Cedomir Antic Neutrality As Independence. Great Britain, Serbia and The Crimean War

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ČEDOMIR ANTIĆ
NEUTRALITY
AS INDEPENDENCE
GREAT BRITAIN, SERBIA AND THE CRIMEAN WAR
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Preface
At the end of October 2001, I attended the lecture in the magnificent

building of The British Empire and Commonwealth Museum1 within the Mas-
ter’s program at the Department of Historical Studies at the Bristol University.
Since the question of the history of British imperialism is at present politically
exceptionally sensitive, the lecturer was prepared to answer certain questions
that were not directly related to the collections and museum’s archives, or to
its methodology diligently developed by the museum associates throughout
several years in an effort to establish the closest possible connections with the
Bristol University. The questions put by a student from Cyprus about the fate
of the archives from her native country and Anglo-centric perception of the
history of the British-Cypriot connections in the VQVM\MMV\P and twentieth
centuries could have seemed complex, even unpleasant, but the patient lec-
turer listened to them attentively and gave precise answers. He even readily
answered the question concerning the “deadline when the archives relating to
former British colonies will be returned to the native countries”, even expect-
ing cynical comments that followed because he had listed the preservation of
the archive material and corresponding museum exhibits as one of the good
sides of the British imperialism. However, it seemed as if he had not expected
the question I put. I asked him: “Why the Balkans, where Britain was pres-
ent as a mistress of the Ionian Islands (1815-1864), the protecting power of
the autonomous status of Serbia (from 1856 to 1878) and the independence
of Greece (from 1831), as well as the rescuer of the Ottoman Empire in 1853
and 1878, that is of the region sufficiently significant to become eventually the
cause of the First World War, has not been even symbolically represented in
the museum’s display or in its published program?”
1
It refers to the course Themes in Contemporary History.
10 Neutrality as Independence
The answer I received was long, disconnected and could be summarized

as the definition of the British imperialism of the VQVM\MMV\P century. In his
opinion, Great Britain implemented its colonial policy on the territories east
of Persia (Iran) and south of Sahara. This was why these distant countries were
important for illustrating British imperial policy. My remark that the Crimean
War (1853-1856), the biggest European conflict in the VQVM\MMV\P century in
which Great Britain played an important, if not the most important role, began
in fact because of the Balkans and left the deepest impact on its political future.
I argued that the relationship of Great Britain towards the Ottoman Empire,
Great Powers that threatened it and the states pretenders to its heritage was
a complex one just because the survival of the Ottoman Empire represented
both the least expensive, but the most reliable maintenance of the British pre-
dominance in Asia and Africa.
Although these arguments did not suffice for the introduction of a com-
pletely new concept by a prominent British museum, the fact remains that
the Crimean War, after which Great Britain became one of the protectors of
Serbia, did not draw particular attention until the present day even in our
country. This was the biggest European war in which Serbia and her people
failed to take part. The consequences of the Crimean War were immediately
obvious by their far-reaching effects, but its true significance and impact on
the internal policy and international status of the Principality of Serbia was
long underestimated by its contemporaries and even historians. In the historic
perception of the contemporaries and memories of the generations to come
this war has remained as something unfinished: indecision of the official Ser-
bia was considered to be the result of the crisis of the Constitutionalist regime,
and the international isolation was explained by Serbia’s failure to stand by its
long-standing ally Russia, failing, however, to prove its loyalty to the Ottoman
Empire. The changes that took place in 1856 were seen as incidental and not
linked to the foreign political actions of Serbia. The significance of the ap-
pearance of Serbia on the international stage was not considered relevant, the
connection between the internal and external events during the Crimean War
with the changes in Serbia and the ensuing reforms was almost excluded. The
Crimean War was a neglected topic in the historiography of the Modern Ser-
bia, and in this topic the least attention was devoted to the relations between
Great Britain and Serbia, although Great Britain was the most influential fac-
tor in the European policy of that period.
Preface 11
The course and the outcome of the Crimean War are thus of equal inter-
est, when speaking about its influence on the Principality of Serbia, the same
as the image of this war that developed in time. Serbia managed to preserve
peace and keep her neutrality. Regardless of the fact that the peacefulness and
non-commitment were, however, the result of indecision and weakness, the
neutrality that Serbia was able to maintain during the war provided the period
of the greatest independence that this Principality had ever enjoyed, even with
international recognition. In fact, in the big war neutrality meant indepen-
dence as well, and its maintenance opened the period that would end in inter-
national recognition of sovereign Serbia in 1878.
The historic sources of Serbian-British relations during the Crimean
War are numerous and abundant. In addition to the report of the British Con-
sul General in Serbia, as well as his correspondence with the ambassadors in
Constantinople and Vienna, and the home secretary, i.e., the Foreign Office
secretary, kept in the British National Archives (The Public Records Office,
Kew), personal archives of several British politicians and diplomats, including
Aberdeen, Redcliffe, Clarendon and Fonblanque are significant for the rela-
tions of Serbia and Britain.
One of the most important problems faced by the researcher of ear-
ly diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Serbia (1837–1878) is the
disproportion between contemporary British and Serbian sources. While
between one hundred and one hundred and twenty reports were dispatched
annually by the British Consulate General in Belgrade, together with special
reports (memoirs), Foreign Office instructions and consular correspondence,
Serbia not only did not have a permanent representative office in London, but
no more serious trace could be found about the semi-official missions of Jo-
van Marinović and Ilija Garašanin in London during these years in the fund
of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Popečiteljstvo), or in Ilija Garašanin’s2 per-
sonal files. Bearing in mind that at that time foreign policy in Serbia was de-
fined by the Prince, together with his Prime Minister (the Prince’s Predstavnik)
and Minister (Popečitelj) of Foreign Affairs (during the Crimean War this was
most frequently the same person), their communication with foreign consuls
was mainly direct and private. This is probably the reason why, contrary to
2
The exception is the letter of recommendation written by Fonblanque to Add-
ington to receive Garašanin. Fonblanque to Addington, 3 June 1853, I.G. 913, AS (The
Ilija Garašanin Papers, The Archives of Serbia).
the hundreds of notes of different nature exchanged with the neighbouring

