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 (iii)

Preface
Quantitative Aptitude forms a very important part of preparation of MBA aspirants. Not just the Quant section but
it forms the backbone of the Data Interpretation, Data Sufficiency and Reasoning. Disha’s Quantitative Aptitude for
CAT/ XAT/ IIFT/ CMAT/ MAT/ Bank PO/ SSC is a book focused on mastering techniques to crack these examinations.
The book starts from a foundation level and moves to an expert level.
Structure of the book: The book comprises of 5 Units (Numbers, Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry and Counting Principles)
which have been further divided into 22 chapters followed by 3 Mock Tests. Each chapter consists of
• Theory with Illustrations
• Foundation Level Exercise
• Standard Level Exercise
• Expert Level Exercise
• Solutions to the 3 levels of exercises
• Test Yourself
• Solutions to Test Yourself
Salient Features of the Book:
• Each chapter includes detailed review of all the concepts involved with exhaustive number of well discussed
Illustrations.
• The theory is followed by 3 levels of exercises – Foundation Level, Standard Level and Expert Level. The detailed
solution to each and every question has been provided immediately at the end of the 3 exercises.
• Foundation Level : Here the focus is to expose the students to solve problems based on the concepts they have
learned in theory part. The student develops a good foundation and is ready for the Standard level.
• Standard Level : The Standard level is a collection of excellent quality problems which will test a student on
the application of the concepts learned in various real-life situations. The problems provide a good platform to
develop a very good problem solving aptitude so as to take up the expert level confidently.
• Expert Level : This is the toughest part of the book and involves the trickiest questions on the concepts involved.
Here most of the problems will pose good challenge to the students.
• The book contains 22 Chapter-wise Tests – Test Yourself - on the basis of latest CAT pattern after the exercises in
each chapter. The students must attempt these tests in specified time limits and conditions.
• At the end of the book 3 Mock Tests are provided based on the exact pattern of latest CAT exams. The solutions
to the test are provided at the end of the tests.
• The book contains questions of past exams of CAT/ XAT/ IIFT/ SNAP/ NMAT/ ATMA/ FMS in the various
exercises and Illustrations.

We would like to thank the DTP team at Disha, especially Mr. Amit Kumar Jha, who have worked really hard to bring
the book to the present shape. Although we have taken utmost care while preparing the book but errors might have
crept in. We would like to request our readers to highlight these errors.

Authors
(iv)

Contents
Unit-I : Numbers ●● Last Two Digits of a Number with Large Power
●● Number of Zeroes in an Expression like
1. Fundamentals 1-28 a × b × c × ..., where a, b, c,... are Natural Numbers
●● Powers of a Number Contained in a Factorial
●● Introduction
●● Base System
●● Shortcuts for Addition and Subtraction ●● Successive Division
●● Shortcuts for Multiplication ●● Factors and Multiples
●● Rounding off and Its Uses ●● Highest Common Factor (HCF) or
●● ‘BODMAS’ Rule Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)
●● Brackets ●● Least Common Multiple (LCM)
●● Factorial ●● Greatest Integral Value
●● Roman Numbers ●● Practice Exercises :
●● Important Conversion u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level

●● Absolute Value or Modulus of a Number ●● Test Yourself

●● Properties of a Modulus ●● Hints & Solutions
●● Powers or Exponents ●● Explanation of Test Yourself
●● Algebraic Identities Unit-II : Arithmetic
●● Squares
●● Properties of Squares 3. Averages 67-86
●● Square Roots ●● Average
●● Cubes ●● Position of the Average on the Number Line
●● Practice Exercises : ●● Weighted Average
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level ●● Properties of Average (Arithmetic Mean)
●● Test Yourself ●● Practice Exercises :
●● Hints & Solutions u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level

