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Music Sustainability

Author
Grant, Catherine

Published
2013

Journal Title
Oxford Bibliographies in Music

Version
Post-print

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199757824-0105

Copyright Statement
© 2013 Oxford University Press. This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article
accepted for publication in Oxford Bibliographies in Music following peer review. The definitive
publisher-authenticated version, Music sustainability, Oxford Bibliographies in Music is available
online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/OBO/9780199757824-0105.

Downloaded from
http://hdl.handle.net/10072/55878

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1

This is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Oxford Bibliographies Online:
Music. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available online at: DOI:
10.1093/obo/9780199757824-0105. Copyright Oxford Bibliographies Online. Complete citation
information of that definitive version is: Grant, C. (2013). Music sustainability. In Oxford Bibliographies
in Music. Ed. B. Gufstafson. New York: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/obo/9780199757824-
0105

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