REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

a brief overview and summary

in accordance to ACI 318-11 METRIC

Part 1: Beam’s Design

Mr. KAY Chansotheara

Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Institut de Technologie du cambodge
December 20, 2017
1. SAFETY PROVISIONS OF THE ACI CODE

1 SAFETY PROVISIONS The load factors specified in the ACI Code,

to be applied to calculated dead loads and
OF THE ACI CODE those live and environmental loads specified
1.1 Design Basis in the appropriate codes or standards, are
The single most important characteristic of summarized by using ASCE/SEI 7, Minimum
any structural member is its actual strength, Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.
which must be large enough to resist, with some
margin to spare, all foreseeable loads that may The most common Factored Loads (U) are:
act on it during the life of the structure, with-
out failure or other distress. It is logical to select U = 1.2D + 1.6L (1.5)
concrete dimensions and reinforcement, so that U = 1.4D (1.6)
member strengths are adequate to resist forces re- U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (1.7)
sulting from certain hypothetical overload stages, U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + 0.5(1.0L or 0.5W )
significantly above loads expected actually to oc- (1.8)
cur in service. This design concept is known as
strength design. U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
(1.9)

1.2 Safety Provisions U = 0.9D + 1.0W (1.10)

The safety provisions of the ACI Code are U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S (1.11)
given in the form of using strength reduction fac- U = 0.9D + 1.0E (1.12)
tors and load factors. The design strength φSn
of a structure must be at least equal to the re- The strength reduction factors φ in the ACI
quired strength U calculated from the factored Code shown in table ?? are given different val-
loads. In other words, ues depending on the state of knowledge, that is,
the accuracy with which various strengths can be
Design Strength ≥ Required Strength calculated. Thus, the value for bending is higher
than that for shear or bearing. Also, φ values
φSn ≥ U (1.1)
reflect the probable importance, for the survival
The required strength U must be computed by of the structure, of the particular member and of
applying appropriate load factors to : the probable quality control achievable. For both
1. Dead Load (D) these reasons, a lower value is used for columns
2. Live Load (L) than for beams.
3. Wind Load (W) Strength Condition φ
4. Earthquake Load (E) Tension-controlled sections 0.90
5. Snow Load (S) Compression-controlled sections 0.65-0.75
Rain Load (R) Shear and torsion 0.75
Roof Live Load (Lr ) Bearing on concrete 0.65
Thus, In specific terms for a member subjected Post-tensioned anchorage zones 0.85
to moment, shear, and axial load, the equation Strut-and-tie models 0.75
(1.1) becomes:
Table 1: Strength reduction factors in the
φMn ≥ Mu (1.2) ACI Code
φVn ≥ Vu (1.3)
φPn ≥ Pu (1.4)

in which,
n denotes nominal strengths in flexure, shear,
and axial load, respectively
u denote the factored load moment, shear, and
axial load.

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2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAM

Figure 1: Steps of analysis of nominal moment for singly reinforced rectangular

section

2 Analysis and Design of 2. Assumed that the section subject to only

bending (no axial force), the sum of the com-
Beam pression forces must be equal to the sum of
2.1 Flexural Design the tension forces:
2.1.1 Whiteney’s Stress Block Cc = T (2.2)
ACI Code Section 10.2.7 permits the use
Cc = 0.85fc0 bβ1 c = 0.85fc0 ba
of an equivalent rec- tangular concrete stress dis-
tribution shown in for nominal flexural strength Solve for a:
calculations. The Figure (1) shows the step of As fy
the computation. The factor β1 shall be taken as a = β1 c = (2.3)
0.85fc0 b
follows: a
c= (2.4)
1. fc0 ≥ 28M P a : β1 = 0.85 β1

2. 28M P a < fc0 ≤ 56M P a: 3. With the depth to the neutral axis known,
 0  the assumption of yielding of the tension
fc − 28M P a steel can be checked:
β1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7M P a εs εcu
= (2.5)
d−c c
3. fc0 > 58M P a: β1 = 0.65 d−c
εs = εcu ; εcu = 0.003 (2.6)
c
2.1.2 Analysis of Nominal Strength:
Singly Reinforced Section: 4. To confirm the assumption that the section
Consider the singly reinforced beam section is under-reinforced and the steel is yielding,
subjected to positive bending (tension at the show:
fy
bottom). It will be assumed that this is an εs ≥ εy =
under-reinforced section the tension steel will Es
yield before the extreme concrete compression 5. The compression force is acting at the mid-
fiber reaches the maximum useable compression depth of the stress block, and the tension
strain. force is acting at a distance d from the ex-
a
treme compression fiber. Thus: d − :
1. The concrete compression force Cc is equal 2
to the volume under the stress block (rect-  a
angular section) Mn = T d − (2.7)
 2a 
Cc = 0.85fc0 bβ1 c = 0.85fc0 ba (2.1) or Mn = Cc d −
2
(2.8)