●● Explanation of Test Yourself ●● Test Yourself

●● Hints & Solutions
2. Number System 29-66 ●● Explanation of Test Yourself
●● Introduction
4. Alligations 87-102
●● Tabular Classification of Numbers
●● Concept of Number Line (or Number Line) ●● Alligation
●● Conversion of Rational Number of the Form Non-terminating ●● Solving the Problems of Alligations Using Alligation Formula
Recurring Decimal into the Rational Number of the form p/q ●● Graphical Representation of Alligation-Cross Method
●● Division ●● The Straight Line Approach to Solve the Problems Related to
Alligations
●● Tests of Divisibility
●● Recognition of Different Situations Where Alligation can be
●● Prime Numbers
Used
●● Complex Numbers, Real Numbers and Imaginary Numbers
●● A Typical Problem
●● General or Expanded Form of 2 and 3 Digits Numbers
●● Practice Exercises :
●● Sum of Numbers Formed with given Different Digits u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level
●● Factorisation ●● Test Yourself
●● Number of Factors of a Composite Number ●● Hints & Solutions
●● Number of ways of Expressing a Composite ●● Explanation of Test Yourself
Number as a Product of Two Factors
●● Sum of Factors (or Divisors) of a composite Number 5. Percentages 103-130
●● Sum of Unit Digits ●● Introduction
●● The Last Digit From Left (i.e., unit digit) of ●● Basic Definition of Percentage
Any Power of a Number ●● Percentage Increase, Percentage Decrease and Percentage
●● Concept of Remainders Change
●● To Find the Last Digits of the ●● Percentage Point Change and Percentage Change
Expression like a1 × a2 × a3 × ... × an ●● Calculation of Percentage Value Through Addition
 (v)

●● Effect of Percentage Change in the Numerator on the Value of

a Ratio
9. Time and Work 207-238
●● Percentage Change Graphic ●● Introduction
●● Application of Percentage Change Graphic (PCG) ●● Concept of Efficiency
●● Calculation of Multiplication by Numbers Like 2.14, 1.04, 0.35, ●● Concept of Negative Work
0.94 and so on Using Percentage ●● Concept of Man-days
●● Practice Exercises : ●● Work Done
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level ●● Work Done Equation
●● Test Yourself ●● Work in Terms of Volume (special case as building a wall)
●● Hints & Solutions ●● Extension of the Concept of Time and Work
●● Explanation of Test Yourself ●● Practice Exercises :
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level

6. Profit, Loss and Discount 131-158 ●● Test Yourself

●● Introduction ●● Hints & Solutions
●● Total Cost Price (CP) ●● Explanation of Test Yourself
●● Selling Price (SP)
10. Time, Speed and Distance 239-280
●● Profit (or Gain) and Loss
●● Use of PCG (Percentage Change Graphic) in Profit and Loss ●● Introduction
●● Marked Price, List Price, Discount and Successive Discounts ●● Motion or Movement
●● Conversion of kmph (kilometer per hour) to m/s
●● Contribution Margin (CM)
(metre per second) and vice-versa
●● Break-Even Point and Break-Even Sales
●● Direct and Inverse Proportionality Between any Two of the Speed (S),
●● Practice Exercises :
Time (T) and Distance (D) When the Third One is Constant
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level
●● Average Speed
●● Test Yourself ●● Relative Speed
●● Hints & Solutions ●● To and Fro Motion in a Straight Line Between Two Points A
●● Explanation of Test Yourself and B
●● Uniform Acceleration and Uniform Deceleration
7. Interest 159-180 ●● Application of Alligation in the Problems Related to Time, Speed
●● Introduction and Distance
●● Interest ●● Concept Related to Motion of Trains
●● Simple Interest (S.I.) ●● Boats and Streams
●● Compound Interest (C.I.) ●● Basic Terminology Related to Races
●● Practice Exercises : ●● Circular Motion
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level ●● Clocks
●● Test Yourself ●● Practice Exercises :
●● Hints & Solutions u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level

●● Explanation of Test Yourself ●● Test Yourself

●● Hints & Solutions
8. Ratio, Proportion and Variation 181-206 ●● Explanation of Test Yourself
●● Introduction Unit-III : Algebra
●● Ratio
●● Decimal and Percentage Value of a Ratio 11. Progressions 281-306
●● Properties of Ratios
●● Uses of Ratios ●● Introduction
●● Comparison of Ratios ●● Arithmetic Progressions (A.P.)
●● Calculation of Percentage Change in Ratio Using PCG ●● nth Term of an A.P.
(Percentage Change Graphic) ●● Sum of First n Terms of an A.P.
●● Proportion ●● Special Cases of A.P.s in which Sum upto Different Terms are
●● Properties of Proportion the Same
●● Variations ●● Arithmetic Mean of n Numbers
●● Types of Variations ●● Geometric Progression (G.P.)
●● Compound Variations ●● Considering the Terms in a G.P.
●● Practice Exercises : ●● Geometric Mean of n Numbers
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level ●● Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
●● Test Yourself ●● Relations between Arithmetic Mean (A.M.), Geometric Mean
●● Hints & Solutions (G.M.) and Harmonic Mean (H.M.)
●● Explanation of Test Yourself ●● Useful Results
(vi)

●● Practice Exercises : ●● Solutions of Quadratic Inequalities

u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level ●● Solution of System of Inequalities in one Variable
●● Test Yourself ●● Inequalities Containing a Modulus
●● Hints & Solutions ●● Practice Exercises :
●● Explanation of Test Yourself u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level

