MS 1850 Part 1-2006

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
MALAYSIAN
STANDARD
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WATER QUALITY - SAMPLING - PART 1:

GUIDANCE ON THE DESIGN OF SAMPLING
PROGRAMMES
(ISO 5667-1:1980, MOD)
ICS: 13.060.45
Descriptors: water, quality, sampling, sampling equipment, generalities
© Copyright 2006
DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA

DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIAN STANDARDS
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accreditation body.
The main function of the Department is to foster and promote standards,

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furthering international cooperation in relation to standards and standardisation.
Malaysian Standards are developed through consensus by committees which

comprise of balanced representation of producers, users, consumers and others with
relevant interests, as may be appropriate to the subject in hand. To the greatest
extent possible, Malaysian Standards are aligned to or are adoption of international
standards. Approval of a standard as a Malaysian Standard is governed by the
Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 (Act 549). Malaysian Standards are reviewed
periodically. The use of Malaysian Standards is voluntary except in so far as they are
made mandatory by regulatory authorities by means of regulations, local by-laws or
any other similar ways.
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MS 1850: PART 1:2006
CONTENTS
Page
Committee representative….……………………………………………………………. iii
Foreword…………………………….……………………………………………………. iv
0 General introduction.................................................................................................. 1
1 Scope and field of application................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references............................................................................................... 1
Section one : Definition of objectives
3 Introduction............................................................................................................... 2
4 Requirements............................................................................................................ 3
5 Special considerations in relation to variability......................................................... 4
Section two: Identification of sampling situations
6 Introduction............................................................................................................... 5
7 General safety precautions....................................................................................... 5
8 Special consideration in sampling ............................................................................ 6
9 Individual sampling situations – Natural waters........................................................ 8
10 Sampling situations in industry….............................................................................. 11
11 Trade effluents ......................................................................................................... 12
12 Sewage and sewage effluents.................................................................................. 13
13 Storm sewage and surface run-off............................................................................ 14
Section three: Time and frequency of sampling
14 Introduction............................................................................................................... 15
15 Types of sampling programme................................................................................. 15
© DSM 2006 – All rights reserved i

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
16 Statistical consideration............................................................................................ 16
17 Abnormal variability................................................................................................... 18
18 Duration of sampling occasion and composite samples........................................... 18
Section four: Flow measurements and situations justifying flow measurements for water
quality purposes
19 Introduction............................................................................................................... 19
20 Justification for flow measurements in water quality control..................................... 20
21 Methods available for flow measurement................................................................. 21
ii © DSM 2006 – All rights reserved

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
Committee representation
The Chemical and Materials Industry Standards Committee (ISC B) under whose authority this Malaysian Standard
was developed, comprises representatives from the following organisations:
Department of Mineral and Geoscience

Department of Standards Malaysia
Malaysian Ceramic Industry Group
Malaysian Institute of Chemistry
Malaysian Paint Manufacturers Association
Malaysian Pulp and Paper Manufacturers Association
Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry
Ministry of Defence (Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence)
Ministry of International, Trade and Industry
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Department of Chemistry Malaysia)
Universiti Malaya
Universiti Sains Malaysia
The Technical Committee on Water Quality which supervised the development of this Malaysian Standard consists of
representatives from the following organisations:
Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd

Department of Chemistry Malaysia
Department of Environment
Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Jabatan Kerja Raya
Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research
Malaysian Water Association
Ministry of Health Malaysia
SIRIM Berhad (Environmental and Bioprocess Technology Centre)
SIRIM Berhad (Secretariat)
SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd
Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd
Universiti Putra Malaysia
The Working Group on Sampling (Water Quality) which developed this Malaysian Standard consists of
representatives from the following organisations:
Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd

ALS Technichem (M) Sdn Bhd
Department of Chemistry Malaysia
Department of Environment
Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd
Institut Penyelidikan Perikanan
Jabatan Kerja Raya
Jabatan Laut
Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembentungan
Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research
Malaysian Water Association
Ministry of Health Malaysia (Engineering Services Division)
SIRIM Berhad (Environmental and Bioprocess Technology Centre)
SIRIM Berhad (Secretariat)
Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd
© DSM 2006 – All rights reserved iii

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
FOREWORD
This Standard was developed by the Working Group on Sampling (Water Quality) under the
authority of the Chemical and Materials Industry Standards Committee.
This standard corresponds to ISO 5667-1:1980, Water quality – Sampling – Part 1: Guidance
on the design of sampling programmes, published by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) with the following modification:
Clause/Subclause Modification
4.2 Add “augmentation of flow from specific source” in the second

sentence.
Explanation: The addition has been made to provide more important examples in the study of
changes on the concentration levels or loads distributions.
4.2 o) Add new sub-clause “o) to assess changes in water quality

which occur as a result of releases from dam to augment river
flows or abstraction from different dept in an impoundment
which affects water treatment”
Explanation: The addition has been made to provide extra objective for sampling.
7.2 Delete “Before sampling from ice covered water, the location
and extent of weak ice should be carefully checked.
Explanation: The deletion has been made because it is not applicable to local situation.
8.1 Add “ and potable water supply system” in the first sentence.
Explanation: The addition has been made to provide extra example, which is more applicable
to local situation.
Add “For potable water supply system, the sampling
programme shall include sampling sites at the outlet of
treatment plants, outlet of the storage reservoirs and within the
reticulation system”
Explanation: The addition has been made to provide extra sampling programmes which is
more applicable to local situation.
9.5 Add “at varying depths” in the first sentence.

Explanation: The addition has been made to provide extra sampling point.
9.8.3 Add ”straining device” in the second sentence.

