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1
0.03 M ABC Datum
The controlling feature
6 degrees of freedom
All the possible translation
Datum Reference Frame
The concept of controlling the degrees of
Tolerance Zone
The tolerance listed in the feature
(axis, surface, plane or point) and rotation movements a freedom using perpendicular planes in a fixture control frame where all the points
1. Leader Arrow where GD&T is referenced to. part can make in free state. that represent the datum controls. of the referenced feature must lie.
2. Geometric Control This feature is held fixed X,Y,Z movement and Tolerance zones are the total range of
Symbol when the part rotation about the ry the tolerance (sum of both directions).
d a Ter
3. Diameter Symbol is measured. X,Y and Z Axes. To control all 6 degrees of freedom: c o n t iar
A
Se y
4. Geometric Tolerance Primary Datum: 3 Points of contact
5. Modifier/Feature Secondary Datum: 2 Points of contact
of size Tertiary Datum: 1 Point of contact ry
a
6. Primary Datum Pri
m
7. Secondary Datum
8. Tertiary Datum
All drawings made in
first angle projection
MMC or LMC
SYMBOL NAME ON DRAWING TOLERANCE ZONE GAUGING Description Datums
Applicable? Points to Remember
Two parallel lines 2D Tolerance Zone: Not No (Surface) ÌÌTolerance must be less than dimensional tolerance.
0.03
0.03 apart Two parallel lines Allowed ÌÌRFS applies in surface condition.
Straightness ÌÌAll points along each line element must lie within
the tolerance zone.
Features of Size Condition
(Surface) RFS - Regardless of Feature Size
Geometric tolerances are as-is and need to be
within tolerance regardless of the size of the
10±0.050 Cylindrical Tolerance Zone 3D Tolerance Zone: Not Yes (Axis) ÌÌ Envelope Principle (Rule #1) no longer applies. feature. No additional allowances for features
0.03 when Part ∅ = 10.05 Cylinder Gauge ID = M +
0.03 M Cylindrical Boundary Allowed ÌÌ The Straightness or Flatness tolerance may be larger
M Straightness 0.13 when Part ∅ = 9.95
Gauge ID = within which the central than the size tolerance (unlike the other form tolerances)
of size. No functional gauging is allowed.
This is the default condition on all GD&T unless
(Derived Median Line w/ M ) 10.08 axis must entirely lie. ÌÌ Functional Gauge is allowed if MMC is called to control
both size and geometry. otherwise specified - See Rule # 2 below.
ÌÌ Part size must still be within its specified size tolerance
Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
Two parallel planes
0.03 apart
3D tolerance Zone: Not No (Surface) ÌÌRule#1 still applies. If a flat surface is at its M The specific dimension within the
Flatness
0.03 Two parallel planes, where Allowed maximum size dimension, the flatness must be
the entire surface must lie. perfect. tolerance range of a feature where the maximum
(Surface) ÌÌTolerance must be less than dimensional tolerance. amount (volume) of material would be in the part.
FORM
90°
Datum A Gauge kept perpendicular to datum
to a datum feature.
diameter is the MMC, and you gain
bonus tolerance as you get smaller.
Gauge pin Pin Gauge OD = M − 3D Tolerance Zone: Required Yes (Axis) ÌÌHole must fall within size limits.
10±0.05
Axis
inserted Cylindrical boundary that is ÌÌFunctional Gauge is allowed if MMC is called to For Least Material Condition, the bonus
0.03 M A perpendicular Pin Gauge ∅ = 9.92
directly perpendicular to the control both size and geometry.
M
Perpendicularity Tolerance Zone
at M
to datum
90°
(9.95 - 0.03)
datum plane. The derived axis
tolerance is the amount of deviation away
from the LMC size.
(Feature of Size w/ M ) of the referenced feature must
entirely fall in this zone.
A Datum A
Multiple datums may be used
to specify Perpendicularity Other Datum Symbols
Two parallel planes 2D or 3D Tolerance Zone: Required No (Surface) ÌÌParallelism and Perpendicularity are specific forms
0.03 A
0.03 apart Parallel lines or planes, Yes (Axis) of Angularity. 4 Datum Target
A1
Angularity 60° A Gauge
equally set apart that are
set at a specified angle.
