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Making a nation

 Federation
 Constitution
 White policy Australia
 Rules of voting

WWI
 Glossary
WWI – How it began, who was on who’s side?
 Revision

WWII
- Glossary
WWII – How it began, who was on who’s side?
- Revision

MAKING A NATION
CRITERIA: (HOW TO REACH THE TOP OF THE EXAM)
HT5-1 explains and assesses the historical forces and factors that shaped the
modern world and Australia – WAR.
HT5-2 Sequences and explains the significant patterns of continuity and change
of development of the modern world and Australia.
HT5-3 Explains and analyses the motives and actions of past individuals and
groups in the historical contexts that shaped the modern world and Australia.
HT5-4 Explains and analyses the causes and effects of events and developments
in the modern world and Australia.
HT5-9 Applies a range of relevant historical terms and concepts when
communicating and understanding the past.
Federation – Federation is the action of joining colonies together with the
change of laws to fit a census of people’s comfort. < My definition
the action of forming states or organizations into a single group with centralized control.

Constitution – Laws and rules that are established which are acknowledged by
citizens of a country.
a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or
other organization is acknowledged to be governed.

Democracy – Democracy is apparent for citizens to elect a leader or someone


who leads a certain part in society, industries and economy.
a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state,
typically through elected representatives.

Economy - The state of a country or region in terms of the production and


consumption of goods and services and the supply of money.

White policy Australia - The term White Australia policy comprises various
historical policies that effectively barred people of non-European descent from
immigrating to Australia.

Who, when, where and how?


How did Australia become a Nation?
On the 1st of January, 1901, Australia—under the commonwealth of
Britain—had become a nation that was established in Centennial park.
Edmund Barton was the first Prime Minister of Australia during that period in
history. The path to Federation was already inevitable, not in the eyes of
Western Australia, but the rest of the states. It had been spoken by many of the
citizens who’ve lived, they had wanted Australia to become a nation because
each state of Australia consisted of their own rules and laws that were made by
their government. And so, trade and communication were at different cost in
every colony which the citizens were a bit tired of, they had suggested that all
the colonies should come together and become a nation—this whole idea was
soaring for more than 20 years, prior to the event. It wasn’t until the all
governments had come to a meeting and spoke about federation, making plans
and producing the draft of the constitution before announcing the event.
Federation fever
Immense support for the federation grew in 1880s and the 1890s, as people
realised the colonies would be stronger and more efficient if they united as a
nation.
Why federate?
People had thought that if the colonies had united as one, then the issues of
trade and transport wouldn’t be difficult; each colony had different costs and
Trailways for people who moved from one state to another.
Trade
Back then, trading goods were a difficulty to most because it came with a price
and each state had differed when it came to the cost. When they had thought
about federation, they had thought that they didn’t have to pay an abundant of
money when we’d join as a nation.
Defence
Each colony had its own small military force which were ineffective and poorly
trained, and not fully-equipped to protect the continent’s’ coastline/outline of
boarder.
Identity
After federation had occurred, many non-indigenous people who had lived in
Australia, considered themselves as Australian rather than British. Not only that
but there was a sense that roamed throughout the whole country that people
were a whole, and proud to be uniting as an Australian.
Immigration
Although Australia now is full of immigrants, before, the Australians had a sick
feeling of disgust when it came to people wanting to immigrant here to live as
they thought they weren’t ‘pure’ and that this was ‘their’ country. But really, the
Earth is just a dead thing you can claim, there is land for all, we are all different
due to many things—our skin colour is only created through years of climate
change, weather impacted on us and so did nature.
The capital city of Australia
Once the colonies had agreed to federation, they had decided the capital city
was going to be Canberra. NSW believed Sydney should be the national capital
whereas Victoria argued Melbourne should have. Gradually, the drafters
reached a compromise.
Compromise - an agreement or settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making
concessions.

White policy Australia


The white policy Australia was a sad period for many and frustrating. The
governments of Australia looked for ways to stop non-Europeans from coming
to Australia. The reason was because of Economic factors, and mostly racial
attitudes: During the 1890s, there was an economic depression in Australia
because of the gain of immigration, and there was a common belief among
Europeans at the turn of the century that ‘whites’ were much superior to other
races, also preservation of democratic freedom. Nearly all candidates agreed on
the 1901 of national elections for the issue of the ‘White Australia Policy’.
Economic depression - In economics, a depression is a sustained, long-term
downturn in economic activity in one or more economies; unemployment, homelessness,
and near-starvation while factories shuttered due to declining orders.