Explanation: The addition has been made to ease sampling process.
Delete “Samples from extensions to the main distribution

system are usually obtained from hydrants and washouts” and
replace with “Samples from the distribution system are to be
collected from established dedicated points” in the third
sentence.
Explanation: The replacement has been made to provide more specifics sampling point.
iv © DSM 2006 – All rights reserved

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
FOREWORD (continued)
Compliance with a Malaysian Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal
obligations.
NOTE. MOD on the front cover indicates a modified standard i.e. a standard adapted from an International Standard
with permitted technical deviation, which are clearly identified and explained. The changes in structure are permitted
provided that the altered structure permits easy comparison of the content of the two standards. Modified standards
also include the changes permitted under identical correspondence.
© DSM 2006 – All rights reserved v

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
WATER QUALITY – SAMPLING –

PART 1: GUIDANCE ON THE DESIGN OF SAMPLING PROGRAMMES
0. General introduction
This Malaysian Standard is the first of a group of three standards intended to be used in
conjunction with each other. MS 1850: Part 2 and MS 1850: Part 3 deal respectively with
sampling techniques and with the preservation and handling of samples. The general
terminology used is in accordance with that established in ISO/TC 147, Water quality, and
more particularly, with the terminology on sampling given in MS ISO 6107/2.
1. Scope and field of application

This Malaysian Standard sets out the general principles to be applied in the design of
sampling programmes for the purposes of quality control, quality characterisation and
identification of sources of pollution of water, including bottom deposits and sludges. Detailed
instructions for specific sampling situations will be given in subsequent Malaysian Standards.
2. Normative references
The following normative references are indispensable for the application of this standard. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the normative references (including any amendments) applies.
MS 1850/2, Water quality - Sampling - Part 2: General guidelines to sampling techniques
MS 1850/3, Water quality - Sampling - Part 3, General recommendations for the preservation
and handling of samples
MS ISO 6107/2, Water quality - Vocabulary - Part 2
MS ISO 2602, Statistical interpretation of test results - Estimation of the mean - Confidence
interval.
MS ISO 3534, Statistics - Vocabulary and symbols.
MS ISO 6107/1, Water quality - Vocabulary - Part 1.
© DSM 2006 – All rights reserved 1

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
Section one: Definition of objectives

3. Introduction
The purpose of this section is to emphasise the more important factors which have to be
considered when devising a sampling programme in relation to water, bottom deposits and
sludges. More detailed information is given in subsequent sections. Samples are collected
and examined primarily to determine associated physical, chemical, biological and
radiological parameters. Whenever a volume of water, bottom deposit or sludge is to be
characterised, it is generally impossible to examine the whole and its therefore necessary to
take samples. The samples collected should be as fully representative as possible of the
whole to be characterised, and all precautions should be taken to ensure that, as far possible,
the samples do not undergo any changes in the interval between sampling and analysis The
sampling of multiphase systems, such as water containing suspended solids or immiscible
organic liquids, can present special problems
Before any sampling programme is devised, it is very important that the objectives be
established since they are the major factors in determining the position of sampling sites,
frequency of sampling, duration of sampling, sampling procedures, subsequent treatment of
samples, and analytical requirements. Some consideration should also be given to the degree
of detail and precision that ill be adequate, and also the manner in which the results are to be
expressed and presented, for example concentrations or loads, maximum and minimum
values, arithmetic means, median values etc. Additionally, a list of parameters of interest
should be compiled and the relevant analytical procedures consulted since these will usually
give guidance on precautions to be observed during sampling and subsequent handling
(general guidance on the latter aspects is given in Parts and 3 of this International Standard
respectively).
It may often be necessary to carry out a preliminary sampling and analysis programme before
the final objectives can be defined. It is important to take into account all relevant data from
previous programmes at the same or similar locations and other information on local
conditions. Previous personal experience can also be very valuable. Time and money
allocated to the design of a proper sampling programme is usually well justified by ensuring
that the required information is obtained efficiently and economically.
Three main objectives may be distinguished as follows (for details, see Clause 15)
a) quality control measurements used by local management to decide when short-term

process corrections are required;
b) quality characterisation measurements used to indicate quality, perhaps as part of a

research project, for long-term control purposes, or to indicate long term trends; and
c) identification of sources of pollution
The purpose of the programme may change from quality characterisation to quality control
and vice-versa. For example, a longer term programme for nitrate characterisation may
become a short-term quality control programme requiring increased frequency of sampling as
the nitrate concentration approaches a critical value.
2 © DSM 2006 – All rights reserved

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
4. Requirements
Without attempting to list all the specific reasons for requiring sampling and analysis
programmes, they may be grouped as follows.
4.1 General requirements
To establish the order of concentration levels or loads of specific parameters at selected

positions (for example at the surface of, or in body of water), or with bottom deposits, to
obtain a visual indication of their nature.
4.2 Specific requirements
To establish in detail the concentration levels or load distributions of physical or chemical

parameters and biological species of interest throughout the whole or part of a body of water.
This will normally be linked to a study of changes with time, flow rates, augmentation of flow
from specific source, operating plant conditions, weather conditions, etc.
These reasons for sampling may be further sub-divided into more specific objectives such as
the following:
a) to determine the suitability of water for an intended use and, if necessary, to access any
treatment or control requirements, for examples to examine borehole water for cooling,
boiler feed or process purposes or if a natural spring, as a possible source of drinking
water.
b) to study the effect of waste discharge, including accidental spillages on a receiving water.
Apart from contributing to the pollution load, such discharges may produce other
reactions such as chemical precipitation or evaluation of gases.
c) to assess the performance and control of water, sewage and industrial effluent plants –
for example : to assess the variations and long term changes in load entering a treatment
works; to determine the efficiently of each stage in a treatment process; to provide
evidence of quality of treated water; to control the concentration of treated substances
including those which may constitute a health hazard or which may inhibit a
bacteriological process; to control substances which may damage the fabric of plant or
equipment.
d) to study the effects of fresh and saline water flows on estuarine conditions in order to
provide information on maxing patterns and associated stratification with variations in ides
and freshwater flow.
e) to identify and quantify products lost from industrial processes. This information is
required when product balances across the plant are to be assessed and when effluent
discharges are to be measured
f) to establish the quality of boiler water, steam condensate and other reclaimed water. This
enables the suitability of the water for an intended purpose to be assessed,
g) to control the operation of industrial cooling water systems. This enables the use of water
to be optimised and, at the same time, the problems associated with scale formation and
corrosion to be minimised.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
h) to study the effects of atmospheric pollutants on the quality of rainwater. This provides
useful information on air quality and also indicates if problems are likely to arise, for
example, on exposed electrical contacts.
j) to assess the effect of inputs from the land on water quality. There may be contributions
from naturally occurring materials, or contamination by fertilisers, pesticides and
chemicals used in agriculture, or both.
k) to assess the effect of the accumulation and release of substances by bottom deposits on
the aquatic biota in the water mass or bottom deposit
m) to study the effect of abstraction, river regulation and river-to-river transfer on natural
water courses. For example varying proportions of waters of different quality may be
involved in river regulation and the quality of the resulting blend may fluctuate
n) to assess changes in water quality which occur in distribution systems. The changes can
occur for a number of reasons, for example contamination, introduction of water from a
new source, biological growth deposition of scale or dissolution of metal
o) to assess changes in water quality which occur as a result of releases from dam to
augment river flows or abstraction from different dept in an impoundment which affects
water treatment.
On some occasion the conditions may be sufficiently stable for the required information to be
obtained from simple sampling programmes, but in most locations quality characteristics are
subject to continuous. However, this is often very costly and in many situations impossible to
achieve. When considering sampling programmes, the special considerations given in Clause
5 should be borne in mind.
5. Special considerations relation to variability