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2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAM

6. For singly reinforced sections, it is more 2.1.3 Design of Singly Reinforced

common to express the nominal moment Rectangular Compression Zones
strength using the definition of the tension
2.1.3.1 Estimating the Effective
force as:
Depth of a Beam: [ H ]
 a
M n = As f y d − (2.9) It is generally satisfactory to estimate the
2 effective depth of a beam using the following
approximations:
7. The general design strength equation for
flexure is: (a) For beams with one layer of tension re-
inforcement:
φMn ≥ Mu (2.10)
d ≈ h − 65mm
8. The variation of the strength-reduction fac-
(b) For beams with two layers of tension
tors are:
reinforcement:
• Tension-Controlled Section (εt ≥
d ≈ h − 90mm
0.005):
φ = 0.9 (c) For one-way slabs with spans up to 3.5
m:
• Compression-Controlled Section (εt ≥
d ≈ h − 25mm
0.005):
φ = 0.65 (d) For one-way slabs with spans over 3.5
m:
• Transition-Zone Section: d ≈ h − 30mm
250
φ = 0.65 + (εt − 0.002) 2.1.3.2 Minimum Reinforcement :
3
ACI Code Section 10.5 requires a minimum
or
amount of flexural reinforcement equal to:
 
1 5 p
φ = 0.65 + 0.25 − fc0 1.4
c/dt 3 As;min = max[0.25 bw d ; bw d]
fy fy

2.1.3.3 Minimum Spacing for Rein-

forcement :

2.1.4 Beams with Compression

Figure 2: Variation of φ Factor
Reinforcement (Doubly Reinforced
Beams):
Occasionally, beam sections are designed
to have both tension reinforcement and com-
pression reinforcement. These are referred
to as doubly reinforced sections. Two
cases where compression reinforcement is
used frequently are the negative bending
region of continuous beams and midspan
regions of long-span or heavily loaded beams
where deflections need to be controlled.

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2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAM

Figure 3: Steps of analysis of nominal moment for doubly reinforced rectangular

section

The flexural analysis procedure used for (f) Calculate the concrete compression
doubly reinforced sections, as illustrated in force Cc by:
Fig. 4-33, essentially will be the same as
that used for singly reinforced sections. We Cc = (0.85)fb0 (β1 )c (2.14)
will begin with the steps below: Cc = (0.85)fc0 ba (2.15)

(g) Calculate the tension steel force

(a) Assume the tension steel is yielding:
εs ≥ εy T = As fy
(b) Select a value for the neutral axis (h) Check section equilibrium
depth, c (start with a value between d4 • if T = Cc + Cs differences are less
and d3 ). than 5 percent of T; go to step
(c) Calculate ε0s : (i)
• if T > Cc + Cs , increase c and
ε0s εcu return to step (c)
=
c − d0 c • if T < Cc + Cs , decrease c and
c − d0 return to step (c)
ε0s = εcu (2.11)
c (i) Confirm that tension steel is yielding
(Find εs by using Equ. (2.6))
which: d0 is the depth to the centroid of
(j) Calculate nominal moment strength
the compression reinforcement from the
(Mn ):
extreme compression fiber of the sec-
tion. Mn = Cc (d − a/2) + Cs (d − d0 )
(d) Calculate the compression steel stress
fs0 by : 2.2 Shear In Beams
2.2.1 Shear Strength of Concrete
fs0 = Es ε0s ≤ fy (2.12) Vn is considered to be the nominal or theo-
retical shear strength of a member. This strength
is provided by the concrete and by the shear re-
(e) Calculate the compression steel force
inforcement.
Cs by:
Vn ≥ φVu (2.16)
Cs = A0s (fs0 − 0.85fc0 ) (2.13) Vc + Vs ≥ φVc + φVs (2.17)

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2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAM

which:
• Vn is the nominal or theoretical shear
strength of the member.
• φVn is the design shear strength of the mem-
ber.
• Vu is the shear strength provided by the con-
crete.
• Vs is the shear strength provided by shear re-
inforcement.

The basic design equation for the shear capac-

ity of slender concrete beams can be computed:

Vn ≥ φVu ; (φ = 0.75) (2.18)

Vc + Vs ≥ φVc + φVs (2.19)

The equation for calculating the shear at in-

clined cracking in beams without web reinforce-
ment:
• Axial Compression (N > 0)
p !
fc0
 
Nu
Vc = 1+ λ bw d
14Ag 6

• Axial Tension (N < 0)

p !
fc0
 
Nu
Vc = 1+ λ bw d
3.33Ag 6

Shear strength provided by transverse re-

inforcement can be computed by:
• Shear strength provided by single bent-up
lingu

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