●● Test Yourself
12. Linear Equations 307-326 ●● Hints & Solutions
●● Linear Equations ●● Explanation of Test Yourself
●● Steps to be Followed to Solve a Word
Problem Using Linear Equation(s) 16. Logarithms 387-408
●● Practice Exercises : ●● Introduction
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level ●● Definition
●● Test Yourself ●● Laws of Logarithm
●● Hints & Solutions ●● Some Important Properties
●● Explanation of Test Yourself ●● Characteristics and Mantissa
●● Very Useful Results
13. Functions 327-346 ●● Practice Exercises :
●● Introduction u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level
●● Function ●● Test Yourself
●● Rules for Finding the Domain of a Function ●● Hints & Solutions
●● Methods of Representation of Functions ●● Explanation of Test Yourself
●● Some Special Functions
●● Shifting of Graphs 17. Set Theory 409-430
●● Combination of Shifting of a Graph ●● Introduction
●● Practice Exercises : ●● Sets
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level ●● Representations of Sets
●● Test Yourself ●● Standard Symbols of Some Special Sets
●● Hints & Solutions ●● Types of Sets
●● Explanation of Test Yourself ●● Subsets
●● Intervals as Subsets of a Set of Real Numbers (R)
14. Quadratic & Cubic Equations 347-368 ●● Power Set of a Set
●● Introduction ●● Universal Set
●● Quadratic Polynomials ●● Venn Diagrams
●● Quadratic Equations ●● Operation on Sets
●● Graph of a Quadratic Expression ●● Disjoint Sets
●● Geometrical Meaning of Roots or Solutions of a ●● Cardinal Number
Quadratic Equation ●● Situation Based Venn Diagrams
●● Sign of a Quadratic Expression ●● Practice Exercises :
●● Sum and Product of Roots u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level

●● Formation of an Equation with Given Roots ●● Test Yourself

●● Greatest and Least Value of a Quadratic Expression ●● Hints & Solutions
●● Cubic Equations ●● Explanation of Test Yourself
●● Bi-quadratic equation
●● Practice Exercises : Unit-IV : Geometry
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level

●● Test Yourself 18. Geometry 431-492

●● Hints & Solutions
●● Introduction
●● Explanation of Test Yourself
●● Points, Lines, Line Segment, Ray and Plane
15. Inequalities 369-386 ●● Lines and Angles
●● Polygons
●● Introduction
●● Triangles
●● Inequality
●● Basic Properties and Some Important Theorems of Triangles
●● Types of Inequalities
●● Some Properties of Inequality ●● Important Terms Related to a Triangle
●● Important Results ●● Congruency of Two Triangles
●● Solution of an Inequality ●● Similarity of Two Triangles
●● Equivalent Inequalities ●● Quadrilaterals
●● Notation and Ranges ●● Circles
●● Solutions of Linear Inequalities in one Unknown ●● Basic Pythagorean Triplets
 (vii)

●● Determination of Nature of Triangle ●● Practice Exercises :