5.1 Sampling programmes be complex in situations where wide and rapid variations occur
in the concentrations of determinands of Interest. These variations may be caused by such
factors as extreme changes in temperature, flow patterns or plant operating conditions.
Sampling should be avoided at or near boundaries of systems unless conditions are of
special interest
5.2 Even when concentration changes are slow and not very marked, the assessment of a
large catchment area, such as a river basin, is a complex exercise.
5.3 Care should be taken to eliminate or minimise any changes in the concentration of
determinands of interest that may be produced by the sampling process itself, and to ensure
that changes during the period between sampling and analysis are avoided or minimised.
5.4 Composite samples give the best indication of the average composition over a period of
time provided that the determinand is stable during the period between sampling and
examination, but they are of little value in determining transient peak conditions.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
Section two : Identification of sampling situations

6. Introduction
This section deals with the various situations that may be encountered in sampling practice
and the extent to which these situations affect the choice of a sampling site. Attention is
drawn to the safety precautions necessary in various situations which, in view of their
importance and general character, are set out in clause 7
7. General safety precautions

7.1 The enormously wide range of conditions encountered in sampling waters and bottom
deposits can subject personnel to a variety of safety and health risks. Apart from physical
injury, precautions must be taken to avoid inhalation of toxic gases and ingestion of toxic
materials through the mouth and skin. Personnel responsible for the design of sampling
programmes and for carrying out sampling operations must ensure that the requirements of
relevant safety regulations are taken into account and that sampling personnel are informed
of the necessary precautions to be taken in sampling operations.
NOTE. Insurance against accidents may need to be considered. More specific situations are discussed below
7.2 Weather conditions should be considered in order to ensure the safety of personnel and
equipment. Life-jackets and life lines should be worn when sampling large masses of water. It
self-contained underwater breathing apparatus or other diving equipment is used, it should
always be checked and maintained to ensure reliability.
7.3 Stability is an important property of any boat used for sampling purposes. In all waters,
precautions should be taken in relation to commercial ships and fishing vessels for example,
the correct signal flags should b flown, to indicate the nature of the work being undertaken.
7.4 Sampling from unsafe sites, such as unsafe banks, should be avoided if possible. If this
is unavoidable the operation should be conducted by a team using appropriate precautions
rather than one operator. Sampling from bridges should be used when appropriate
7.5 Reasonable access in all weather is important and it is essential for frequent routine
sampling. In some situations consideration should be given to additional natural hazards such
as poisonous foliage, animals and reptiles.
7.6 It instruments or to other items of equipment are installed on a river bank, situations
susceptible top flooding or vandalism should be avoided, or appropriate precautions taken.
7.7 Many other situations arise during the sampling of water when special precautions have
to be taken to avoid accidents. For example, some industrial effluents may be corrosive or
may contain toxic or flammable materials. The dangers associated with sewage should also
not be overlooked, these may be gaseous, microbiological, virological or zoological such as
from amoebae or helminths.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
7.8 Gas protection equipment, breathing apparatus resuscitation apparatus and other
safety equipment should be available when personnel have to enter hazardous atmospheres.
In addition, the concentration of oxygen and of any toxic vapour or gas likely to be present
should be measured before personnel enter enclosed spaces.
7.9 In the sampling of steam and hot discharged, special care is necessary and recognized
techniques should be applied.
7.10 The handling of radioactive samples requires special care and the special techniques
required be applied.
7.11 The use of electrically operated sampling equipment in near water can present
special electrocution hazards. Work procedures site design and equipment maintenance
should be planned so as to minimise these hazards.
8. Special consideration in sampling

8.1 Design of sampling programmes
Depending on the objectives to be achieved (see Clause 6), the sampling network may be
anything from a single site to an entire river catchment and potable water supply system. A
basic river network may comprise sampling sites at the tidal limit, major tributaries at their
confluence, and major discharges of sewage or industrial effluent. For potable water supply
system, the sampling programme shall include sampling sites at the outlet of treatment plants,
outlet of the storage reservoirs and within the reticulation system.
In designing quality sampling networks it is usual to make provision for the measurement of
flow at key stations (see Section 4)
8.2 Identifying the sampling location
Identifying the sampling location enables comparative samples to be taken at other times. In
most river situations, sampling locations can readily be fixed by reference to features on the
riverbank.
On uncovered estuarine and coastal shores, sampling locations may similarly be related to an
easily recognisable static object. For sampling from a boat in these situations, instrumental
methods for location identification should be used. Map references or other standard forms of
reference may be valuable.
8.3 Character of flow
Ideally, samples should be taken from turbulent, well-mixed liquids and, whenever possible
turbulence should be induced in flows that are streamlined. This does not apply to the
collection of samples for the determination of dissolved gases and volatile materials, the
concentration of which may be altered by induced turbulence.
8.4 Change in flow characteristics with time
Flow may change from streamlined to turbulent and vice-versa “Reverse flow” from other
parts of the system may occur which could produce contamination at the sampling point.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
8.5 Change of liquid composition with time

Discrete “slugs” of material may occur at any time, for example, dissolved contaminants,
solids, volatile materials or oily surface layers.
8.6 Sampling from pipes
Liquids should be pumped through pipes of adequate size (for example, when sampling
heterogeneous liquids, of minimum nominal bore 25 mm) at linear velocities high enough to
maintain turbulent flow characteristics. Horizontal pipe runs should be avoided.
8.7 Nature of the liquid
The liquid may be corrosive or abrasive. Resistance to these conditions should be

considered. It should be borne in mind that the cheapest course is not necessarily to use
expensive chemically-resistant equipment for short-term sampling if the equipment can
readily be replaced and contamination of the sample by corrosion products is not likely to be
important.
8.8 Temperature changes occurring in sampling systems
Temperature variation over long or short periods may cause changes in the nature of the
sample that may affect the equipment used for sampling
8.9 Sampling for determination of suspended solids.
Solids may be distributed anywhere throughout the depth of a liquid. Adequate mixing should
be carried out, if possible, by maintaining turbulent conditions. Ideally, the linear velocity
should be sufficient to induce turbulence and samples should be taken under isokinetic
conditions (see ISO 6107/2). If this is not possible, a series of samples should be taken
across a full cross-section of the flow. It should be remembered that the size distribution of
suspended solids may change during the time necessary to complete the sampling.
8.11 Mixtures of waters of different densities
These can cause layering in a streamlined flow for example the production of a layer of warm
water over cold water or of fresh water over saline water.
8.12 Hazardous liquids
It is necessary to consider the possibility of the presence of toxic liquids or fumes. or both and
the possible build up of explosive vapours
8.13 Effect of meteorological conditions
Changes in meteorological conditions may induce marked variations in water quality such
changes should be noted and allowance made for them when interpreting results.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
9. Individual sampling situations – Natural waters