Austria, it is possible to find only about ten documents directly or indirectly
related to Great Britain and the British Consul General in the archives of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A similar situation is found with the preserved
correspondence of Serbian foreign policy makers. For instance, no trace could
be found in Konstantin Nikolajević’s papers about his contacts with Redcliffe
and Colonel Rose that can be completely reconstructed by means of British
sources contrary to Marinović’s and Garašanin’s London visits.
When speaking about contemporary newspapers, the situation is differ-
ent. Quite understandably, the advantage is here on the side of Great Britain.
In the middle of the VQVM\MMV\P century several tens of important daily and
weekly newspapers were published there: in addition to The Times and The
Illustrated London News, with the circulation exceeding fifty thousand copies,
the papers such as The Morning Herald and The Manchester Guardian had a
significant impact on the public in Great Britain. At that time only two news-
papers were published in the Principality of Serbia – Srbske novine (The Serbian
Newspaper) and Šumadinka, with regular but not daily editions, and their cir-
culations hardly reached two thousand copies3. Srbske novine was a semi-offi-
cial newspaper of the Serbian authorities, and Šumadinka, particularly after its
banning in 1850, was coming out fairly regularly (with the exception of 1853),
but its political columns related to foreign policy were mostly of informative
but not analytical character, while hardly anything was written about the inte-
rior policy. The comparison coming to mind with the Serbian press in Austria
is particularly interesting in case of Srbski dnevnik (The Serbian Daily) which,
although very partial to Russia, was writing more freely about the situation in
Europe, while analyzing committedly and in detail the internal situation in Ser-
bia. However, contrary to the British papers that only occasionally and rarely
wrote about Serbia as the most important topic, the Serbian papers mainly took
over the news from Great Britain published in the Austrian and German pa-
pers4. Therefore, the news from Great Britain seemed more like curiosities than
the real press news.
3
J. Skerlić, Istorija srpske štampe, /In Serbian: The History of the Serbian Press/.
Belgrade, 1997, pp. 49.
4
In the middle of the 19th century only nine copies of the British newspapers
were available in Serbia, and that was the Vienna edition of The Times.
Preface 13
The world literature about the Crimean War is very abundant. Until
present almost ten thousand monographs and studies were published about
this period5. Nevertheless, prominent war historians have not specially stud-
ied Serbian archives or, even more interestingly, the reports of the British
Consul General from Serbia. Although some historians of the Crimean War
-Baumgart, Schroeder and Goldfranc rely mainly on published diplomatic ma-
terial originating from the very highest sources of European diplomacies, they
devote dutiful attention to Serbia6.
Serbian historiography wrote about the Crimean War only incidental-
7
ly . Jovan Ristić, who devoted a special study to Serbia during the Crimean
War, was an exception. Nevertheless, while the Eastern Crisis from 1853-6 re-
mained in the shadow of the Great Eastern Crisis from 1875-8 in which Ser-
bia and Montenegro took direct part as well, the British policy towards Serbia
in this period remained overshadowed by the relations of Serbia with Russia,
Austria and, first of all, France8. Finally, out of contemporary historians of the
Serbian-British relations, only Ljubodrag Ristić paid considerably more atten-
tion to the period of the Crimean War in his monograph about Serbian-British
diplomatic relations from the Paris Congress to the Kanlidz Conference9.
The topic presented in this book has been the subject of my three-
year-long research (the period from 2000 to the end of 2002), included in my
Master’s thesis entitled Great Britain and Serbia at the Time of the Crimean
War (1853-1856). I would like on this occasion to express my gratitude to my
5
W. Baumgart, pp. 219–233.
6
W. Baumgart, The Crimean War 1853–1856, London, 1999, P. Schroeder,
Great Britain, Austria and The Crimean War, New York, 1972, D. Goldfranc, The Ori-
gins of Modern Wars-The Crimean War, London, 1996.
7
D. Stranjaković, Vlada ustavobranitelja – unutarnja i spoljna politika 1842–
1853, /In Serbian: The Constitutionalists and Their Rule – Internal and Foreign Policy
1842-1853/, Belgrade, 1932, S. Jovanović, Ustavobranitelji i njihova vlada 1838–1858,
/In Serbian: The Constitutionalists and Their Rule 1838-1858), Belgrade, 1933/ M.
Ekmečić, Balkan i revolucija 1848, /In Serbian: The Balkans and the 1848 revolution/,
Belgrade, 1999.
8
Dragoslav Stranjaković devoted only one paragraph to the Great Britain‘s
policy towards Serbia, stating that he did not much consult the British sources. D.
Stranjaković, p. 261
9
Lj. Ristić, Engleska i Srbija od Pariskog mira do Kanlidžke konferencije (1856
–1862) /In Serbian: England and Serbia from the Paris Peace to the Kanlidz Conference
/1866-1862/
Serbia and Great Britain before the Crimean War 17
ensuing reforms carried out soon after have not still been perceived by our
historiography as one continuing process. The internal history of Serbia itself
during the three-year-long European war, otherwise very stormy and dynamic,
was considered mainly as a function of the country’s neutrality, which became
certain to be maintained only at the end of the spring in 1854. The political
torpor in Serbia and its leaving the centre of the European foreign political
entanglement contributed that the first stage of the war and Serbian role in
it was somewhat underrated. On the other hand, the significance of Serbia in
the European policy became especially evident through the prevailing belief of
the Western European diplomacies and public opinion about its big military
power5. This belief was dispelled by the Serbian inactivity, but not to such an
extent as later defeat in the First Serbian-Turkish war in 1876.
It may be said that the attitude of Great Britain towards Serbia in this
period was more an indicative than in the case of the policy of Ottoman
Empire, Russia or Austria. Namely, Great Britain had no direct interests in
Serbia. It is logical, however, as central interests of its world policy were linked
to the Ottoman Empire and Russia, that the role of Serbia extremely gained
in significance. After two decades the British policy in the field formed by
consul generals in Serbia, mainly without major impact on the British policy
and underrated in Serbia, and on the other side, influential chance travelers for
whom this small principality was only one of the stops on the way, reached its
first big international test in 1853. We speak here about the formative period
of the British policy towards Serbia, in which it is possible to perceive all its
dimensions in the forthcoming six decades.
Great Britain established diplomatic relations with Serbia on the 5th of
June 1837, when the first British Consul General, Colonel Hodges (George
Lloyd Hodges) handed over his letter of credence to Prince Miloš after his
arrival to Kragujevac6. With the arrival of foreign diplomatic representatives
5
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 11. November 1853, Copy No. 83: In
May 1851 The Times reporter from Vienna compared the relationship between the
Ottoman Empire and Serbia with the relationship between France and Burgundy at
the time of Louis IX. He stated, relying on reliable sources, that the entire Serbian
population was armed and able to arm from one hundred to one hundred and fifty
thousand infantrymen, and from seven to eleven thousands of cavalrymen. ”Austria“,
The Times, 27. May 1851.
6
M. Gavrilović, ”Velika Britanija i Srbija”, Iz nove srpske istorije, /In Serbian:
”Great Britain and Serbia”, From New Serbian History/, Belgrade, 1926, pp. 113–114; S.
K. Pavlowitch, Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Serbia, 1837–1839, Paris, 1961, p. 45.
to Serbia at the end of the thirties in the nineteenth century, the autonomous
status of the Principality officially established by Hati-sheriffs from 1830, 1833
and 1838 received another international confirmation. British policy aimed to
strengthen Serbian independence against the all-powerful Russian protectorate.
One of the important inspirers was influential David Urquhart, one of the most
prominent advocates of the anti-Russian policy in Great Britain, who visited
Serbia in different capacities even in four missions in the period from 1832 to
1837.7 Urquhart was very well-versed in the Serbian circumstances, and he was
personally acquainted with Prince Miloš and other Serbian leaders. In fact, he
was the one to initiate, relying on his own rich experience, the appointment
of the first Consul General for Serbia. In addition to energetic Urquhart, the
British government and the public were significantly influenced by the Polish
emigration headed by Prince Adam Czartoryski, who in the emancipation of
the Southern Slavs saw the way for the liberation of their homeland8.
The instructions given to Hodges were still very moderate, entrusting
him with two important goals: one was of the economic, and the other
of political nature. The political influence of Britain in Serbia could not be