●● Important Points u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level
●● Locus ●● Test Yourself
●● Sine and Cosine Rule ●● Hints & Solutions
●● Practice Exercises : ●● Explanation of Test Yourself
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level
●● Test Yourself Unit-V : Counting Principles
●● Hints & Solutions
●● Explanation of Test Yourself 21. Permutations and Combinations 575-608
●● Introduction
19. Mensuration 493-548 ●● Fundamental Principle of Counting
●● Introduction ●● Factorials
●● Basic Conversion of Units ●● Meaning of Permutation and Combination
●● Plane Figures ●● Counting Formula for Linear Permutations
●● Area of a Triangle ●● Number of Linear Permutations Under Certain Conditions
●● Area of a Quadrilateral ●● Circular Permutations
●● Area of a Regular Hexagon ●● Counting Formula for Combination
●● Area of Irregular Plane Figures ●● Division and Distribution of Objects
●● Paths ●● Dearrangement
●● Area Related to a Circle ●● Important Results about Points
●● Surface area and Volume of Solids ●● Finding the Rank of a Word
●● Euler’s Rule
●● Practice Exercises :
●● Circle Packing in a Square u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level
●● Circles Packing in a Circle ●● Test Yourself
●● Some Other Important Concepts
●● Hints & Solutions
●● Practice Exercises :
●● Explanation of Test Yourself
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level
●● Test Yourself 22. Probability 609-652
●● Hints & Solutions
●● Introduction
●● Explanation of Test Yourself
●● Concept of probability
20. Coordinate Geometry 549-574 ●● Basic Terms
●● Mathematical Definition of Probability
●● Introduction
●● Odds Against and Odds in Favour of an Event
●● Rectangular Coordinate Axes
●● Addition Theorem
●● Sign Conventions in the xy-Plane
●● Independent Events
●● Quadrants of xy-Plane and Sign of x and y-Coordinate of a
Point in Different Quadrants ●● Conditional Probability
●● Plotting a Point Whose Coordinates are Known ●● Geometrical Applications
●● Distance Formula ●● Probability Regarding n Letters and Their Envelopes
●● Applications of Distance Formula ●● Expectation
●● Section Formula ●● Practice Exercises :
u Foundation Level u Standard Level u Expert Level`
●● Coordinates of Some Particular Points
●● Test Yourself
●● Area of Triangle and Quadrilateral
●● Transformation of Axes ●● Hints & Solutions
●● Image of a Point ●● Explanation of Test Yourself
●● Equation of Straight Line Parallel to An Axis Mock Tests
●● Inclination of a Straight Line
●● Slope (or Gradient) of a Straight Line Mock Test - 1 653-654
●● Equation of Straight Lines
●● Different Forms of the Equation of a Straight Line
Mock Test - 2 655-656
●● Point of Intersection of Two Lines
●● Position of a Point Relative to a Line
Mock Test - 3 657
●● Angle Between Two Straight Lines
●● Equation of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
●● Distance of a Line from a Point
Hints & Solutions (Mock Test - 1 to 3) 658-666
●● Distance Between Two Parallel Lines
 Numbers
UNIT-I

Chapter 1 Fundamentals
Chapter 2 Number System
1
FUNDAMENTALS
l Introduction l Absolute Value or Modulus of a Number
l Shortcuts For Addition and Subtraction l Properties of a Modulus
l  Shortcuts for Multiplication l Powers or Exponents
l Rounding off and Its Uses l Algebraic Identities
l  ‘BODMAS’ Rule l Squares
l Brackets l Properties of Squares
l Factorial l Square Roots
l Roman Numbers l Cubes
l Important Conversion
INTRODUCTION
In the CAT and the likes of competitions, 25% to 35% questions
are based on numeracy. So, to save the time for other questions in
competitions, it is essential to command over shortcuts of addition,
subtraction and multiplications given in this chapter.
SHORTCUTS FOR ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION
Addition is the mother of all calculations, which gives you an
extra edge that makes your calculations faster. Subtraction is the
extension of addition.
I. Addition of smaller number to larger number is easier than
addition of larger number to smaller number. For example
addition in the order 5817 + 809 + 67 + 8 is easier than the
addition in the order 8 + 67 + 809 + 5817. Hence to add the
numbers, it is better to first arrange them in decreasing order
and then add them.
II. To find the sum like 6345 + 2476 + 802, first add the
thousands and then hundreds, tens and once in order. Thus
6345 + 2476 + 802 = 6000 + 2000 ( = 8000) + 300 (= 8300)
+ 400 (= 8700) + 800 (= 9500)
+ 40 (= 9540) + 70 (= 9610)
+ 5 (= 9615) + 6 (9621) + 2
= 9623
III. To find the sum of large numbers like
64083 + 43102 + 94320 + 8915 + 7042
First add the thousands like
64 + 43 (= 107) + 94 (= 201) + 8 (= 209) + 7 = 216
At this stage you know the answer would be 216000 +
(a maximum of 5000), as there are five numbers whose last
3 digits numbers are not added. If the range from 216000 to
221000 is sufficient to choose the correct option, then no need
to add further otherwise add the hundredth digits of given
numbers 1 + 3 + 9 = 13.
At this stage you know the answer would be
217300 + (a maximum of 500)
If the range from 217300 to 217800 is sufficient to choose
the correct option, then no need to add further otherwise add
the last two digits of numbers
83 + 2 + 20 + 15 + 42 = 162.
Hence the correct sum will be 217300 + 162 = 217462.
There are two advantages of process of addition (i) No need
to get final sum as in this process of addition, you could
choose the correct option at earlier stage also. (ii) In the entire
calculation, you have not gone above two digits additions.
IV. Sometimes you have to add so many large numbers. In that case
you can find the required sum using the following methods.
(A) Column Form
Write the given numbers one below the other with right align if
the given numbers are whole numbers and with decimal point
align if the given numbers are decimal numbers as we write in
conventional method of addition.
2  l  Quantitative Aptitude

6580125  4
8924708  5′
608907  9′
 3
895 
Now we count the dashes marked in the first column from right.
2130 
 ← Right align Number of dashes in this column is 5. Now add the number of
85704  dashes 5 in the top digits 2 of the second column from right, then
730956  start adding this column as we add the first column from right.