ÌÌTolerance Zone is in distance units, NOT an angle. Reference to locate datum points needed
to create a theoretical datum plane in order to
Block
60°
Datum A
60
° 60° measure the part.
Target Points
Specific measurement location for the
Uniform Linear Boundary About True Profile Datum B 2D Tolerance Zone: Optional No ÌÌTolerance can be Unilateral with the callout to
0.03 A B 0.03 apart
Two uniform parallel lines RFS Only allow the tolerance zone to be asymmetrical.
datum targets shown on the current drawing view.
Profile
Gauge must
B A follow true profile. (usually curved) that follow the ÌÌCommonly used on curved surfaces or complex
of a line Basic dimensions (not shown)
Profile is usually
measured with a CMM.
true profile of the feature. All
points along the profile line must
geometry.
ÌÌBasic dimensions are required when datums are Additional Symbols used in GD&T
PROFILE
are required to define the True Datum A lie within this tolerance zone. used.
Profile when datums are used.
Projected Tolerance
0.03 A B Uniform Surface Boundary About True Profile Datum B 3D Tolerance Zone: Optional No ÌÌTolerance can be Unilateral with the callout to P The tolerance zone is extended out
0.03 apart Gauge must Two uniform parallel surfaces RFS Only allow the tolerance zone to be asymmetrical.
Profile B A follow true profile. (usually curved) that follow the
true profile of the feature.
ÌÌCommonly used on curved surfaces or complex
geometry.
beyond the limit of the part, to a specified
height above the limit of the feature. Used
of a surface Basic dimensions (not shown)
Profile is usually
measured with a CMM. All points along the profile line
must lie within this tolerance
ÌÌAlso may be used to control how two surfaces are
with respect to each other.
commonly with perpendicularity to represent
are required to define the True Datum A
Profile when datums are used. zone. ÌÌBasic dimensions required when datums are used.
the virtual condition of a pin or stud.
Free State
10±0.05
Part (actual) position Measure X and Y location and compare to the true position. 2D or 3D Tolerance Zone: Required Yes ÌÌWhen a axial feature like a hole or pin is referenced, F The part may not be restricted during
0.03 A B C
Cylindrical or circular boundary the central axis of the part is controlled. inspection.
2X √ (Actual X - True X)2 + (Actual Y - True Y)2
B Y where the central axis or ÌÌWhen a planar feature like a tab or slot is
This formula must be less than plane of a feature of size referenced, the midplane of the feature is
Position
Actual
20.0 True
Actual Y
the ∅ True Position tolerance
must lie, with respect to the controlled. Independency
True 0.03 True Y theoretically true location. ÌÌIf referencing a perpendicular datum (in this Rule #1 is overridden and the
30.0 center
example, Datum C), Perpendicularity can also be part’s geometric tolerance is no longer
C A X controlled in addition to the Position. restricted by the limits of size.
True X Actual X
Statistical Tolerance
Actual
Pin Position Part
FUNCTIONAL
GAUGING Part Tolerance Zone
3D Tolerance Zone:
Cylindrical boundary, or parallel
Required Yes ÌÌCan control Perpendicularity as well as size.
ÌÌVery common for use with functional gauging
ST The tolerances of the part are derived
10±0.05
of Pin Gauge
0.03 M A B C planes, where the entire axis in MMC. from statistical analysis of individual components
Position
True or median plane of a feature ÌÌWith functional gauging the feature is controlled
B position For an For an True and will vary depending on a calculation done
External Internal position must lie, with reference to its within its virtual condition.
M (Maximum Material Tolerance Zone Feature Feature theoretical true location. (In for assembly. This may allow for improved
25.0
Condition)
of Hole Gauge Actual
this example it is for an axis) function or reduced production costs.
Hole Position
LOCATION
Tangent Plane
25.0 C A Gauge Hole ∅ = Virtual Condition Gauge Gauge Gauge Pin ∅ = Virtual Condition
T A tangent plane is established on the
(Largest Pin Size [MMC] + Position Tol.) (Smallest Hole Size [MMC] - Position Tol.)
surface of a part based on the part’s orientation.