achieved, naturally, in the way in which Russia, Austria or Ottoman Empire
were implementing their predomination. “The boats”, as several decades later
7
David Urquhart (1805–1877) was the British politican, diplomat and political
writer. He participated in the Greek War for Independence and two political missions
in Constantinople in 1831 and 1833. He was the member of the British Parliament
from 1847 to 1852, opposing the foreign policy of Great Britain, and particularly
Palmetstone‘s and Redcliffe‘s actions. Distinguished historians (M. Ekmečić, Stvaranje
Jugoslavije, /In Serbian: Creation of Yugoslavia/, Belgrade, 1989, p. 473) ascribe great
influence to him on the preparation of Načertanije (1844). It is, however, evident
that at the end of the Crimean War he advocated a very conservative and restrictive
emancipation of Wallachia and Moldavia, thus leading to the conclusion that he did not
support the national principle any more in solving the question of Serbia. D. Urquhart,
”Is Mr. Urquhart A Tory or A Radical. Answered by his Constitution for the Danubian
Provinces“ (int. W. Cyples), Political Tracts 1712–1856, Sheffield, 1856, pp. 1–13.
8
From 1834 to 1846 Urquhart and Czartoryski published the journal ”Portfolio“,
devoting a significant place to the question of the British policy towards Serbia (M.
Ekmečić, p. 224). The great difference in the approach of these two politicans who
were only temporarily on the same side is, however, neglected. While Urquhart was
prepared to fight for warding off the Russian imperialism for the sake of the survival
of the ”Bosphorus patient“, the fall of the Russian Empire at the cost of the Ottoman
Empire fall did not, obviously, fit into his plans.
Ilija Garašanin remarked, “could not travel on dry land”, and that is why the just
awakened interest for Serbia could primarily be of economic character9. The
lack of roads and the distance between two countries made this task difficult
to achieve, and slowed its attainment. Hodges could work on suppression of
the Russian influence only in coalition with other powers, but still, from the
beginning he had not only failed to bring together his modest power with
them, but also allowed them to get united against him. He had no better luck
in selecting the allies in the Principality itself, so during the conflict of Prince
Miloš and the Constitutionalist opposition he sided with the politically more
and more isolated Serbian monarch10. Hodges’s support only led Prince Miloš
to get unrealistic expectations. Official Britain used to prompt him in turns
to enter the open conflict with the Russian diplomacy, only to discourage him
later and to withdraw itself. Owing to his close relationship with the British
Consul Prince Miloš was ready to believe that he would get sufficient support
to resist Russia, and even certain concessions from the Porte. Constitution,
the issue about which all political interests and conflicts in Serbia started to
clash from 1835 onwards, also brought together the Prince and the British
diplomacy on the same side. Great Britain, however, although advising the
Serbian ruler to remain firm, took care not to spoil its relations with Russia.
The Prince’s defeat finally and completely exposed this double game, arousing
bitterness and compromising Hodges so much that his stay in Belgrade was
not possible any more. In May 1839, having stayed in Belgrade for exactly
two years and only several months after passing of the Turkish constitution,
the British Consul General moved to Zemun. Such an outcome of the first
British mission had a very great impact on the future reputation and influence
of the British diplomacy in Serbia. Until his death Prince Miloš believed that
unreliable British assistance brought about his deposal in 183911. The British
policy towards Serbia was seriously criticized in the British Parliament itself,
and almost two decades later Hodges’s successor to the position of the Consul
General wrote how since Hodges’s departure Britain was not interfering with
9
D. Stranjaković, Ilija Garašanin, Kragujevac: Jefimija 2005.
10
S. K. Pavlowitch, Anglo-Russian rivalry in Serbia (1837–1839), Paris 1961,
p.158.
11
A. Rastović, Velika Britanija i Srbija (1878–1889), /In Serbian: Great Britain
and Serbia (1878-1889)/. Belgrade, 2000, p. 23.
ensuing reforms carried out soon after have not still been perceived by our
historiography as one continuing process. The internal history of Serbia itself
during the three-year-long European war, otherwise very stormy and dynamic,
was considered mainly as a function of the country’s neutrality, which became
certain to be maintained only at the end of the spring in 1854. The political
torpor in Serbia and its leaving the centre of the European foreign political
entanglement contributed that the first stage of the war and Serbian role in
it was somewhat underrated. On the other hand, the significance of Serbia in
the European policy became especially evident through the prevailing belief of
the Western European diplomacies and public opinion about its big military
power5. This belief was dispelled by the Serbian inactivity, but not to such an
extent as later defeat in the First Serbian-Turkish war in 1876.
It may be said that the attitude of Great Britain towards Serbia in this
period was more an indicative than in the case of the policy of Ottoman
Empire, Russia or Austria. Namely, Great Britain had no direct interests in
Serbia. It is logical, however, as central interests of its world policy were linked
to the Ottoman Empire and Russia, that the role of Serbia extremely gained
in significance. After two decades the British policy in the field formed by
consul generals in Serbia, mainly without major impact on the British policy
and underrated in Serbia, and on the other side, influential chance travelers for
whom this small principality was only one of the stops on the way, reached its
first big international test in 1853. We speak here about the formative period
of the British policy towards Serbia, in which it is possible to perceive all its
dimensions in the forthcoming six decades.
Great Britain established diplomatic relations with Serbia on the 5th of
June 1837, when the first British Consul General, Colonel Hodges (George
Lloyd Hodges) handed over his letter of credence to Prince Miloš after his
arrival to Kragujevac6. With the arrival of foreign diplomatic representatives
5
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 11. November 1853, Copy No. 83: In
May 1851 The Times reporter from Vienna compared the relationship between the
Ottoman Empire and Serbia with the relationship between France and Burgundy at
the time of Louis IX. He stated, relying on reliable sources, that the entire Serbian
population was armed and able to arm from one hundred to one hundred and fifty
thousand infantrymen, and from seven to eleven thousands of cavalrymen. ”Austria“,
The Times, 27. May 1851.
6
M. Gavrilović, ”Velika Britanija i Srbija”, Iz nove srpske istorije, /In Serbian:
”Great Britain and Serbia”, From New Serbian History/, Belgrade, 1926, pp. 113–114; S.
K. Pavlowitch, Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Serbia, 1837–1839, Paris, 1961, p. 45.
to Serbia at the end of the thirties in the nineteenth century, the autonomous
status of the Principality officially established by Hati-sheriffs from 1830, 1833
and 1838 received another international confirmation. British policy aimed to
strengthen Serbian independence against the all-powerful Russian protectorate.
One of the important inspirers was influential David Urquhart, one of the most
prominent advocates of the anti-Russian policy in Great Britain, who visited
Serbia in different capacities even in four missions in the period from 1832 to
1837.7 Urquhart was very well-versed in the Serbian circumstances, and he was
personally acquainted with Prince Miloš and other Serbian leaders. In fact, he
was the one to initiate, relying on his own rich experience, the appointment
of the first Consul General for Serbia. In addition to energetic Urquhart, the
British government and the public were significantly influenced by the Polish
emigration headed by Prince Adam Czartoryski, who in the emancipation of
the Southern Slavs saw the way for the liberation of their homeland8.
The instructions given to Hodges were still very moderate, entrusting
him with two important goals: one was of the economic, and the other
of political nature. The political influence of Britain in Serbia could not be
achieved, naturally, in the way in which Russia, Austria or Ottoman Empire
were implementing their predomination. “The boats”, as several decades later
7
David Urquhart (1805–1877) was the British politican, diplomat and political
writer. He participated in the Greek War for Independence and two political missions
in Constantinople in 1831 and 1833. He was the member of the British Parliament
from 1847 to 1852, opposing the foreign policy of Great Britain, and particularly
Palmetstone‘s and Redcliffe‘s actions. Distinguished historians (M. Ekmečić, Stvaranje
Jugoslavije, /In Serbian: Creation of Yugoslavia/, Belgrade, 1989, p. 473) ascribe great
influence to him on the preparation of Načertanije (1844). It is, however, evident
that at the end of the Crimean War he advocated a very conservative and restrictive
emancipation of Wallachia and Moldavia, thus leading to the conclusion that he did not
support the national principle any more in solving the question of Serbia. D. Urquhart,