9547684  In the same way, we add the other columns one by one from
4675  right. After adding the left most column, write the number of dashes
 in this column in the left of the total of this column as given below.
532689 
4 3 3 6 4 5 Number of dashes in
85406.487  6 5 8 0 1 2 5 the just right column
672028.32  8 9 2   0 8
4927.052  6    0 7
 8 9 5
531486.2  ← Decimal point align
2 1 3 0
564.8  8 5 7 0 4

62089.204  7     6
 9 5 4 7 6 8 4
701438.909 
4 6 7 5
(i) Addition of Whole Numbers 5 3 2 6 8 9
To add the whole numbers with right align, we start adding the 2 7 0 1 8 4 7 3
digits in the right most column by going down but when the
The advantage of this process is that the entire calculation is
running total becomes 10 or higher than 10, then we reduce it by
done only by adding one digit numbers.
10 and go ahead with reduced number. As we do so, we make a
small dash ‘ ¢’ at the right top corner of the digit that makes our (ii) Addition of Decimal Numbers
total 10 or higher than 10 as given below for right most column. Addition of decimal numbers with decimal point align is the same
8 → 5 + 8 = 13, which is more than 10, so we subtract 10 from as addition of whole numbers with right align.
13 and mark a dash at the right top corner of the digit 8 and start In addition of decimal numbers, we put a decimal point in the
adding again. sum total align with decimal in the given numbers as given below.
7 → 3 + 7 = 10, so we subtract 10 from it and mark a dash at
the right top corner of the digit 7 and start adding again.
5→0+5=5
0→5+0=5
4→5+4=9
6 → 9 + 6 = 15, which is more than 10, so we subtract 10 to
from 15 and mark a dash at the right top corner of the digit 6 and
start adding again.
4→5+4=9
5 → 9 + 5 = 14, which is greater than 10, so we subtract from
it and mark a dash at the right top corner of the digit 5 and start Illustration 1:  Find the sum of the following numbers using
adding again. column form.
9 → 4 + 9 = 13, which is greater than 10, so we subtract from 564.39, 4237.8, 4.213, 56.8, 9423.41 and 46.98
it and mark a dash at the right top corner of the digit 9. Solution:
The dashes and the final figure 3 will be written under the first
column from right as
5
8′
7′
5
0
4
6′
 Fundamentals  l  3