9.1 Precipitation
When samples of precipitation are collected for chemical analysis, the sampling site should
be selected to avoid contamination by extraneous matter, for example dust, fertilisers,
pesticides, etc. The sampling apparatus should preferably be placed in a lawn.
If the samples are frozen or consist of snow or hail, the funnel should preferably be kept warm
by, for example, an electric heating element. Where this is not possible, the entire apparatus
should be removed and thawed at low temperatures.
9.2 Use of boats
Boats, when used, should be capable of reaching all sampling positions within the time-limits
of the survey in suitable weather conditions.
9.3 Rivers and streams
9.3.1 Mixing
If significant streaming or stratification exits at the sampling point, a series of transverse and
depth samples should be collected to determine the nature and extent of any streaming or
stratification.
9.3.2 Selection of sites
Sites should be selected so as to provide representative samples, preferably where marked

quality changes are likely to occur or where there are important river uses, for example
confluences, major discharges or abstractions. Weirs or small discharges which are only very
local in effect should generally be avoided.
Sites should preferably be chosen where flow data are available. River gauging huts are
frequently used for the installation of water-monitoring equipment.
If sampling is intended to monitor the effects of a discharge, sampling both upstream and
downstream should be carried out, but careful consideration should be given to the mixing of
the discharge and receiving water and its effects on the downstream samples. Sampling
should extend for an appropriate distance downstream to assess the effects on the river.
9.4 Canals
In general, the considerations for rivers and streams apply, but the following factors need
special attention.
9.4.1 Flow
The direction of flow may be changeable. The flow rate may vary considerably and be more
dependent upon the amount of navigational use (i.e. the number of locking operations) than
upon prevailing weather conditions.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
9.4.2Stratification and steaming

These will tend to be more pronounced than in rivers under the quiescent conditions found in
canals. The passage of boats may have marked short-term effect on the quality of water in a
canal, especially on the suspended solids concentration.
9.5 Storage reservoirs and lakes
Sampling should be carried out at all available draw-off points at varying depths and draw-off
depths in addition to inputs. The water body may be thermally stratified and very significant
quality differences may develop between different depths. Ecological investigations may
require a more detailed sampling programme; the flow data and meteorological data may be
required in large water masses, sampling from a boat is normally necessary
9.6 Groundwaters
9.6.1 Abstracted groundwater
Samples are required to assess the suitability of an abstracted groundwater for a particular
use. Samples may be taken at the abstraction point, although these samples may not be
representative on the general quality of the water in the aquifer.
9.6.2 Water in an aquifer
When sampling is carried out to assess the quality of water in an aquifer, the well or borehole
should, whenever possible, be pumped prior to sampling to ensure that new water is drawn
from the aquifer. Even in these circumstances, the water on the well or borehole may be
stratified and additional sampling may be required to assess the degree of stratification. The
depth below ground level at which the sample is taken should always be recorded.
Wells or boreholes lined with materials liable o corrosion a should always be pumped
thoroughly prior to sampling in order to clear all accumulated corrosion products from the
system.
Where representative samples are required from predetermined depths in the aquifer,
sampling tubes to each depth in the borehole or separate boreholes to each depth, should be
employed.
9.7 Bottom deposits in rivers, estuaries and the sea, lakes and reservoirs
Sampling patterns should be established to take account of variations of composition in both

vertical and horizontal directions. It may be necessary to obtain information on the depth of a
bottom deposit or on its composition at different depths.
Many factors important in sampling waters, such as the use of boats, also happy to the
sampling of bottom deposits.
Substrate are usually heterogeneous and special care should be taken to ensure that a
sufficient number of samples is taken to provide a representative assessment of the
parameter(s) under consideration

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
9.8 Drinking water

9.8.1 Water being pumped into supply
The sampling point should be selected so as to permit monitoring of residual disinfecting

agents before any loss occurs but after all reactions are completed, for example, monitoring
of residual chlorine after completed reaction of sulphur dioxide with excess chlorine. Sampling
for routine bacteriological examination is also required and suitable precautions, including any
national safety regulations, should be observed
The usual sampling point is a tap connected directly to the pumping main. The sampling tap
should have no attachments and should be suitable for sterilisation by flaming. The material
of the sample pipe shall be carefully chosen in relation to the test requirements, for example,
copper pipe may lead to an increase in the copper concentration in the water and a decrease
in bacterial count. In order to make sure that the sample is drawn directly from the tap into the
container, the sample container should be placed immediately below the tap but not
connected to it, nor in direct contact with it.
9.8.2 Service reservoirs
Samples should be taken from a tap fitted to the outlet main as close as possible to the
reservoir. Many service reservoirs are designed so that they fill and empty through the same
main, and therefore care is needed to ensure that the reservoir is emptying at the time of
taking the sample.
9.8.3 Water in the distribution system
Taps at consumers' premises provide the most satisfactory means of sampling water from the
general distribution system. Anti-splash, straining device or similar devices should be
removed before sampling; mixer taps are not recommended for sampling. Samples from the
distribution system are to be collected from established dedicated sampling points. Again,
special precautions are necessary for sampling for bacteriological examination.
9.8.4 Sludges derived from drinking water treatment
Some treatment plants produce lime-softening sludges or biological sludges. Most sludges
produced in drinking water treatment, however, are of aluminium hydroxide or iron hydroxide.
They may need to be sampled within coagulation or settling tanks at different depths and also
in thickening tanks. It is often important to examine sludges samples with a minimum of delay
and agitation, as the characteristics can change significantly within minutes
9.9 Bathing places
In naturally formed bathing places, sampling should be carried out as for storage reservoirs
and lakes (see 9.5). In swimming pools with recirculating systems, samples should be taken
at the inlet, the outlet and from the body of the water.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
10. Sampling situations in industry