1 3D Tolerance Zone: Required No ÌÌPosition should be considered first to control When called, only the virtual tangent plane
0.03 A
The following is usually Cylindrical boundary where all RFS Only a part coaxially. needs to be within the tolerance zone, and
Measured axis Datum axis done with a CMM: the reference feature’s median ÌÌControls the distribution of surface form, not all the surface points need to be within.
1. Determine axis points must lie. Boundary is but not the magnitude.
Concentricity 0.03
Datum axis
2. Measure referenced controlled with reference to the ÌÌVery difficult to measure for! Use only when
inertial effects need to be controlled or part
Basic Dimensions
10.5 Dimensions that are listed without a
surface central axis of the datum feature.
A
Datum A
A Tolerance Zone
3. Determine if central cannot be measured with runout.
axis falls in TZ ÌÌMedian points of reference feature are held in tolerance and in a rectangular box that represent
Diameter Symbol is required control by datum axis. the true location of a feature to locate a tolerance
zone. Used commonly with true position.
A A 3D Tolerance Zone: Required No Ì Position should be considered first to control
0.03 A
A The following is
Two parallel planes where RFS Only a part coaxially.
Datum A usually done all the median points of the Ì Controls the distribution of surface form, Diameter Symbol
Plane with a CMM: referenced features must but not the magnitude.
Symmetry 1
1. Determine
Datum plane
lie. Boundary is controlled
with reference to the central
Ì Very difficult to measure for! Use Position
2. Measure both with orientation or form control to specify.
surfaces of features plane of the datum feature. Ì Median points of reference feature are held in
Two parallel planes
3. Determine if
midpoints fall in TZ control by datum median plane. Profile Specific Callouts
0.03 apart
A Fixed axially
RULE # 1 OF GD&T: ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE Rule # 1 Explained Rule # 1 exceptions Virtual Condition
Where only normal dimensional tolerance of Rule # 1 means the part in its virtual condition Rule #1 does not apply when: The total sum of all size and geometric tolerances
size exists on a part, the variation of size and (size + geometry) cannot extend beyond the - The independency symbol is used. on a part that form the "worst" case limit of all
the geometric form must not extend past dimensional tolerance on the drawing. The part - Straightness is applied to a feature of size. the tolerances.
dimensional tolerance zone. envelope is the full limit of all geometry. When the - Flatness is applied to a feature of size.
part is at MMC, the surface must have perfect form. - The part is a stock size or a non-rigid part. For Max Material Condition:
Cannot exceed boundaries, For internal features like a hole:
10.0±0.1 no matter what the geometric Example: If circularity was called on the example Virtual Condition = M - Geometric tolerance
tolerances are. to the left, but the part is at its maximum diameter, RULE # 2: IMPLIED REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE
For external features like a pin:
10.1 the circularity must be near perfect as to not Regardless of Feature Size is always implied on geometric
Virtual Condition = M + Geometric tolerance
extend the boundary of the size (diameter) tolerances unless otherwise specified by Least Material
9.9
tolerance beyond the upper boundary. Condition L or Maximum Material Condition M .
Copyright © Pareto Learning LLC - All Rights Reserved - Chart designed by Andrea Barbieri <www.andreabarbieri.net>
The Four Fundamental Elements of GD&T
Y
SIZE Z
LOCATION X
The physical size of your feature. The location in 3D space of your feature.
How big is your feature? How is the feature located in X, Y, Z?
Further Refining Y
Your Feature V
W U
Z X
FORM ORIENTATION
The overall shape of your feature. The orientation in 3D space of your feature.
What is the shape of your feature? How is the feature oriented in u, v, w?
SF SF
4X 20 +0.021
15±0.2 4X90°±5°
75±0.1
F
50 +0.062
F (Derived Median
64 +0.5
- 0.1
12.7 +0.2
25±0.05
OF O
EVERY feature must
be controlled for SLOF
SL OF SL OF for a complete drawing.
LO 4X 20 +0.021
0.1 A B
0.05
75
4X 90°
Distribution/
L OF
B
Evenness of A
L OF L OF
64 +0.5
- 0.1
0.2 B
100±0.5
2AB
12.7 +0.2
25±0.05
Copyright © GD&T Basics - Pareto Learning LLC - Chart designed by Andrea Barbieri <www.andreabarbieri.net>