Democratic freedom - Freedoms, Democratic. political and legal norms determining the
position of the individual in the state.

Publication
The white policy had two laws that prevented non-Europeans from immigrating
to Australia were: The immigration act that was introduced on the 5th of June,
1901, and the Pacific island Labourers’ Act that became a law on the 17th of
December, 1901.
The migrants were given a dictation test to ensure that they had a suitable level
of education—which was damn hard. They were given 50 words in each
language that was spoken from the officer who had given them to test. This
‘Immigration restriction act’ slowed the numbers of people coming to Australia.
It act had lasted till 1958.

“The Dictation Test was administered 805 times in 1902-03 with 46 people passing
and 554 times in 1904-09 with only six people successful. After 1909 no person
passed the Dictation Test and people who failed were refused entry or deported.

The Act, frequently amended, remained in force until 1958.”

Facts:

- There are 76 senators in Australia—12 in each state.

- Congress writes national legislation by dividing work into separate


committees which specialize in different areas.

- House of Representatives makes and passes federal laws.

- Every state is represented by 12 Senators, but by different numbers of


Representatives based on their population. The Senate gives small states
equal representation, because the Senate is about representing the states.
The House is about representing the people directly. Senators serve for 6-
year terms.
- A senator's job is to represent the people living in his or her state in
Australia. Part of this job is to write and vote on new laws called “bills.”

Different facts:

- Great Britain was the European nation that colonised Australia.

- The indigenous people of Australia are the Aboriginals.

- The first European settlement was in Sydney,

- The aboriginal people have been living in Australia for more than forty
thousand years.

The person who was in charge of running the colonies were the governments.

- Tasmania was originally called Van Dieman’s land.

- During colonial times, Sydney was a settlement for wealthy British


people.

- Terra Nullius means: “Land belonging to no-one”.

- One of the many reasons why immigrants had settled in Australia was to
search for gold in the mining areas.

- In the 19th century, one of the biggest industries was Uranium.

- Oxley, Wentworth, and Sturt were the explorers.

- The first men to sail around Australia were Bass and Flinders.

WORLD WAR I
Why did it start?
The reason why WWI had started was because of the assassination(Gavrilo Princip killed
Ferdinand) of Franz Archduke Ferdinand and his pregnant wife Sophie in Bosnia, on June the
28th, 1914. Franz Ferdinand was the nephew of the Emperor Franz Josef and heir to the
throne of Austria-and-Hungary.

Emperor Franz Josef(Austria-and-Hungary) had declared war on


Serbia(Bosnia is in Serbia).
Germany supported Austria-and-Hungary.
Russia decided to support Serbia.
Austria-and-Hungary declared war on Russia.
Russia began to move its soldiers to protect Serbia.
Germany declared war on Russia.
France moved to support Russia.
Germany declared war on France.
Germany invaded neutral Belgium(which is near France).
Britain declared war on Germany.

Who was who?


Triple Entente were:
Britain, France and Russia.
Triple Alliance were:
Germany, Austria-and-Hungary and Italy.

The ANZACS stands for Australian and New Zealand Army corps.
What is an arms race? – It’s a terminology used for a built army going against
another army to see who is stronger.
Why did Australia fight in the war? – Australia is bound to Britain and follows
the instructions of the mother country.
When did the Australian troops land at Gallipoli? – They landed at dawn (when
the sun is arising) on the 25th of April, 1915.
What was ‘going over the top’? – It was a method the ANZACS used of attack
which involved jumping out of a trench and running towards an enemy prior to
when the machine guns gushed its bullets.
Diseases and injuries suffered by soldiers in the trenches – The soldiers suffered
from typhoid (due to infected faeces), pneumonia (infection of the lungs caused
by fungi), frostbite (Is when your body gets numb and may lead to death due to
the cold) and trench foot(a painful condition of the feet caused by long
immersion in cold water which makes the surface of the tissue blacken or dead).
What caused European leaders to feel insecure? – Nationalism suspicion
jealousy and competition for land made the European leaders feel insecure.
What were two ways European leaders tried to protect themselves? – Alliances
seeking friends (country leaders) to help protect their country and build up an
army.
Why did the British want to attack Turkey and capture the Dardanelles? – The
British thought that it would be a big blow against the Turks because of victory
and they thought if they had defeated the turks, they would then be able to
attack Austria through the Balkans.
Why did the landing at Gallipoli go wrong? (3 reasons):
The landing on Gallipoli on 25 April 1915 did not go to plan.
- The first boats, carrying the covering force, became bunched and landed
about a mile north of the designated beaches.
- The main force landed on a too narrow front and became intermixed,
making it difficult for the troops to regroup.
- The troops had to scale steep ground with little understanding of the
terrain.