10.1 Inlet water
Drinking water river water and borehole water are included and are usually homogenous in
composition at any given time, although they can vary in quality with time. The water usually
enters the factory through a conventional system of pipes and no special sampling situations
arise.
If separate non-potable industrial supplies are available, special care is needed to ensure that
various distribution systems are clearly identified and that there is no uncertainly at the
sampling points. To check that the water is suitable for drinking purposes, facilities should be
available for sampling.
If information on the quality of the final blend of a mixture of waters is required, it is necessary
to ensure that adequate mixing has occurred before sampling.
10.2 Boiler systems waters
10.2.1 Water from a treatment plant
At the design stage of the treatment plant, the positioning of sampling points should be
carefully considered and it is usually necessary to include facilities for removing samples at
various treatment stages as well as at the inlet and outlet of filters. When suspended solids
are present, the sample lines should be thoroughly flushed before the sample is taken.
Special sampling techniques are necessary to avoid losses when taking samples for the
determination of dissolved gases for example oxygen or carbon dioxide. If a degassing tower
is included of the removal of carbon dioxide, subsequent sample handling should avoid loss
or pick-up of carbon dioxide. The sample tube should normally dip well into the body of the
water to avoid anomalous surface conditions.
10.2.2 Boiler feedwater and boiler water
The water from many sampling points in the steam/condensate/water circuit will contain only
trace concentrations of the impurities of interest, special care should therefore be taken to
avoid contamination of the samples in the interval between sampling and analysis.
Sampling systems should normally be made of stainless steel and of sufficient structural
integrity to withstand the operating pressures to which they may be subjected.
Water fed to a boiler is often a mixture of treated boiler feedwater and returned condensate
and the sampling point should be positioned after adequate mixing has occurred. If boiler
feedwater at high temperature and pressure has to be sampled through long sampling lines, it
is highly desirable, in the interests of safety, to cool the sample in the sampling line as near as
possible to the sampling point. Additionally, such cooling avoids errors due to loss of flash
steam and minimises the risk of loss of oxygen resulting from reaction at, or with, the walls of
the sampling line.
When both physical and chemical de-aeration processes are used, two sampling points are
normally required; one to check the efficiency of physical de-aeration before chemicals are
added, and a second to check the overall efficiency of the de-aeration.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
Sampling points should be so positioned on the boiler as to ensure representative sampling of

the boiler water. For some analyses, such as for trace metals, which may be partly or wholly
in particulate form, isokinetic sampling probes should be used.
10.2.3 Steam and steam condensate
In industry, it is important to control the quality of steam and it is normally necessary to

sample both steam condensate return lines and superheated or wet steam under pressure.
Isokinetic sampling probes, in conjunction with a suitable cooler condenser made of stainless
steel, should be used for sampling steam and special care should be taken to avoid
contamination in the interval between sampling and analysis.
10.2.4 Water from cooling systems
There are three main types of cooling system:
a) open evaporative;
b) once-through; and
c) closed circuit.
Normally, in open evaporative systems, the inlet (make-up) water and the circulating water
are sampled. One sampling point is normally provided on the inlet line but, on the cooling
system itself, if may be necessary, in order to obtain the information required, to sample at a
number of points such as at the inlet to the circulating pump, immediately prior to the cooling
tower if a biocidal treatment has been used and possibly at the basin of the cooling tower if
water with a high suspended solids content is in use. Ideally, isokinetic sampling systems
should be used.
Sampling points are normally provided in the once-through and closed circuit systems, for
example at inlet and outlet for a once-through systems and at low point in a closed system.
11. Trade effluents

11.1 Sites
The sampling of industrial effluents has to be considered in relation to the nature and location
of each individual effluent.
In general, industrial effluent discharge points may be pipe discharges or open ducts at
remote locations where physical access is difficult and no services are available. Alternatively,
the discharge points may be readily accessible within the factory premises. It may on
occasion be necessary to sample from deep manholes and, in such cases, specially designed
equipment is required. With manhole sampling, it is preferable, for safety reasons, that the
manhole should e designed so as to permit sampling to take place without entry.
The possibility of domestic sewage from the factory being contained n the sample should also
be considered and the site should be chosen to exclude such wastes, if necessary.
If the effluent discharge is to a lagoon or holding tank, then the sampling situation becomes
similar to that for lakes.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
11.2 Nature of the effluent

In some industrial situations (for example discharges from individual plants before further
dilution), concentrations of certain constitutes may present special difficulties requiring
individual consideration. Examples are the presence of oil of grease, high suspended solids,
highly acidic effluents and flammable liquids or gases. When effluents from a variety of
processes discharge into a common main, adequate mixing is required in order to obtain a
satisfactory sample.
11.3 Industrial water and effluent treatment sludges
A wide range of chemical sludges can be produced in industrial water treatment, for example
sludges may contain toxic metals or radioactive materials, and biological sludges from effluent
treatment plants may also need to be sampled (see 12.1.2). When sampling such sludges
suitable safety precautions including relevant national safety regulations, should be applied.
12. Sewage and sewage effluents

12.1 Selection of sampling sites
12.1.1 Liquid effluents
The choice of sampling site at each stage in the process should be made carefully,
particularly in the case of crude sewage, the composition of which can show considerable
variation with time. The sewage may be contained in culverts of large cross-section and its
composition may vary with depth and across the diameter of the culvert. Incomplete mixing of
sewages from different sources may also occur and alt low flow rates suspended material
may settle. Before selecting a site, a preliminary sampling programme to establish these
variations should be conducted and the location of the routine sampling point determined from
the information obtained. In many cases, it will be necessary to take two or three routine
samples at different points and to mix these to give a composite sample.
Floating material, such as oil or grease, cannot be sampled representatively on a routine

basis and samples should, generally, be taken from below the surface.
Crude sewage samples are frequently taken after the preliminary screening and comminution
processes to that adventitious inclusion of large particles in the sample is avoided. However,
where automatic samplers are used, these can be sited upstream of the preliminary
processes, provided that a screen or a small macerator is fitted to the sampler inlet to prevent
blockages.
In a selecting a sampling site for crude sewage at the treatment plant, the inclusion of
recirculated liquors within the plant should be considered. Ideally two samplers, one including
all liquors representing the total load on the plant, and one excluding recirculated liquor to
give a measure of the loading from external sources, may be necessary. If collection of either
of these samples is not practicable, it may be possible to calculate to the composition of the
sewage by separate sampling and analysis of the liquors.
12.1.2 Sewage treatment sludges
Sludges may need to be sampled in certain tanks, such as sedimentation tanks or digestion
tanks, lagoons, or drying beds.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
If both primary and digested sludges are to be sampled, considerable difficulty may be
experienced due to lack of homogeneity and also to the presence of large particles.
'If sampling is to be from a pipeline, the sampling line should be at least 50 mm in diameter in
order to ensure minimum occurrence of blockages, and samples should be taken at frequent
time intervals, When sampling from tanks, lagoons, or drying beds, a large number of
samples from various depths and positions may be necessary. Accessibility to the sampling
points may be difficult and may need special structures.
In all these situations, a statistical approach to determining sampling frequency is desirable.