”Is Mr. Urquhart A Tory or A Radical. Answered by his Constitution for the Danubian
Provinces“ (int. W. Cyples), Political Tracts 1712–1856, Sheffield, 1856, pp. 1–13.
8
From 1834 to 1846 Urquhart and Czartoryski published the journal ”Portfolio“,
devoting a significant place to the question of the British policy towards Serbia (M.
Ekmečić, p. 224). The great difference in the approach of these two politicans who
were only temporarily on the same side is, however, neglected. While Urquhart was
prepared to fight for warding off the Russian imperialism for the sake of the survival
of the ”Bosphorus patient“, the fall of the Russian Empire at the cost of the Ottoman
Empire fall did not, obviously, fit into his plans.
Ilija Garašanin remarked, “could not travel on dry land”, and that is why the just
awakened interest for Serbia could primarily be of economic character9. The
lack of roads and the distance between two countries made this task difficult
to achieve, and slowed its attainment. Hodges could work on suppression of
the Russian influence only in coalition with other powers, but still, from the
beginning he had not only failed to bring together his modest power with
them, but also allowed them to get united against him. He had no better luck
in selecting the allies in the Principality itself, so during the conflict of Prince
Miloš and the Constitutionalist opposition he sided with the politically more
and more isolated Serbian monarch10. Hodges’s support only led Prince Miloš
to get unrealistic expectations. Official Britain used to prompt him in turns
to enter the open conflict with the Russian diplomacy, only to discourage him
later and to withdraw itself. Owing to his close relationship with the British
Consul Prince Miloš was ready to believe that he would get sufficient support
to resist Russia, and even certain concessions from the Porte. Constitution,
the issue about which all political interests and conflicts in Serbia started to
clash from 1835 onwards, also brought together the Prince and the British
diplomacy on the same side. Great Britain, however, although advising the
Serbian ruler to remain firm, took care not to spoil its relations with Russia.
The Prince’s defeat finally and completely exposed this double game, arousing
bitterness and compromising Hodges so much that his stay in Belgrade was
not possible any more. In May 1839, having stayed in Belgrade for exactly
two years and only several months after passing of the Turkish constitution,
the British Consul General moved to Zemun. Such an outcome of the first
British mission had a very great impact on the future reputation and influence
of the British diplomacy in Serbia. Until his death Prince Miloš believed that
unreliable British assistance brought about his deposal in 183911. The British
policy towards Serbia was seriously criticized in the British Parliament itself,
and almost two decades later Hodges’s successor to the position of the Consul
General wrote how since Hodges’s departure Britain was not interfering with
9
10
S. K. Pavlowitch, Anglo-Russian rivalry in Serbia (1837–1839), Paris 1961,
p.158.
11
A. Rastović, Velika Britanija i Srbija (1878–1889), /In Serbian: Great Britain
and Serbia (1878-1889)/. Belgrade, 2000, p. 23.
the Serbian internal policy, except in principle12. It may be finally said that the
greatest mistake of the first British Consul General was really the conviction
that foreign policy was of prevailing interest to the Serbian policy makers as
well. This was why he believed that it was possible to reach a compromise
pattern of the constitutional system in Serbia, leaving absolute power to the
ruler, while the Constitutionalists could be satisfied by a guarantee of the basic
civil rights13.
The new British Consul General came to Serbia not before the spring
of 1842. Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque arrived to Belgrade, even eight
months after his appointment as head the British Consulate in Serbia (on the
21st of August 1841). It seems that the British diplomacy by its very choice and
instructions attempted to stay out of the turbulent events that were shaking
Serbia at that time14. In September 1842 Vučić’s uprising took place, Prince
Mihailo was dethroned, and the Constitutionalists and Prince Aleksandar
Karadjordjević came to power. Fonblanque remained at the post of the Consul
General in Serbia longer than all his successors. His eighteen-year-long
service in Belgrade had no match in the length of the mandate of any other
foreign consul staying in Serbia during the nineteenth century. Nevertheless,
it might be said that Fonblanque’s personality and work, despite the fact that
the continuity of his long lasting activities could be very precisely followed in
available sources, remained controversial and enigmatic. As Fonblanque was
at the post of the Consul General in Serbia during the Crimean War, it was in
fact during his mandate that Great Britain, now together with France, obtained
again a significant influence on the Serbian policy, so that on this occasion
something more should be written about this interesting historical personality,
12
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 29 February 1856, F.O. 78/1097, No.10,
(PRO, Kew,, London).
13
R. Ljušić, Kneževina Srbija (1830–1839), /In Serbian: The Principality of
Serbia 1830-1839/, Belgrade, 1983, pp. 158.
14
The long journey Fonblanque took via Gibraltar, Malta and Trieste was
already extremely unusual, pointing out by its very choice to the small significance
Foreign Office attached to Serbia. The superiors were even accusing him that he
had chosen the longest route in order to avoid his creditors. Ph. Auty, ”Neobjavljeni
dokumenti engleskog ministarstva o Srbiji 1837–1911“, /In Serbian: Unpublished
Foreign Office Documents about Serbia 1837-1911/, Istorijski časopis, /In Serbian:
Historical Journal/, vol. XII–XIII, 1961–1962, Belgrade, 1963, p. 418. In one of his
speeches held in the early forties of the VQVM\MMV\P century, Benjamin Disraeli, the
future British conservative Prime Minister, singled out Thomas Fonblanque as an
example of “general lack of capability and qualifications” among the British diplomats.
Benjamin Disraeli, Benjamin Disraeli Letters, 1842-1847, 1989, p. 23.
whose character overshadowed his own work, at least when speaking about
the image prevailing in later historiography.
In the reviews published until present about the history of the British-
Serbian relations there is not much about Fonblanque’s biography. The
ancestors of the second British Consul General in Serbia had moved to the
region of Cornwall in the [M^MV\MMV\P century fleeing the religious persecution
in France15. During the next century they were already fully integrated, as
Fonblanque’s father entered the House of Commons as the Member of
Parliament for Camelford. Albany William Fonblanque, Thomas Fonblanque’s
brother, was a distinguished journalist and the editor of the influential
Examiner for a long time16. Thomas Fonblanque himself started his career in a
manner usual for the majority of prominent British politicians and diplomats
of the VQVM\MMV\P century, particularly if not of an aristocratic origin. In 1808,
during the Napoleonic wars, he joined the British Army in which he served
for full eight years, on the fronts in Spain, Sicily and Belgium17. As it was
customary in the Foreign Office official biographies, the date of Fonblanque’s
15
Fonblanque, Albany William, Encyclopaedia Britannica, A New Survey of
Universal Knowledge, Volume 9, London, 1957.
16
O. H. Lejard, Od Beograda do Carigrada za šest dana, /In Serbian: From
Belgrade to Constantinople in Six Days/, B. Momčilović (edit.), Britanski putopisci o
našim krajevima u XIX veku, /In Serbian: British Travel Writers about Our Regions
in nineteenth century/, Novi Sad, 1993, p. 63. British travellers, occasionally passing
through Belgrade, had much more favourable opinion of Fonblanque. Skane thus stated
that he had pleasant and interesting talks with Fonblanque not only about Serbian
topics, but also about all other topics they came upon for which he “was equally an
inexhaustible source”. Skane, The Frontier Lands of the Christian and the Turk, Vol.2,
177.
17
Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque, Foreign Office List 1859–1860. Thomas
Grenier Viscount de Fonblanque, K.H. was the descendant of the old Italian noble
family Grenieri that moved to Languedoc in the thirteenth century. The older branch
of the family bearing the title Marquess of Juliers became extinct in 1829. Pierre
Grenier, Thomans Fonblanque’s ancestor, defended the castle Cessenan from the Duke
of Montmorency in 1584. Because of this his descendants received the title of Counte
de Hautessere et de Fonblanque from Henry IV. In 1688 the title was confirmed by the
Intendant of Languedoc M. de Bezons. Anthony Fonblanque, Thomas Fonblanque’s
great-grandfather, moved to England in the beginning of the eighteenth century, where
he was naturalized by the Parliament Act of 14.4.1738. Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque’s
father, John Martin de Fonblanque (de iure Comte de Fonblanque K.C. (1844), was the
Barrister-at-law of the Middle Temple (24.1.1783-4.1.1857). John Martin was the M.P.
for Camelford (1803-1806) and a personal friend of H.R.H. Prince of Wales afterwards
George IV. He actually reassumed the original surname of “de Grenier”, by the royal
birth was not recorded, but as he was still in

