Reduction Formula

x 2n x 2n
∫ ∫ (1 + x )
1 1
1. In = dx and Jn = dx ( n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … )
0
1− x2 0 2
1− x2
2
(a) Prove that (i) J0 = I0 (ii) 2nIn = (2n – 1) In-1 .
2
(b) By considering Jn + Jn-1 , show that the reduction formula for In allows Jn to be evaluated
for any particular value of n.

(c) Prove that J3 =

(
π7−4 2 ) .
16
π/ 2 1 n −1
2. If un = ∫ 0
x cos n xdx , where n > 1 , show that un = −
n 2
+
n
u n −2 .

Evaluate u4 and u5 .

xn x n −1 n −1
3. If In = ∫ a +x
2 2
dx , show that In =
n
a2 + x2 −
n
a 2 I n −2 , where n≥2.

x5
∫
2
Evaluate dx .
0
5 + x2

u m = x m (a 2 − x 2 ) dx , show that (m + 2) um = – xm – 1 (a2 – x2 )3/2 + a2 (m – 1) um – 2 .

∫
1/ 2
4. If

π/ 2
Evaluate ∫ 0
sin 2 m θ cos 2 θdθ , where m is a positive integer.

u n = x n (2ax − x 2 ) dx , where n is a positive integer, prove that:

∫
1/ 2
5. If

(n + 2) un – (2n + 1) aun – 1 + x n – 1 (2ax – x2)3/2 = 0 .

5πa 4
∫ x 2 (2ax − x 2 ) dx =
2a 1/ 2
Show that .
0 8
xn 2a n 3( n − 1)
∫
a
6. If In = dx , show that In = − a 2 I n −2 . Evaluate I7 .
0
3a + x 2 2
n n

xp x p−1
7. If I p ,q = ∫ (1 + x ) 2 q
dx , show that 2(q − 1)I p ,q = −
(1 + x 2 )q−1
+ ( p − 1)I p−2 ,q −1 .

x6
∫ (1 + x )
1
Hence, or otherwise, evaluate dx .
0 2 3

∫
2a
8. If In = x n 2ax − x 2 dx , prove that 3aIn – 3In+1 = n (In+1 – 2a In) .
0

( 2 n + 1)( 2 n − 1)...7 ⋅ 5 π n+2

Hence, or otherwise, show that In = × a , where n is a positive integer.
( n + 2)( n + 1)...5 ⋅ 4 2

∫ (1 − y) n (e yz − 1)dy ,
1
9. Let In (z) = for all n≥0.
0

n
zr zn
∑ r!
z z
Prove that for all n ≥ 1, I n −1 ( z ) = I n (z) + . Deduce that ez = + I n −1 ( z ) .
n n ( n + 1) r =0 ( n − 1)!

1
 ∫ (1 − x ) dx ∫ (1 − x ) dx
1 1
2 n 2 8
10. Find a reduction formula for the integral In = and use it to evaluate .
0 0

( − 1)n n!
∫
1
11. (a) Prove that x m (ln x ) n dx = .
0 ( m + 1)n +1
⎛ n −1 ⎞ 2
∫
a
(b) If In = x n (a 2 − x 2 )1 / 2 dx , n > 1, prove that In = ⎜ ⎟ a I n −2 .
0 ⎝n +2⎠
Hence find I4 .

12. (a) Prove the Wallis formulae:

π/2 (2 n )! π
(i) ∫ 0
sin 2 n x dx =
2 2 n n! n! 2
π/2 2 2 n n! n!
(ii) ∫ 0
sin 2 n+1 x dx =
(2 n + 1)!
π/2
⎛ 1 ⎞ π/2
(iii) ∫ 0
sin 2 n −1 x dx = ⎜ 1 +
⎝ 2n ⎠
⎟ ∫ 0
sin 2 n+1 xdx

π π/2
⎛ θ ⎞ π/2
(b) Prove that 0<x<
2
, then ∫ 0
sin 2 n x dx = ⎜1 + n ⎟
⎝ 2n ⎠ ∫ 0
sin 2 n +1 xdx , where 0 < θn < 1 .

π/ 2 1 − θn π 1 ( 2 n )! 1 − θn 1
(c) Deduce that ∫ 0
sin 2 n x dx = 1 − ⋅
2n + 1 n 2
and deduce that 2n
2 n!n!
= 1−
2n + 1 nπ
.

2 n +1
π/4
⎛ sin x − cos x ⎞
13. (a) Obtain a reduction formula for ∫ 0
⎜ ⎟
⎝ sin x + cos x ⎠
dx and hence deduce its value.

π/2
(b) Prove that ∫ 0
(ln cos x ) cos xdx = ln 2 − 1 .

∫
a
14. If I ( p, q ) = ( x − a ) p (b − x ) q dx (b > a), prove that when n≥1,
b

(i) I(n, n – 1) = I(n – 1, n)

(ii) 2(2n + 1) I(n, n) = 2n (b – a) I(n , n – 1)
= n(b – a)2 I(n – 1, n – 1).
( b − a )2 n +1 n!n!
Hence or otherwise, show that I( n , n ) = .
( 2 n + 1)!

∫ (a + x2 )
2 n/2
15. Find a reduction formula for dx , where n is an odd positive integer.

396 + 75 ln 5
∫ (5 + x )
2
2 3/ 2
Prove that dx = .
0 16