(B) Row Form = 14333.593 

To find the sum of numbers, it is not necessary to write them one
below the other with align i.e., column form. You can find the sum
of numbers written in a row form using the same method discussed
above for column form but there is a problem of alignment. To
overcome this problem of alignment, we use the method of column
form in slightly different way as discussed below.
This method of addition is very important. If you get
command over it, you can stop wasting time in writting the (ii) Addition of Whole Numbers
numbers in column form. Suppose you have to find the sum
(i) Addition of Decimal Numbers 707325 + 192382 + 58009 +564943 + 656.
Suppose you have to find the sum Follow the steps mentioned in steps (b), (c), (d) and (e) of
707.325 + 1923.82 + 58.009 + 564.943 + 65.6 section (B) (i) (addition of decimal numbers in row form) above
(a) Put zeros to the right of the last digit after decimal to make (without considering the decimal). Thus,
the number of digits after decimal equal in each number. 70732 5 + 19238 2 + 5800 9 + 56494 3 + 65 6
For example, the above addition may be written as =______5
707.325 + 1923.820 + 58.009 + 564.943 + 65.600
70732 5 + 1923 8 2 + 5800 9 + 56494 3 + 65 6
(b) Start adding the last digit from right of all the numbers. During
running total, don’t exceed 10. That is, when you exceed 10, = _ _ _ _ _ _ 15
mark a tick with pencil anywhere near about your calculation 707 3 25 + 192 3 8 2 + 58 0 0 9 + 5649 4 3 + 6 5 6
and go ahead with the number exceeding 10. = _ _ _ _ _ _ 315
707.325 + 1923.820 + 58.009 + 564.943 + 65.600
7 0 7 3 25 + 192 3 8 2 + 5 8 0 0 9 + 56 4 9 4 3 + 6 5 6
=______7
= _ _ _ _ _ _ 3315
5 plus 0 is 5; 5 plus 9 is 14, mark a tick in rough area and
carry over 4; 4 plus 3 is 7; 7 plus 0 is 7, so write down 7. 7 0 7 3 2 5 + 19 2 3 8 2 + 5 8 0 0 9 +5 6 4 9 4 3 + 65 6
During addition we strike off all the digits which are added. = _ _ _ _ _ _ 23315
It saves us from confusion and duplication.
70 7 3 2 5 + 19 2 3 8 2 + 5 8 0 0 9 + 5 6 4 9 4 3 + 65 6
(c) Add the number of ticks (marked near by calculation in
= _ _ _ _ _ _ 1523315
rough) with the digits at 2nd places from right and erase that
Illustration 3:  Find the sum of the following numbers
tick from rough.
using row form.
707.32 5 + 1923.82 0 + 58.009 + 564.94 3 + 65.60 0
5834, 96182, 459, 2128, 87582 and 735
= _ _ _ _ _ _ 97 Solution:
1 (number of tick) plus 2 is 3; 3 plus 2 is 5; 5 plus 0 is 5;
5 8 3 4 + 9 6 1 8 2 + 4 5 9 + 21 2 8 + 8 7 5 8 2 + 7 3 5
5 plus 4 is 9 and 9 plus 0 is 9; so write down 9 at the second
place from right in the sum. = 192920 
(d) 707. 32 5 + 1923. 8 2 0 + 58. 0 0 9 + 564. 9 4 3 + 65. 6 0 0
= _ _ _ _ _ _ 697
3 plus 8 is 11; mark a tick in rough and carry over 1; 1 plus
0 is 1; 1 plus 9 is 10, mark another tick in rough and carry
over zero; 0 plus 6 is 6, so put down 6 at the third place from
right in the sum.
(e) Following the same way get the result: V. Single Step Solution for Addition and Subtration
7 0 7 . 3 2 5 + 19 2 3. 8 2 0 + 5 8 . 0 0 9 + 5 6 4 . 9 4 3 in a Single Row: Digit-Sum Method
+ 6 5. 6 0 0 To understand this method, let us find the value of
= 3319.697 6531 – 468 + 8901 – 3210
Illustration 2:  Find the sum of the following numbers First of all, we check that the required value or number will +ve
using row form. or –ve by just looking at the given numbers with signs. In the case
564.39, 4237.8, 4.213, 56.8, 9423.41 and 46.98 of +ve required number, the digits of the required number will be
Solution: zero or +ve integer and in the case of –ve required number, the
digits of the required number will be zero or –ve integer. Clearly
5 6 4 . 3 9 0 + 4 2 3 7 . 8 0 0 + 4. 2 1 3 + 5 6. 8 0 0
the required number will be +ve. Hence, digits of required number
+ 9 4 2 3. 4 1 0 + 4 6. 9 8 0 will be zero or +ve.
4  l  Quantitative Aptitude
Now to find the unit digit of the required number, add and
subtract the digits at units places of these given numbers according
to the sign attached with these numbers as
1–8+1–0=–6
Since required number will be +ve, therefore its unit digit can
not be –ve.
To make (– 6) positive, we borrow from tens of largest given