service in 1858, it could be assumed that he
had to be very young when he had joined
the army – perhaps, barely sixteen years old.
He entered the diplomatic service on the 21st
of September 1816, when he was appointed
the Consul for the region of the French coast
of the English Channel. It seems that he
distinguished himself in the service from the beginning, because before his
transfer he was decorated with the Guelphic order of the 3rd class. On the first
of January 1822 he was appointed the Consul in Eastern Prussia and remained
unassigned for four years after this Consulate was dissolved in 1832. Since
1836 he was at the post of the British Consul for Prussian Dominions. In 1838
he was transferred across the Atlantic to Philadelphia, where he remained
for more than three years. The appointment as the Consul General in Serbia
represented by all means a significant promotion for the 49-year old diplomat.
By ill fortune this was to be the last one in his career.
License on 16.5.1828. Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque was John Martin’s middle son.
The eldest son, John Samuel Martin was in 21st Fusiliers, afterwards a Commissioner
for bankruptcy. Albany William, the youngest John Martin’s son, was a journalist
and a well known writer of his time. T. G. de Fonblanque married Jane-Catherine,
Sir Jonah Barrington, the judge of the High Court of Admiralty in Ireland and a M.P.
in the British Parliament, daughter. The wedding took place in 1815 and Fonblanque
was introduced as K.H., a hereditary viscount of France and the second son of the
eminent King’s counsel. John Burke, Sir Bernard, A Genealogical and Heraldic History
of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Bar, Barrington of Barrington Hall.
Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque was mentioned as the captain of the h.p.2nd Garrison
Battalion already in 1842. Arthur William Alsager Pollock (Edit.), The United Service
Magazine 1842. Thomas and Jane-Catherine had at least three children. Adelaide
Arabella married Otto Count Schllippenbach and Sckofte Chamberlain to the King
of Prussia. The wedding took place in Napoli on 1.11.1850. Adelaide Arabella died
only six years later (1.8.1856) in Basedow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, The Gentleman’s
Magazine, July 1856, Obituary, 893). Younger daughter Caroline married Rev. Richard
Croker, M.A. in 1861 (The Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Review by Sylvanus
Urban, Gent 1861). Thomas de Fonblaque’s son, Edward Barrington de Fonblanque,
inherited the title of viscount. Edward Barrington’s grandson and namesake had a
distinguished military career becoming a Major-General in the British army. In 1924.
he even won a golden medal on the Olympic games. Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque’s
descendant John Robert de Fonblanque (born in 1943) is currently the Director in the
office of the High Commissioner on National Minorities in Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). See p. 189.
It would not be too strong to say that from the very beginning Serbia
did not much attract Fonblanque. The population he met there was of different
culture and the mentality he could not stand. The politicians he was in contact
with were mostly loathsome to him. The Princes Mihailo and Aleksandar
seemed to him as sheer puppets: the former was in the power of the Russian
Consul Veščenko, while not only the Russian and Austrian diplomacies were
competing who would gain the power over the latter, but also the fractions
of the quarrelling Constitutionalist oligarchy. Burdened with Hodges’s legacy
Fonblanque was also dissatisfied with the weak British influence and his
low income which made him considerably lag behind his colleagues, even
at the time when he became the doyen of the small diplomatic corps in the
Principality.18 There were another two important turning points Fonblanque
experienced during the forties in the nineteenth century, that finally modelled
his negative attitude towards Serbia and the Serbian people. First of all, he got
dysentery from which he was treated and recovering in Zemun, having left the
Consulate building in Belgrade for quite some time. Later on the 1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution took place in which the Serbs in Southern Hungary,
with abundant help from the official Serbia and its volunteers, fought against
the Hungarians, the British favorites. Many years later Fonblanque wrote
with disgust about riotous Serbian volunteers everybody feared, even their
fellow Serbs from Austria. If Fonblanque had to seriously accuse any Serbian
politician, this had to be unavoidably corroborated by the participation of the
same in the Hungarian war.19 There is not much written in historiography
18
Fonblanque‘s annual salary amounted to 800 pounds sterling, allocating him
156 pounds for expenses. In total, the above sum was higher than the average salary
of the state counselor in the Principality of Serbia (i.e., 4,780 thalers in comparison
with the counselor‘s salary of 2,500 thalers). The British Consul, however, lagged
behind the remuneration received by the Belgrade Pasha amounting to 12,000 ducats,
i.e., 5,000 pounds sterling, or Ilija Garašanin‘s property, estimated at 2,000 pounds.
Fonblanque was constantly dissatisfied with his pay, stating that he was the least paid
of other foreign consuls, and that his salary was smaller than the pay received by some
Serbian politicians. It is true that Fonblanque‘s budget in 1855 was for more than one
third smaller than the total sum of his actual expenses in Belgrade. Fonblanque to
Clarendon, Belgrade, 19 January 1855, and Fonblanque to Wodehouse, 3 March 1855,
Turkey (Wallachia and Servia), F.O. 78/1096.
19
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 14 July 1854, F.O. 78/1009, No. 41;
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 13 April 1856, F.O. 78/1197, No. 22. He wrote that
Tripković, the Prince‘s aide-de-camp, had personally tortured old people and children
in Southern Hungary.
about his role in those events. However, several years later he was personally
boasting about giving shelter to Laiosh Kossuth himself, the leader of the
Hungarian Revolution, when running away from the Austrian retaliation
across the Serbian territory.20 The proud British consul claimed that the
official Austria had never forgiven him for the role he played, so that even the
Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I when travelling by boat on the Danube in
1852, personally forbade the crew of his ship to return the honours the British
flag, under which Kossuth’s rescuer defiantly stood.21
It is quite understandable that the legacy could not have been
responsible for everything. Fonblanque was truly a very difficult person.
Despite their continuous cooperation Garašanin himself described him once
as “a completely crazy person”.22 The British Consul General was frequently
the victim of circumstances in Serbia. Thus in 1851 he came into conflict
with the Serbian authorities because the gathered mob stoned the British
Consulate and burnt the hoisted British flag in front of it. The reason was that
he had omitted to have the building illuminated on the occasion of Prince
Aleksandar’s birthday. The Serbian government finally apologized and even
took over certain obligations concerning the construction of roads in order to
expand the modest British trade in Serbia. However, when at last, two years
later certain British investments were made in Serbia (the Woodword company
intended to invest several thousand pounds into the pork processing), an
unpleasant disagreement occurred with the contractors, in which Fonblanque
himself had to take part.23 The misunderstandings between the British Consul
20
Fonblanque to Canning, Belgrade, 15 January 1852, F.O. 78/896; Fonblanque
to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 30 July 1853, F.O. 78/943, No. 46
21
It seems that the other two suzerains of empires having decisive impact on the
circumstances in Serbia were aware of Fonblanque‘s activity . In the beginning of 1855
he even had to give an explanation to his superiors for the Sultan’s alleged personal wish
to decorate him, while several months later he recollected that the emperor Nikolay I
knew how to emphasize the significant role the British Consul General actually played
in Serbia in the years preceding the Crimean War saying: ”C’est donc une Conlenure
? que ce Monsieur de Fonblanque!” Fonblanque to Clarendon, Belgrade, 19 February
1855, F.O. 78/1095; Fonblanque to Clarendon, Belgrade, 20 February 1856, F.O.
78/1197, No. 8.
22
23
The agreement between the brothers Ljutić from Smederevo and William
Woodward from Manchester, 2./14 October 1852, Fonblanque to MID (Serbian
Ministry of Foreign Affaires), 30 September 1853, MID-I, VI-105 ( d.b. 3152);
General and his surroundings got in the end a fateful turn. In May 1858, while
carelessly walking he was attacked by the Turkish guards and the injuries
he sustained had lethal consequences.24 But Fonblanque was not always the
innocent victim in his complex relations with the Serbs and the Turks. During
one minor traffic accident he beat up the incautious coachman and his almost
three times younger passenger. The injured party sued him, but without much
success as the Serbian authorities took trouble not to antagonize Great Britain
even when quite banal issue was in question.25
This was, however, only one side of the British Consul General’s
personality. Although he despised Serbian politicians, he remained in sincere
friendship with Ilija Garašanin for a long time. It is true that Garašanin
sometimes used to talk unfavourably about him, but even during the greatest
crises such a negative attitude was not mutual.26
He was denying the Serbian people many qualities that any civilized
people should have, but frequently this was not made in ill will. Despite the
fact that during almost two decades of living in Serbia he did not learn to speak
the Serbian language, Fonblanque showed a great interest in its circumstances
as can be proved by this excerpt:
„…the wants of Servia abundantly supplied by keeping one-third of the rich
soil under culture. Servia could feed five millions of people and export grain
and cattle beside, but under a system tainted by indolence and vice, – her
Population has, within the last fifteen years, declined from one million to
nine hundred thousand. As there is no poverty to restrain early marriages;
this decay must be ascribed to more unusual causes and the most patent
of these, is the tolerated habit of procuring abortion – a process which
Fonblanque to MID, 30 September 1853, MID-I, VI-105 (d.b. 3152); Fonblanque to