An example of such an approach is included in clause 16.
13. Storm sewage and surface run-off

The discharge of such waters normally occurs when flows in the receiving water courses are
high and the dilution available is corresponding large. However, for a variety of reasons,
storm sewage overflows may operate at other times and surface run-off may become
contaminated to such an extent that the overflows may represent a serious threat to the
quality of a watercourse even under high flow conditions.
The sampling of such discharges presents special problems because of their intermittent
nature and because the quality can change markedly throughout the period of discharge. The
quality is worse in the first flush of the discharge as a result of the initial cleansing of sewers
and impermeable areas. Automatic sampling devices that collect samples at regular intervals
and which start at a prescribed flow offer many advantages. This equipment should be
installed in a permanent state of readiness. In many instances, flow-proportional sampling will
be desirable. The usually highly heterogeneous nature of unmacerated or unsettled storm
sewage gives rise to difficulties in obtaining a representative sample and to blocking of
equipment. This heterogeneity should betaken into account when sampling techniques and
equipment are being selected.
Relevant precipitation and air temperature data should be collected throughout the period of
investigation.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
Section three : Time and frequency of sampling

14. Introduction
Information is normally required over a period of time during which the water quality may vary;
thus, samples should be taken at times which will adequately represent the quality and its
variations with minimum effort, This approach contrasts with the choice of sampling frequency
based on either subjective considerations or the amount of effort available for sampling and'
analysis. Both these latter methods may lead either to totally inadequate sampling or to
unnecessarily frequent sampling.
15. Types of sampling programme

Three main types of programme exits. These may be described as quality control, quality
characterisation, and identification of sources of pollution (see clause 3). Measurements
made for quality characterisation and vice-versa.
15.1 Quality control programmes
These usually involve the control of concentration of one or more determinands within defined
limits. The results are required in order to decide whether immediate action is needed. The
sampling frequency should therefore be chosen so that there is more than an acceptable
probability of important deviations outside the control limits occurring between successive
measurements. There are two primary factors which fix this frequency:
a) the magnitude and duration of deviation from the desired conditions.
b) the probabilities of occurence of deviations from the desired conditions.
Often, only approximate definitions of these factors will be possible, but reasonable estimates
will be enable a working value for the sampling frequency to be deduced.
15.2 Quality characterisation programmes
These programmes aim to estimate one or more statistical parameters that characterise the
concentration or its variability during a defined period, or both. For example, the mean or
median indicate the central tendency of results and the standard deviation indicates the
variability. The results may be required as part of a research investigation, or for
characterisation of determinands which do not currently need to be controlled, or for long term
control purposes.
15.3 Programmes for investigations of causes of pollution
These programmes should be designed to determine the characterisation of polluting

discharges of unknown origin. They are generally based on a knowledge of the nature or
natures of the pollutants, and the coincidence of the periodicity of the appearance of pollution
and of sampling

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
These criteria necessitate that the sampling, in contrast with that carried out for quality control
and quality characterisation, should be carried out with a fairly high frequency in relation to
the frequency of appearance of pollution.
The establishment of the frequency can be very useful.
16. Statistical consideration

16.1 Establishment of sampling programmes
The times and frequencies of sampling in any programme can be properly decided only after
detailed preliminary work, in which a high sampling frequency is necessary to provide the
information to which statistical techniques may be applied. If quality is subject to variations,
either random or systematic, the values obtained for statistical parameters, such as mean,
standard deviation, maximum, are only estimates of the true parameters and generally differ
from them
In the case of purely random variations, the differences between these estimates and the true
values can be calculated statistically, they decrease as the number of sample increases.
Once the frequency of sampling has been decided, the data obtained should be reviewed
regularly so that changes be made as required.
For a full treatment of calculation of the mean in terms of confidence interval, reference
should be made to MS ISO 2602.
16.2 Confidence interval
In practice, the confidence interval L on the mean of n results, defines the range in which the
true mean lies at a given confidence level.
16.3 Confidence interval
The confidence level is the probability that the true mean will be included within the calculated
confidence interval L. A confidence interval for the mean value ξ of a concentration,
calculated on the basis of a sample with n results, and at a 95 % confidence level, means that
there are 95 chances out of 100 that the interval will contain the true mean 8. For the case in
which a large series of samples are effectively taken, the frequency of cases in which the
interval will include 8 will be close to 95 %.
16.4 Determination of confidence interval and number of samples
For a number of results n, taken at random, estimates of the true mean 8 and the standard
deviation, ⌡, are the arithmetic mean, 8, and s respectively according to the following formula;
n
∑ (x i − x )
2
i =1
S= =
n −1

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
 n  
2
1
n
1
=  ∑ xi −  ∑ xi  
2
n − 1 i = 1 n i = 1  
   
where xi represent the individual values.
When n is large (see 16.1), s differs little from the value ⌡, and the confidence interval ξ,
calculated from some number of results n, is ξ ± K/n, where K has the value given in the
table below depending on the confidence level adopted.
Confidence, 99 98 95 90 80 68 50
level %
K 2,58 2,33 1,96 1,64 1,28 1,00 0,67
To estimate the mean 8 for a given confidence interval L at the confidence level chosen, the
2
number of samples necessary is (2K⌡/L) . This is strictly true only when ⌡ is known. More
samples will be required when only an estimate s is available, although this will make little
difference to the value of K, if s is based on a relatively large number of samples.
16.5 Random and systematic variations of water quality
Random variations commonly have either a normal or a log normal distribution. Systematic
variations may be either trends or cyclic variations, and combinations of the two may occur.
The nature of the variability may be different for different determinands in the same water.
If random variations are dominant, times of sampling are generally not statistically important,
although they may be important for quality control purposes. If cyclic variations occur, times of
sampling are important, either to cover the whole cycle or to detect maximum or minimum
concentrations of interest. Times of sampling should be spaced approximately equally over
trend periods. In each of the above situations, the number of samples should be governed by
the statistical considerations outlined above.
If cyclic variations are either absent or small compared with random fluctuations, the number
of samples to be taken need only be large enough to meet the acceptable uncertainly of the
mean of a determinand at a given confidence level.
For example, if normal distribution applies, according to the above, the confidence interval L
of the mean of n results, at a chosen confidence level, is given by the formula:
2Kσ
L=
n
where ⌡ is the standard deviation of the distribution.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
If the required confidence interval were 10 % of the mean, the required confidence level 95 %
and the standard deviation 20 % of the mean, then:
2 x 1,96 x 20
10 =
n
and hence
n = 7,84
and
n = 61
This indicates a sampling frequency of 2 samples per day if the period of interest were 1
month, or of between 1 and 2 samples per week if the period of interest were 1 year.
17. Abnormal variability

