You are on page 1of 20

IFA

第三章 Accrual Accounting


复习
1. 解释 Transaction & events
2. Equity 之组成
3. Account、格式
4. DR、CR
5. Recording process 解释、定义、作用
6. Posting
7. Trial balance
8. Closing entry

1
IFA

Accrual accounting
 Revenue recognised when earned(goods & services provided) ,而非 cash received
 A 增或 L 减(OE 增,非 contribution) ,例
 Expense recognised when incurred(asset consumed 或 liabilities incurred),而非 cash paid
 A 减或 L 增(OE 减,非 withdraw) ,例
 更好反映该 period 之 profit/loss

2
IFA

Cash accounting
 Revenue recognised when cash received(反例)
 Expense recognised when cash paid(反例)
 对比:

 Timing issues
 Accounting period assumption:divides the economic life of a business into artificial time period

Adjusting entries
 有些无人提醒(invoice、receipts) ,需自己记录(如用掉 prepaid rent、earned unearned revenue)
 以确保:
 R & E 均 recorded in the correct period(matching principle)
 A、L、R、E 均符合 recognition criteria

3
IFA

Prepayments
 Prepaid expense:amounts paid in cash & recorded as assets until used(如 prepaid rent,预付)
 付款时:Dr prepaid XX (A+)、Cr cash (A-)
 用掉时:Dr XX expense (OE-)、Cr prepaid XX (A-)

 例:

4
IFA

Revenue received in advance


5
IFA
 Unearned revenue
 (客户预付)amounts received from customers & recorded as a L until services performed/goods delivered(例学费)
 收款时:Dr cash、Cr revenue received in advance(A+、L+)
 干完活:Dr revenue received in advance、Cr service/sales revenue(L-、OE+)

Accruals
 Accrued revenue
 Amounts not yet received & recorded which goods & services have been provided
(客户欠,未告知,乃 A,类似 A/R) ,例
 发现时(为反映该 period 真实) :DR accrued revenue、CR XX revenue(A+、OE+)
 收款时:DR cash、CR accrued revenue(A+、A-,无 revenue 发生)

 Accrued expense
 Amounts not yet paid or recorded for goods/services already received/used
(我欠,对方未通知,乃 L,类似 A/P) ,例
 发现时(为反映该 period 真实) :DR XX expense、CR accrued XX(L+、OE-)
 付款时:DR accrued XX、CR cash(A-、L-,无 expense 发生)

6
IFA

7
IFA

8
IFA

Adjusted trial balance


 之前的 trial balance 未做 adjustments
 Prepared after all adjusting entries have been made
 证明 after adjusting entries,total DR = total CR(检查)
 含准备 income statement、balance sheet 所需之全部数据(最终)

9
IFA

Financial statements
 Income statement:statement of financial performance(挑出 R、E)
 Revenues – expenses = profit/loss
 将 current period 之 profit/loss transfer to retained earnings

10
IFA

 Balance sheet:statement of financial position


 列举 A、L、equity 之 balance(含更新后的 retained earnings)

Post closing trail balance


 再讲一遍 closing entry:
 Temporary accounts(R, E, dividends):乃一 accounting period 之记录,年底清零,来年从零开始
 Permanent accounts(A、L、OE) :可 carried forward to future
 Closing entry:将 temporary account balance transfer 到 equity 里(retained earnings)
,temporary accounts zero
balance

 R、E 关入 income summary/profit or loss(也是 temporary account),算盈亏(R - E)


 将 income summary 之 balance 关入 retained earnings(profit 则加、loss 则减)
 Dividends 清零,从 RE 中扣除
 故所有 temporary account 清零

 Post-closing trail balance:list of all permanent accounts 及其 balance after adjustments & closing entries
Closing 后还剩多少,所剩都是 permanent accounts(BS 所需之数据)
 目的:prove the equality of permanent accounts that are carried forward to the next period(确保相等)

11
IFA

12
IFA

13
IFA

14
IFA

15
IFA

16
IFA

17
IFA

18
IFA

19
IFA

20

You might also like