positive number. You should remember that we can’t borrow
from negative given number if required number is +ve. So, we
borrow 1 from tens digit 0 of 8901. Now, we add 10 to (– 6), this
can be shown as
(–1) (–1)
6531 – 468 + 8  9  0  1 – 3210 = _ _ _ _ _ _ 4
Now, we add and subtract the digits at tens places of given
numbers according to the sign attached with these numbers.
3–6+9–1=5
Since 5 is positive, hence 5 is the tens digit of the required number.
This can be shown as
(–1) (–1)
6531 – 468 + 8  9  0  1 – 3210 = _ _ _ _ _ _ 54
Now add the digit at hundredth places as
5 – 4 + (9 – 1) – 2 = 7, which is positive.
Hence hundredth digit of required number will be 7.
Now add the digit at thousand places as
6 + 8 – 3 = 11
Thus the last two digits of the required number are 11. Hence
(–1) (–1)
6531 – 468 + 8   9   0   1 – 3210 = _ _ _ _ _ _ 11754
The same above method is used for decimal numbers also after
making the equal number of digits after decimal in all the given
numbers by putting zero(s) at the end of the number after decimals.
This method requires some practice. But after some practice,
you will find it is faster method.
Illustration 4:  6598 – 2401 + 2281 – 516 = ?
Solution:  (–1) (+1)
6   5   9   8  –  2401 + 2281 – 516 = 5962
After adding and subtracting the digits at tens places
according to the sign attached with the respective numbers, we
get 16, which has two digits. So, 6 is written at tenth place in the
required number and 1 is added to 5 (hundredth digit) of 6598.
Illustration 5:  5603 – 2281 + 210 – 1472 = ?
Solution: (–2)
5  6  0  3  –  2281 + 210 – 1472 = 2060
After adding and subtracting the digits at tens places according
to the sign attached with the respective numbers, we get – 14. Since
14 is more than 10 but not more than 20. Therefore to make – 14
as a single positive digit we have to borrow 2 from hundredth
digit i.e., 6 of 5603.
Now – 14 + 20 = 6, therefore tens digit of the required number is 6.
Illustration 6:  3584 – 1502 + 2191 – 213 = ?
Solution: (+1)
3  5  8  4  – 1502 + 2191 – 213 = 4060
After adding and subtracting the digits at tens places according
to the sign attached with the respective numbers, we get 16. So
we take 6 as tenth digit of the required number and add 1 to the
hundreth digit i.e., 5 of 3584.
Illustration 7:  125 – 2827 + 5163 – 2131 = ?
Solution: (–1)
125 – 2827 + 5163 – 2131 = 330
Illustration 8:  2513 – 6718 + 1231 – 3414 = ?
Solution: (–1)
2513  –  6  7  1  8 + 1231 – 3414 = – 6388
By observing the given numbers with signs, it is clear that the
required number or value will be –ve. Hence digits of the required
number will be zero or negative integer.
Now 3 – 8 + 1 – 4 = – 8, so unit digit of required number is 8
(without the sign).
1 – 1 + 3 – 1 = 2, which is +ve.
To make 2 negative, borrow 1 from hundredth digit of the larg-
est given –ve number i.e. borrow 1 from 7 of 6718.
Now subtract 10 from 2, which gives – 8. So 8 is the tens digit
of required number. Similarly, we find the hundredth and thou-
sand digit of the required number as 3 and 6 respectively. Since
required number will be –ve, therefore we put a –ve sign before
6388 which gives – 6388 as required number.
Illustration 9:  765.819 – 89.003 + 12.038 – 86.89 = ?
Solution:  First equate the number of digits after decimals by
putting zero(s) at the end. So, 765.819 – 89.003 + 12.038 – 86.89
(–1) (–1) (–1) (–1) (+1)
= 7   6   5  .  8   1   9 – 89.003 + 12.038 – 86.890
= 601.964
SHORTCUTS FOR MULTIPLICATION
1. Line Segment Method of Multiplications of
Two Whole Numbers of any Number of Digits
To clearly understand this method, we will discuss some examples.
(i) Consider the multiplication of two digit numbers,
7 6
 4 9
The digit of the different places of the required product will
be found out as follows.
(a) Finding the Units Place Digit
To Find the unit’s digit of the product of any two numbers, we
always find the product their unit’s digits.
Here product of unit digits = 6 × 9 = 54
Unit’s digit 4 of 54 is the unit’s digit of the required product.
Tenth digit 5 of 54 will be carry over to the tens place.
Thus
7 6
 4 9
4
5 carry over to the tens place.
 Fundamentals  l  5