It may be necessary to increase sampling frequency while abnormal conditions persist, for
example during process plant start-up, during flood conditions in a river, or at times of algal
blooms. In calculating long-term trends, results obtained from these samples should be used
only if allowance is made for the increased frequency.
18. Duration of sampling occasion and composite samples

If only the average quality during a period is of interest, and provided the determinand is
stable, it may be useful for the duration of collection of samples to be long and preferably the
same as the period of interest. This principle is similar to the preparation of composite
samples. Both approaches reduce analytical work at the expense of knowledge of quality
variations.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
Section four : Flow measurements and situations justifying flow

measurements for water quality purposes
19. Introduction
19.1 General
The control of sewage and effluent treatment and the quality management of natural waters
using mathematical modelling techniques has increased the importance of flow data. For
example, pollution loads cannot be assessed without flow measurements. This section
indicates the flow principles which should be considered in setting up a sampling programme.
However, as the measurement of flow is not normally made by the water examination
scientist, practical details are not included. For these, reference should be made to
appropriate International Standards prepared by ISO/TC 30, Measurement of fluid flow in
closed conduits, and by ISO/TC 113, Measurement of liquid flow in open channels.
There are these aspects of flow which need to be measured, namely:
a) direction of flow
b) velocity of flow; and
c) discharge rate.
In most inland watercourses, the flow is undirectional and self evident, but in navigational
canals and drainage channels this is not always so and the direction of flow may vary with
time. Knowledge of the direction of ground water flow in an aquifer is of primary importance in
assessing the consequences of aquifer is of aquifer pollution and in selecting sites for
sampling boreholes.
In treatment processes, the pattern of water movement in tanks affects the mixing of the
contents and the settings of suspended matter and should be considered to ensure that
representative samples are collected.
In estuaries and coastal water, it is frequently necessary to measure the direction of water
movement as an essential part of the sampling programme. Both direction and velocity may
be highly variable, being dependent on tidal currents modified by meteoroligical conditions
and other factors and conditions.
19.3 Velocity of flow
Current velocity is of importance:
a) in calculating the discharge rate (see 9.1);
b) in calculating the mean velocity or time of travel, which for water quality purposes is the
time required for a given body of water to move through a given distance; and
c) in assessing the effect of turbulence and the mixing of a water body produced by velocity.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
19.4 Discharge rate

The discharge rate is the volume of liquid that passes a given point per unit time. Information
on the mean and extreme rates of discharge is essential for the design and operation of
effluent, sewage and water treatment plants, and for setting rational quality limits to
safeguards natural watercourses.
20. Justification for flow measurements in water quality control

20.1 Treatment plants loads
Flow data are necessary in order to assess the polluting load imposed on a treatment plant.
This may require making measurements at points of discharge to a sewerage system as well
as the works itself. If the waste water to be treated varies in quantity or quality with time, a
continuos-flow discharge record is necessary to obtain a reliable estimate of load. Frequently,
composite samples are made up by mixing samples in relation to the recorded flow at the
time of sampling. The cost of treatment of trade effluents discharged to public sewers is
directly proportional the both the quality and the volume of effluent discharged.
20.2 Dilution effects
The discharge of hazardous substances to public sewers should be controlled so that

personnel, sewers and treatment processes are not adversely affected while at the same time
making full use of dilution afforded. Similarly, when considering the probable effects of a
discharge upon a natural watercourse and the quality limits which need to be imposed on it,
the dilution factor should be calculated. In these circumstances, and were dilution by other
sewage in the system is at a minimum, discharge data are most valuable.
20.3 Mass flow calculations
Mass flow calculations are widely used in the setting of consent limits for discharges and for
evaluating the quality effects of river abstractions and augmentations, Such calculations are
fundamental for modelling quality in whole river and estuary systems and are frequently
based upon typical or mean-flow discharge data. Dynamic modelling techniques require both
continuous flow data and computation of flow-frequency values.
20.4 Transport of pollutants and rates of recovery
If the concentration of a pollutant in a discharge varies with time, a reliable estimate of the
dispersion or degradation of the pollutant can only be obtained if the rate of transport of the
pollutant from the point of discharge is known. Hence a sampling programme for a river or
estuary should attempt to sample the same body of water as it moves along the water course.
When an accidental spillage of a pollutant enters a water-course, a knowledge of the time
required for the pollutant to reach downstream abstractors is invaluable in assessing the
effects of such pollution.

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
20.5 Flow-related determinands

The concentrations of certain water quality determinands, such as temporary hardness or

chloride, have been found, in certain circumstances, to be related to the flow rate, usually
over a limited range. If suitable records are available, linking flow rates with the
concentrations, an estimate of water quality in relation to these determinands can be made
from flow rate measurements alone. Checks should be made at intervals to ascertain whether
the relationships remain valid.
20.6 Groundwaters
A reliable assessment of pollution risks to groundwater sources, and the expected rates of
recovery from them, requires a knowledge of the direction and velocity of groundwater
movement. This Information may then be used to avoid the difficulty of the cost of sampling
ground waters for the assessment of pollution.
21. Methods available for flow measurement

21.1 Measurements may be either discrete, such as those made by use of floats in a
estuary or a direct-reading current meter in a river, or may be continuous, such as those
made by most discharge flow meters.
21.2 Direction and velocity may be measured by using:
a) drogues;
b) floats and drifters;
c) Chemical traces (including dyes);
d) microbiological tracers; and
e) radioactive tracers
21.3 Velocity may also be measured by using:
a) current-meters, direct reading and recording types;
b) ultrasonic techniques ;
c) electromagnetic techniques; and
d) pneumatic techniques;
21.4 Discharge may be determined by using:
a) velocity measurements such as those mentioned in 21.3, made in a channel of known

cross-sectional area,
b) direct mechanical means, such as a tipping bucket or a standard water-meter

MS 1850: PART 1:2006
c) measurements of water level above a constriction in the flow, such as wet for flume. Level
may be measured.
i)visually, by means of a gauging board; and
ii) automatically, by means of a float, changes in electrical resistance, pressure

differential, photographically or acoustically
d) the following means in a closed pipe:
i)pressure differences across a venturi throat;
ii)pressure differences across an orifice plate;
iii)pumping rate, multiplied by the duration of pumping; and
iv)electromagnetic, ultrasonic and other techniques
e) dilution gauging, for carrying out spot measurement of discharges in natural

watercourses.