Clarendon, 27 July 1855, F.O. 78/1096, and Fonblanque – Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
28 February 1856, MID II-190,5, No. 631.
24
Ž. Djordjević, ”Slučaj engleskog konzula Fonblanka 1858“, (In Serbian:
The Case of the English Consul Fonblanque 1858), Istorijski glasnik 1–2, /In Serbian:
Historical Herald 1-2/, Belgrade, 1978, pp. 117–120.
25
S. Magazinović – Popečiteljstvu inostranih dela, 9. avgust (21. avgust) 1856,
/In Serbian: To the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 9 August (21 August) 1856/, MID IV-
855, No. 2969, AS.
26
Even the British ambassador in Constantinople noticed Fonblanque‘s affinity
towards the leaders of the ”patriotic party“ in Serbia, thus also calling Garašanin
”Fonblankque‘s friend“. Redcliffe to Fonblanque, 19 February 1856, F.O. 352/43C,
Redcliffe Papers.
implicates great mortality amongst Females. This is not an opportune

moment for me to indulge in speculations about the fate of Servia; but
I may perhaps be allowed to admit a belief of my having established the
lemma of its’ anticipation for self– (that is, for national) government, and
to assert, as a corollary–that no social amelioration – in fine, no redemption
for an inclination to savage life on a Russian plan, or to a Russian degree can
save the Country so full of capabilities – unless an enlightened government
can be introduced, from without, under the protection of Foreign Federal
Troops – not all Austrian, and none of them Turkish – until better principles
are implanted among invisibly relapsing Natives. Foreigners of the wrong–
kind precipitated the ruin of Greece, Foreigners of appropriate description
could regenerate Servia27.“
He showed the similar insight in the beginning of December 1854 when
he described in his report to Redcliffe the strange persistence of the Serbian
authorities to install the telegraph through Serbia on their own. He argued that
they were not able or willing to build a road from the City of Belgrade to five
miles distant Topčider, concluding that “the favourite rule with Serbs is to start
building the house from the roof ”.28
In addition to this, Fonblanque was acquainted with the national
aspirations of Serbia. He was one of the rare foreign diplomats who anticipated
the significant role Serbia would play in the future, particularly in relation to
uniting of the Southern Slavs.29 Fonblanque’s proposals for the constitutional
reform of Serbia in the forthcoming decades proved as an excellent anticipation
of the Serbian institutions evolution. Even when dealing with the economic
future of the Principality, his estimate that the only profitable export article
would, actually, be the export of pork has proved to be correct.30 Fonblanque’s
observations were as much as interesting as daring, and probably therefore
were not well received by the Foreign Office. He proposed the constitutional
and state reforms in Serbia under the British protectorate, his own concept of
the reform of the Ottoman Empire by asymmetric federalization, as well as a
completely new presentation of the British economy in Serbia. Despite all his
efforts, the proposals he kept sending contained, however, a great immediate
risk, and even greater and more uncertain long-term effects. Unable to obtain
27
Fonblanque to Clarendon, Belgrade, 20 November 1854, F.O. 78/1009, No.
43.
28
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 10 December 1854, F.O. 78/1009, No. 65.
29
Ph. Auty, pp. 422–3.
30
Fonblanque to Addington, Belgrade, 13 April 1854, F.O. 78/1008.
long-term gains at the least possible risk, the practical British foreign policy
makers opted for, as a rule, small risks and immediate effects.
The attention should also be paid here to the nature of the British-
Serbian diplomatic relations during the fifties of the nineteenth century. At
that time Serbia, alongside with some German countries and Switzerland, was
one of the rare landlocked European countries. In addition to this, it was not
independent, and the land communications were, as seen, very bad. In the
middle of the nineteenth century the population of London itself, for instance,
two and a half times exceeded the total population of the Principality of
Serbia while, according to some statistics, as much as six million people were
involved in commerce in Great Britain.31 Their institutions greatly differed
as well. Great Britain was the centre of the European liberalism, and the
parliamentary principle was so strong that already for one century the cabinets
depended on the parliamentary majority in the Westminster Palace. The role
of citizens was not only expanded in state governing in 1832, but actually the
time of the Crimean War brought about its new triumph, because for the first
time in history, the pressure of the public opinion caused the downfall of one
Cabinet.32
The diplomacy was somewhat more conservative in relation to the other
British state institutions. During the Crimean War it acted in the form already
established in the eighteenth century. Closed and oligarchic by nature, during
the nineteenth century it started only gradually to become professionalized,
but only to a limited extent.33 In the nineteenth century Serbia belonged first
to the Southern, and later to the Eastern Foreign Office Department.34 At that
time Great Britain maintained diplomatic relations at the rank of ambassador
with six European powers only: France, Spain, Russia, Austria, Prussia and the
Ottoman Empire. In about some other twenty countries in the world considered
independent at the time, Great Britain was represented by the rank of a minister
or the minister extraordinary and envoy plenipotentiary, while it had general
consuls or general agents in the countries such as Serbia. Fonblanque was the
31
”Šumadinka“, 15/27 February 1855, yr. IV, No.14.
32
More accurately, the writing of The Times led to the fall of the Aberdeen‘s
government. C.P. Hill and J.C.Wright, p. 128.
33
During the nineteenth century the changes at the head of the Foreign Office
were less frequent than in other ministries. Only two state secretaries (Canning and
Grey) out of seventeen heading the British diplomacy from 1815 to 1914, were not
peers: Z. S. Steiner, The Foreign Office, 1898–1914, Cambridge, 1969, p. 2.
34
Ibid., pp. 214–215.
general agent in Serbia, but notwithstanding all his attempts to get at least
one (regional) consulate opened in the Lower Danube region (with the seat
in Smederevo), not only that had been unsuccessful, but in his opinion he
was ranked a step lower in the Foreign Office hierarchy in comparison to his
Belgrade colleagues from other countries.35 A comparatively small significance
the Principality of Serbia had enjoyed in the British plans until 1853 resulted
in its policy towards the Principality being essentially determined by the
general policy towards the Ottoman Empire. As we have seen, this policy did
not basically change since 1815, although it could be said that despite entering
into the war with Russia, Aberdeen’s Cabinet (George Hamilton Gordon
Earl of Aberdeen) was much less disposed against Russia than in the case
of Palmerston’s Cabinet to succeed him in 1855. The changes in the British
policy towards the Ottoman Empire had almost no effect on its policy towards
Serbia. Serbia was hardly ever mentioned in the Parliament during the war,
and no document exclusively related to it was found in Aberdeen’s papers.
The policy towards Serbia was essentially defined by the British Ambassador
in Constantinople, Sir Stratford de Redcliffe and Fonblanque, with the final
approval of Lord Clarendon (Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, 4th
earl of), the State Secretary (Minister of Foreign Affairs) in Aberdeen’s Cabinet.