(b) Finding the Tens Place Digit 7 × 4 = 28

7 6 28 + 9 (from carry over) = 37
4 9 Since 7 and 4 are the last digits on the left in both the given
4 numbers, so this is the last calculation in this multiplication and
7 × 9 + 6 × 4 = 63 + 24 = 87 hence we can write 37 for the remaining 2 digits in the required
87 + 5 (from carry over) = 92 product.
Here unit’s digit 2 of 92 is the tens place digit of the required prod- Thus
uct. Tens digit 9 of 92 will be carry over to the hundred’s place digit.
7 6
Thus
7 6  4 9
 4 9 3 7 2 4
2 4
(ii) Consider the multiplication of more than 2 digits numbers,
9 carry over to the hundred’s place.
(c) Finding the Hundred’s Place Digit 5 4 0 2 3
 3 1 5 6
7 6


 4 9 Study the following table which explains the process of finding

2 4 the digit of different places of the required product.

Finding Diagram showing Calculation Required Carry on Explanation of the diagram showing the
the digit the calculation digit(s) to the next calculation process
process place digit
Unit digit 5 4 0 2 5 × 2 = 10 0 1 Multiplication between unit’s digit of both
the number shows by line segment between
 3 1 5 2 and 5.
0
Tens digit 5 4 0 2 5×0+1×2=2 3 0 Multiplication of tens digit 0 of 5402
2 + 1 (carry over) = 3 by unit’s digit 5 of 315 shows by line
 3 15 segment between 0 and 5, then rotate this
3 0 line segment in clockwise direction about
their midpoint to find the next pair of digits
to be multiplied
Hundred 5 40 2 5 × 4 + 1 × 0 + 3 × 2 = 26 6 2 Multiplication of hundred’s digit 4 of
digit 5402 by unit’s digit 5 of 315 shows by line
 3 1  5 segment between 4 and 5, then rotate this
6 3 0 line segment in clockwise direction about
their mid-point to find the next pair of digits
to be multiplied.
Thousand 5 4  0  2 5 × 5 + 1 × 4 + 3 × 0 = 29 1 3 Similar explanation as for given above for
digit 29 + 2 (carry over) = 31 hundred digit but there is no digit in the left
 3 1  5 of 3 in 315, so the unit digit 2 of 5402 will
1 6 3 0 not be multiplied by any digit.
Ten 5 4 0 2 1 × 5 + 3 × 4 = 17 0 2 Since unit digit 5 of 315 is multiplied by left
thousand 17 + 3 (carry out) = 20 most digit 5 of 5402 in finding the thousand
digit  3 1 5 digit. Hence tens digit 1 of 315 multiplies
0 1 6 3 0 the left most digit 5 of 5402 and rotate
the line segment in clockwise direction
between 1 and 5 about their mid-point to
find the next pair of digits to be multiplied
but there is no digit in the left of 3 in 315,
so further rotation of line segment between
3 and 4 in clockwise direction will not find
any two digits to be multiplied and hence
the ten’s and unit’s digit of 5402 will not be
multiplied by any digit.
6  l  Quantitative Aptitude

Finding Diagram showing Calculation Required Carry on Explanation of the diagram showing the
the digit the calculation digit(s) to the next calculation process
process place digit
Last 3 × 5 = 15 17 0 Since ten’s digit 1 of 315 is multiplied by
digit(s) 15 + 2 (carry over) = 17 left most digit 5 of 5402 in finding the ten
thousand’s digit, so hundred digit 3 of 315
multiplies the left most digit 5 of 5402. Since
there is no digit in the left of 3 in 315, so
rotation of line segment between 3 and 5 about
their mid-point in anticlockwise direction
will not find any two digits to be multiplied
further and hence hundred, tens and unit digits
of 5402 will not be multiplied by any digit.
Hence required product = 1701630

In CAT and CAT like competitions large multiplications might Step (b): 92 8
not be required but it might be required to find any specific digit  97 3
of the product of large multiplication, then the above method of 89 24
multiplication is quite useful.
Initial digits of Last two digits
2. Multiplication of Two Numbers Using the required of the required
Formulae (a – b) (a + b) = a2 – b2 product is found product
If the difference between two numbers x and y is a small even num- out by cross (8)  (3) = 24
addition as
ber, then the smaller is express as (a – b) whereas larger is expressed
92 + (3) or
as (a + b), then the product of x and y is found out by the formulae
97 + (8) = 89
x . y i.e., (a – b) (a + b) = a2 – b2
Here a should be such that a2 is very easily calculated.
Thus, 92  97 = 8924
For example:
(i) 38 × 42 = (40 – 2) × (40 + 2) = (40)2 – (2)2 = 1600 – 4 (ii) Let us multiply 1008 and 994.
= 1596 Difference
(ii) 66 × 74 = (70 – 4) × (70 + 4) = (70)2 – (4)2 = 4900 – 16 from 1000
= 4884 1008 8
 994 6
(iii) 2094 × 2106 = (2100 – 6) × (2100 + 6) = (2100)2 – (6)2
= 4410000 – 36 = 4409964 1002 000
 48
If the difference between the two numbers is not even, still this
1001 952
method is used by modify as
Initial Last three
47 × 54 = 47 × 53 + 47
digits digits
= (50 – 3) × (50 + 3) + 47
= (50)2 – (3)2 + 47 Here we first find the initial digits by cross addition as
= 2500 – 9 + 47 = 2538 1008 + (– 6) or 994 + 8 = 1002
Now write 1002 as initial digits and write last three digits as
3. Multiplying Two Numbers Close to 100, 1000, 000, (i.e., last three zeroes of 1000) which means numbers’ value
10000, 100000, etc is 1002000. Now in 1002000 add the product 8 × (– 6) = – 48,
To multiply two numbers close to 100, 1000, 10000 or 100000; which gives the required product i.e., 1001952.
we can use a specific method which is discussed in the following Illustration 10:  Find the product 108 × 104.
illustrations. Solution:
(i) Let us multiply 92 and 97. Difference
Step (a): Calculate the difference from 100 of both the numbers from 100
and write them as follows: 108 8
 104 4
112 32
Last First two
digits digits
Hence 108  104 = 11232
 Quantitative Aptitude Cat 2014 by
Deepak Agarwal, D.P. Gupta

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