Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
IFA
Accrual accounting
Revenue recognised when earned(goods & services provided) ,而非 cash received
A 增或 L 减(OE 增,非 contribution) ,例
Expense recognised when incurred(asset consumed 或 liabilities incurred),而非 cash paid
A 减或 L 增(OE 减,非 withdraw) ,例
更好反映该 period 之 profit/loss
2
IFA
Cash accounting
Revenue recognised when cash received(反例)
Expense recognised when cash paid(反例)
对比:
Timing issues
Accounting period assumption:divides the economic life of a business into artificial time period
Adjusting entries
有些无人提醒(invoice、receipts) ,需自己记录(如用掉 prepaid rent、earned unearned revenue)
以确保:
R & E 均 recorded in the correct period(matching principle)
A、L、R、E 均符合 recognition criteria
3
IFA
Prepayments
Prepaid expense:amounts paid in cash & recorded as assets until used(如 prepaid rent,预付)
付款时:Dr prepaid XX (A+)、Cr cash (A-)
用掉时:Dr XX expense (OE-)、Cr prepaid XX (A-)
例:
4
IFA
Accruals
Accrued revenue
Amounts not yet received & recorded which goods & services have been provided
(客户欠,未告知,乃 A,类似 A/R) ,例
发现时(为反映该 period 真实) :DR accrued revenue、CR XX revenue(A+、OE+)
收款时:DR cash、CR accrued revenue(A+、A-,无 revenue 发生)
Accrued expense
Amounts not yet paid or recorded for goods/services already received/used
(我欠,对方未通知,乃 L,类似 A/P) ,例
发现时(为反映该 period 真实) :DR XX expense、CR accrued XX(L+、OE-)
付款时:DR accrued XX、CR cash(A-、L-,无 expense 发生)
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IFA
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IFA
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IFA
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IFA
Financial statements
Income statement:statement of financial performance(挑出 R、E)
Revenues – expenses = profit/loss
将 current period 之 profit/loss transfer to retained earnings
10
IFA
Post-closing trail balance:list of all permanent accounts 及其 balance after adjustments & closing entries
Closing 后还剩多少,所剩都是 permanent accounts(BS 所需之数据)
目的:prove the equality of permanent accounts that are carried forward to the next period(确保相等)
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IFA
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IFA
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