A closer circle of Aberdeen’s Cabinet, determined much more important British
policy issues in the war whereas the issues such as the Serbian one were mainly
within the State Secretary’s complete competence.36
During this time Serbia was ruled by the Prince and the State Council in
accordance with the Turkish Constitution which, as Slobodan Jovanović very
precisely observed, was written more to restrict the ruler than to provide valid
administration to the state.37 While the ruler was made unable to perform both
by the letter of the Constitution and the fact that Porte had not recognized the
right to title succession of the Karadjordjević family, the State Council was
increasingly losing touch with the people thus becoming not only oligarchic
but a closed bureaucratic institution as well. Serbia was thus under the great
35
Fonblanque to Clarendon, 12 July 1853, F.O. 78/946, Consular No. 8.
36
”Inner cabinet“ consisted of Aberdeen as the Prime Minister, John Russell,
the majority leader in the House of Commons, Clarendon, State Secretary for Foreign
Affairs, Palmerston, the Home Secretary. A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in
Europe 1848–1918, London, 1994, p. 52.
37
S. Jovanović, Ustavobranitelji i njihova vlada, 1838–1858, /In Serbian:
Constitutionalists and Their Rule, 1838-1858/, Belgrade, 1933, pp. 187– 8.
influence of the Ottoman Empire, its Suzerain, Russia, its Protector and Austria
to which it was militarily and economically oriented.
As an autonomous state within the Ottoman Empire the Principality
had no established relations with foreign states. The Serbian Agent at the Porte
– Kapou-kehaja and occasional agents in Wallachia and Moldavia were the
exceptions. Serbia felt the need to expand its diplomatic activities during the
Crimean War. Jovan Marinović was thus sent to Paris in an unofficial mission,
Ilija Garašanin
and he remained there for one year only, maintaining regular contacts with
the French and British Ministries of Foreign Affairs.38 Aleksa Janković was
later sent to Vienna with a similar task.39 Although Serbia was often under
the prevailing influence of Russia during the Crimean War, mainly Russian
diplomats used to come to Serbia (Fonton, Mouchin, Popov and others).
Anastas Nikolić’s mission dispatched to the Russian General Headquarters in
Wallachia, remained a rather isolated case of direct diplomatic activity of the
official Serbia in this respect.40 Contrary to other Great Powers which sent
their special envoys to Serbia, particularly in the period of the great crisis from
the summer 1853 to the spring of 1854, Great Britain did not send additional
diplomats in Serbia.41
Fonblanque was the highest diplomatic representative of Great Britain
during the Crimean War. In Serbia, in addition to the Prince, his Prime Minister
(Predstavnik) was in charge of the foreign policy, who also carried out the
duty of the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Popečitelj). Apart from these two men,
Fonblanque maintained contacts with several members of the State Council,
although this institution had not the mandate for foreign policy affairs. The
British Consul General even claimed that he had to be given credit for admitting
to the State Council four members partial to Great Britain and France after
1851. Still, it could be said that the majority of Serbian politicians he cooperated
with had cold, probably even hostile relations with him. We have seen how he
considered the Prince to be a weak and extremely unreliable person. In several
instances he even claimed that his deposal was a prerequisite for the progress
of Serbia. Understandably, he despised the “Russian party”, and his contacts
38
J. Ristić, ”Srbija i Krimska vojna“, Istorijski spisi, (In Serbian: ”Serbia and the
Crimean War“, Historical Writings), Belgrade, 1940, p. 150. Fonblanque to Redcliffe,
Belgrade, 20 September 1854, F.O. 78/1009., No. 47.
39
J. Ristić, p. 113.
40
J. Ristić, p. 121. Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 12 May 1854, F.O.
78/1008.
41
Fonton‘s and Mouchin‘ Russia, Maierhoffer‘s Austria, Bure‘s France and
Merroni‘s Prussia. G. Jakšić, D. Stranjaković, Srbija od 1813. do 1858, /In Serbian:
Serbia from 1813 to 1855/, Belgrade, p. 148; Lj. Aleksić, ”Francuski uticaj u spoljnoj i
unutrašnjoj politici Srbije za vreme Krimskog rata“, /In Serbian: French Influence in
the Foreign and Internal Policy of Serbia during the Crimean War/, Istorijski časopis
(IČ), /In Serbian: Historical Journal of the Historical Institute of the SASA, vol. IX
for 1960, Belgrade, 1961, pp. 62–3. Even the possibility of the opening of the U.S.
Consulate in Belgrade was mentioned at the beginning of the war. Fonblanque to
Redcliffe, Belgrade, 30 July 1853, F.O. 78/943, No. 46.
with its leaders Toma Vučić Perišić and Stefan Stefanović-Tenka were rare
and limited, filled with distrust. He shrank from the Austrophiles, particularly
after 1848, but he remained in regular connections with them. Except from
Garašanin, he did not deem it necessary to say a good word about the Prince’s
Prime Ministers until the end of the Crimean War. Avram Petronijević,
Constitutionalist leader, influential and relatively independent was, according
to him, an irreconcilable opponent of the West and incorrigible demagogue,
Aleksa Simić – a Russophile and accomplice in the ruler’s incapacity, Aleksa
Janković – Austrophile who, bribed by his appointment for the Prime Minister
completely changed his political attitude.42 Garašanin had personally good
relations with him, primarily because of the political orientation he adopted
after his visit to Paris in 1852 and the unswervigness he showed as one of the
first victims of Menshikov’s mission already in March 1853. In addition to
their political similarity which was probably the greatest in the period from
1852 to 1858, one cannot neglect the impact of the fact that Fonblanque and
Garašanin were able to communicate without any bigger problems in the
German language which apparently the British Consul General spoke better
than the French language.43 Although language barriers were not important for
Fonblanque in general, as the politicians he communicated with were speaking
one of the European languages, the lack of knowledge of the Serbian language
isolated him a lot. This fact was especially manifested in the affair with the
1854 Memorandum and the articles in Srbske novine at the end of 1855, when
he delatedly reacted just because he had had no opportunity of getting their
official translation in time.44 Still, despite the fact that the British policy towards
the Balkans was defined and directed primarily by Clarendon and Redcliffe, its
inspirer in great extent, in case of Serbia, was certainly Fonblanque himself. In
the narrow circle of the above mentioned British diplomats and a somewhat
42
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 29 December 1855, F.O. 78/1095, Copy No.
60; J. Ristić, Propast oligarhije 1856–1858, Spoljašnji odnošaji Srbije III, (In Serbian: The
Fall of Oligarchy 1856-1858, Foreign Relations of Serbia III), Belgrade, 1886, p. 238.
43
Garašanin‘s life was significantly changed by his visit to Paris. In fact, it
awakened Garašanin‘s increased interest in foreign policy. For the first time then
he started to wear the Western civilian clothes. D. Stranjaković, Ilija Garašanin,
Kragujevac: Jefimija 2005, pp. 244, 481. During the Crimean War he visited Paris and
London twice, about which his biographers (Stranjaković and D. MacKenzie, Ilija
Garašanin: Balkan Bismarck, (New York: East European Monographs, Boulder, 1985)
did not especially write. Fonblanque to Addington, 3 June 1853, IG, 913, AS.
44
Fonblanque to Clarendon, Belgrade, 12 December 1855, O 78/ 1095, No. 42.
Malakhov, Franz Roubaud. Detail of his panoramic painting