Acknowledgements
Technical Committee on Water Quality members
Encik Wong Hon Hoon (Chairman) Department of Chemistry Malaysia

Puan Masrina Mansor (Secretary) SIRIM Berhad
Dr Abdul Rani Abdullah Baginda Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd
Puan Rahmah Ali Department of Chemistry Malaysia
Encik Jamaludin Mahmud Abu Bakar Department of Environment
Puan Kalsom Mean/ Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Cik Norazizah Abdul Kadir
Dr Saim Suratman/ Department of Mineral and Geoscience
Encik Azhar Ahmad Nazri
Ir Low Poh Fee Jabatan Kerja Raya
Encik Mohd Shahid Ayub Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology
Research
Ir Chan Chiang Heng Malaysian Water Association
Y Bhg Datuk Dr M S Pillay/ Ministry of Health Malaysia
Cik Hafizah Hasan
Dr Rohani Hashim/ SIRIM Berhad (Environmental and
Dr Rajeswary K Ramasamy Bioprocess Technology Centre)
Cik Kuziah Ahmad/ SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd
Puan Rohaidah Ibrahim
Tn Hj Muhamad Darif Idris/ Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd
Encik Ragbir Singh Harbans
Prof Madya Megat Johari Megat Mohd Noor/ Universiti Putra Malaysia
Dr Katayon Saed/
Encik Abdul Ghani Liew Abdullah
Working Group on Sampling (Water Quality) members
Y Bhg Datuk Ir Dr M S Pillay (Chairman) Ministry of Health Malaysia

Puan Zainorni Mohd Janis (Secretary) SIRIM Berhad
Dr Abdul Rani Abdullah Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd
Dr Chin Teen Teen ALS Technichem (M) Sdn Bhd
Encik Mohamad Salleh Ramli Department of Chemistry Malaysia
Encik Jamaludin Mahmud Abu Bakar Department of Environment
Puan Kalsom Mean Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Encik Ismail C Mohamad Department of Mineral and Geoscience
Puan Khor Bee Chin/ Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd
Puan Ruhaidah Md Hassan
Encik Md Akhir Arshad Institut Penyelidikan Perikanan
Ir Low Poh Fee Jabatan Kerja Raya
Encik Rosli Ahmad Jabatan Laut
Encik Wan Sallehuddin Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembentungan
Encik Mohd Shahid Ayub Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology
Research
Ir Chan Chiang Heng Malaysian Water Association
Cik Hafizah Hassan Ministry of Health Malaysia (Engineering
Services Division)
Dr Chen Sau Soon/ SIRIM Berhad (Environmental and
Puan Noridah Baharuddin Bioprocess Technology Centre)
Encik Ragbir Singh Harbans Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd
© DSM 2006 – All rights reserved

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MS 1850: PART 1:2006

WATER QUALITY - SAMPLING - PART 1:

DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA

The Department of Standards Malaysia (DSM) is the national standardisation and

The main function of the Department is to foster and promote standards,

Malaysian Standards are developed through consensus by committees which

The Department of Standards appoints SIRIM Berhad as the agent to develop

For further information on Malaysian Standards, please contact:

Department of Standards Malaysia OR SIRIM Berhad

Tel: 60 3 88858000 Tel: 60 3 5544 6000

© DSM 2006 – All rights reserved

Committee representative….……………………………………………………………. iii

1 Scope and field of application................................................................................... 1

Section one : Definition of objectives

5 Special considerations in relation to variability......................................................... 4

Section two: Identification of sampling situations

7 General safety precautions....................................................................................... 5

8 Special consideration in sampling ............................................................................ 6

9 Individual sampling situations – Natural waters........................................................ 8

10 Sampling situations in industry….............................................................................. 11

11 Trade effluents ......................................................................................................... 12

12 Sewage and sewage effluents.................................................................................. 13

13 Storm sewage and surface run-off............................................................................ 14

Section three: Time and frequency of sampling

15 Types of sampling programme................................................................................. 15

© DSM 2006 – All rights reserved i

18 Duration of sampling occasion and composite samples........................................... 18

20 Justification for flow measurements in water quality control..................................... 20

21 Methods available for flow measurement................................................................. 21

ii © DSM 2006 – All rights reserved

Department of Mineral and Geoscience

Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd

Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd

© DSM 2006 – All rights reserved iii

4.2 Add “augmentation of flow from specific source” in the second

4.2 o) Add new sub-clause “o) to assess changes in water quality

9.5 Add “at varying depths” in the first sentence.

9.8.3 Add ”straining device” in the second sentence.

Delete “Samples from extensions to the main distribution

iv © DSM 2006 – All rights reserved

© DSM 2006 – All rights reserved v

WATER QUALITY – SAMPLING –

1. Scope and field of application

MS 1850/2, Water quality - Sampling - Part 2: General guidelines to sampling techniques

MS ISO 6107/2, Water quality - Vocabulary - Part 2

MS ISO 3534, Statistics - Vocabulary and symbols.

MS ISO 6107/1, Water quality - Vocabulary - Part 1.

© DSM 2006 – All rights reserved 1

Section one: Definition of objectives

a) quality control measurements used by local management to decide when short-term

b) quality characterisation measurements used to indicate quality, perhaps as part of a

c) identification of sources of pollution

2 © DSM 2006 – All rights reserved

4.1 General requirements

To establish the order of concentration levels or loads of specific parameters at selected

4.2 Specific requirements

To establish in detail the concentration levels or load distributions of physical or chemical

© DSM 2006 – All rights reserved 3

example, on exposed electrical contacts.

5. Special considerations relation to variability

4 © DSM 2006 – All rights reserved

Section two : Identification of sampling situations

7. General safety precautions