ✓
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Langkah berjaga-jaga:
Kedudukan mata hendaklah berserenjang dengan skala bacaan termometer untuk mengelakkan ralat
paralaks.
The position of eye must be perpendicular to the scale of thermometer to avoid parallax error. ✓
KPS - 12
KM – 2
NM – 1
Jum - 15
Nota:
11
III. Contoh Laporan Murid (Tugasan 3 - Melalui Pemerhatian)
Penghadang
Barrier
✓
Kertas putih
White paper
Prosedur:
Procedures:
1. Air dimasukkan ke dalam tangki riak dan kedalamannya ditetapkan pada 1 cm..
Water is put into the ripple tank and set at the depth of 1 cm.
2. Bekalan kuasa dihidupkan untuk menghasilkan gelombang satah.
The power supply is switched on to produce plane wave.
12
3. Dua penghadang lurus diletakkan dihadapan pencelup untuk membentuk satu celahan.
4.
Two plane barriers are placed in front of the dipper to produce one gap.
Corak gelombang setelah melalui celahan diperhati dan dilukis.
✓
The wave pattern after passing through the gap is observed and drawn.
✓
5. Celah digantikan dengan satu penghadang.
The gap is replaced with one barrier.
4. Corak gelombang setelah melalui penghadang diperhati dan dilukis.
The wave pattern after passing through the barrier is observed and drawn.
Pemerhatian:
Observation:
(i) Corak pembelauan gelombang air melalui (ii) Corak pembelauan gelombang air melalui
satu celah. satu penghadang
The diffraction pattern of water wave passing The diffraction pattern of water wave passed
through one gap through one barrier.
Penghadang
Barrier
Celah
Slit
✓ ✓
.
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Kesimpulan:
Conclusion:
Corak pembelauan akan jelas kelihatan apabila gelombang air melalui celahan sempit atau halangan
kecil.
The diffraction pattern is obvious when the water wave passed through the narrow gap or small
barrier.
1 = 2
v1 = v2 ✓
Question:
Soalan:
Berdasarkan kesimpulan yang anda buat, cadangkan satu cara untuk mengurangkan hakisan di
kawasan pantai.
Based on your conclusion, suggest how to reduce the erosion at seashore.
✓
Pastikan kedalaman air di dalam tangki riak adalah tetap.
Make sure the depth of water in the ripple tank is constant.
KPS - 12
KM – 2
NM – 1
Jum - 15
Nota:
14