Prior to the event of WWI, the ANZACS had gone to Egypt to train for the
upcoming war at the 25th of April, 1915. The landing in Gallipoli (in Turkey)
had gone wrong; they had landed at the wrong place which left Germany the
advantage of killing thousands of soldiers, the whole place was a hail of fire due
to the pelts the Germans had fired, it was a nightmare to our soldiers—seeing
people, allies just dying next to them made them scared of what move to make
next. The war had ended on the 11th of November, 1918—it was a withdraw.
Events that had occurred during the war: The trenches were constantly flooded
and led people to many deaths, since the Germans had the upper land, little had
affected their flooding, but the ANZACS had the groundwater flood the whole
of their trenches which led to many soldiers having Trench foot. A time before
the trenches had flooded, the Australians had an evacuation escape which was
quite smart of them. They used a rifle fire to escape by the tins that had water
weighing inside, flowing to the other tin which had triggered the gun and so, it
fired—which made it seem as if they were still there, but they weren’t
controlling the rifles.
The western front was the main battlefield of WWI. The ANZACS dug
trenches and lived through the lifeless days.

Australia suffered 60000 deaths and 167000 people wounded.

WORLD WAR II
Allied powers - Axis powers
Britain Germany
France Italy
Soviet Union France
United States
Major leaders (Allies)

Winston Churchill – Britain

Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union

Franklin D. Roosevelt – United states

Major leaders (Axis)

Adolf Hitler – Germany

Benito Mussolini – Fascist Italy

Hideki Tojo – Japan (shogun)

What event started the WWII?

Germany(Hitler) had first invaded Poland and had ravelled the games of WWII.

Why was this war important to Australia?

Japan had invaded Australia to strengthen their defensive perimeter and have
power over Australia’s military navy forces.

The world war II had started because Germany had tried to take Poland by force
and soon, many countries had sided.

What happened on December the 7th, 1941? Why was this event so important?
The Japanese attacked pearl harbour without any sort of warning and so, United
states, Britain and Australia had acted upon this incident.

What was the Brisbane line?

Citizens of Australia had thought that a line drawn


from Brisbane to Adelaide, and only places south-
east of the line would be defended.

What was conscription and why was it introduced?

Conscription was compulsory military training starting from the age of 20


years old and above in October, 1939.

Where was the second AIF sent to fight in January 1940 and against whom?
(AIF stands for ‘Australia Imperial forces’.) The second AIF left to fight in
Mediterranean, Middle East and North Africa against the Italians.

What was blitzkrieg?


Blitzkrieg was a German offensive tactic which led their soldiers effective and
fast in battle. German tanks would break through a weak point in the enemy
front line, supported by mechanised infantry and. The aim was to quickly
overwhelm the enemy.
Japan also used these tactics.
When was the siege of Tobruk? What role did Australians play in the siege?
The siege of Tobruk had occurred in African campaigns which had begun on
the 11th of April till the 10th of December, 1941. The AIF had participated with
the British and took control of the Italian army which was the first defeat of the
Germans in WWII.
When and where were the Germans when they finally got defeated by the allies
in Africa?
On October 1942, the 9th division of the AIF finally defeated the Germans
which forced the Germans to retreat.
What happened to the HMAS Sydney?
HMAS Sydney, a cruiser, sank the Italian Cruiser Bartolomeo Colleon; in the
Mediterranean Sea (19th of July, 1940) but was damaged and disappeared after
fighting the German raider, Komoran, off the coast of Western Australia on
the 19th of November, 1941.
Ran stands for Royal Australian navy.

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