The Siege of Sevastopol
greater number of Serbian politicians, it is possible to recognize the makers of

the British-Serbian relations during the Crimean War.
The study of the relations between Great Britain and Serbia during the
Crimean War obviously deserves a special attention for many reasons. It has
been mentioned that during the entire nineteenth century London showed
much greater interest for the circumstances in Serbia only during the Crimean
War (1853-1856) and Great Eastern Crisis (1875-1878). But while during the
Great Eastern Crisis Great Britain was negatively disposed towards Serbia
from the beginning and had no direct military participation in the crisis, the
conditions were basically different during the Crimean War. The interests Great
Britain had for Serbia were twofold. The attitude of Serbia should without fail,
according to the British belief, define the position of all Balkan Christians,
and particularly South Slavs. On the other hand, the total number of British
45
W. Baumgart, The Crimean War (1853– 1856), London, 1999, p.78.
soldiers submitted to the Parliament in the summer of 1854 amounted to

183,000, together with the troops in the colonies. Only 30,000 British soldiers
were, however, sent to the East.45 By the end of 1853 the estimates of the
number of the Serbian armed troops, reaching the British public, were in the
range of sixty to eighty thousand soldiers. Although these estimates were later
denied both by the diplomats and observers, as well as by the official Serbia,
they ascribed it great significance at the climax of the crisis in 1853-1854. Later,
particularly in the beginning of 1856, Serbia remained completely neglected
in the plans of Great Britain and Western allies. The reform of the Ottoman
Empire was carried out without visible connection with the reforms of the
Danube principalities and Serbia which, notwithstanding, took place. The
reasons for such a policy of Great Britain and its allies were disregarded in
the historiography until present, exactly because of the prevailing belief that
limited Russo-Turkish war on the Danube showed not only the weakness of
Russia but also the small significance of the Balkans in the forthcoming conflict.
The impact of the decisions of the Paris Congress on further development
of political circumstances and the determination of the status of Serbia was
underestimated owing to the inappropriate comparison of Serbia with the
Danube principalities and Piedmont. The study that follows is an analysis of
chronologically presented British-Serbian diplomatic relations, with special
topical reviews of their important segments which have not even until present
drawn the attention of the historians.
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Conclusion 187
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TMILMZ[PQX KPW[M VM]\ZITQ\a QV WZLMZ \W KWVKMIT Q\[ W_V _MISVM[[ IVL \PM
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Conclusion 189
DE GRENIER DE FONBL ANQUE
Pierre Grenier 1584

Count de Hautessere et de Fonblanque
Jean Grenier Seigneur des Rainsins et des
Verreries et Mausens Nobility confirmed
by decree of M. de Bezons Intendant of
Languedoc 1668
Pierre Grenier 1st Seigneur Hauteserrn and

Fonblanque
Francis Fonblanque & Marry (born at

Bruniquet in the province of Languedoc)
Anthony Fonblanque naturalized by the Act

of Parliament 1738
Jean de Fonblanque (1726–1795)
John Martin de Fonblanque de Iure Comte

de Fonblanque K.C. (1844) Barrister-at-
Law of the Middle Temple (1783 – 1857)
M.P. for Camelford (1803–1806) a personal
friend of H.R.H. Prince of Wales afterwards
George IV. Reassumed the original surname
of “do Grenier” by royal License 1828
John Samuel Martin,
Thomas Viscount de Fonblanque, K.H., Albany William a
21st Fusiliers, afterwards
Capt. in the Army and afterwards Consul- well known writer and
a Commissioner for
Gen. for Servia (1792?–1860) journalist
bankruptcy
& Jane Katherine daut. Of Sir Jonah
Barrington K.C., M.P.
Adelaide Arabella & Otto

Edward Barrington
Count Schllippenbach and Caroline & Rev. Richard Croker M.A. 1861
Viscount de Fonblanque
Sckofte 1850
Lester Ramsay de
Fonblanque
Edward Barrington
de Fonblanque Major-
General (1895–1981)
Patricia Constance de John Robert de
Hugh Barrington de Fonblanque
Fonblanque Fonblanque
1937 – 2005
1934 1943
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— The Gentleman’s Magazine
— The Illustrated London News
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Serbian English Phonetic
A Аа A
B Бб B
V Вв V
G Гг G
D Дд D
Dj dj Ђђ Dy
E Ее E
Žž Жж Zh
Z Зз Z
I Ии I
J Јј Y
K Кк K
L Лл L
Lj lj Љљ Ly
M Мм M
N Нн N
Nj nj Њњ Ny
O Оо O
P Пп P
R Рр R
S Сс S
T Тт T
Ćć Ћћ Ch
U Уу U
F Фф F
H Хх H
C Цц Ts
Čč Чч Ch
Dž dž Џџ Dj
Šš Шш Sh
INDEX
A B
Abdul-Me(d)jid 84, 210 Ban, Matija 86, 112, 119, 150
Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon Baumgart Winfried 13, 14, 32, 74, 79, 80,
earl of, 11, 28, 39, 147 106, 127, 128, 135, 159, 171, 173, 206
Addington, H.U., 11, 26, 83, 187 Blondel, 184
Albrecht, Friedrich Rudolf, Prince, 121, Bruck, Karl Ludwig 63, 65
128, 129, 131, 132 Bourqueney Francois Adolphe 149
Aleksandar, Prince Karadjordjević 8, Buol-Schauenstein, Karl 67, 75, 148, 154,
20, 23, 24, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 160, 199
52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 71, 72, 77, 82, 87,
88, 90, 92, 94, 97, 105, 107, 110, 111, Bonaparte, Napoléon 108
112, 113, 114, 121, 122, 126, 128, Brailey, Dr N.J. 14
129, 131, 132, 136, 138, 141, 142, Burke, B. 22
146, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155, 157, Bure, 30, 73
159, 160, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169,
172, 178, 179, 180, 190, 191, 201, Bessim Pasha 45, 50, 140
202, 204 Butinyev 75
Aleksandar II Romanov 172
Aleksić, Ljiljana 35, 49, 177
Ali-pasha 68, 147, 154, 156, 177, 178 C
Anastasijević, Captain Miša 165, 166, Case, L.M. 145
171 Clarendon, George William Frederick
Anderson Dr. R., 14 Villers 11, 24, 25, 26, 28, 31, 40, 53,
54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 77,
Antić, Č. 5, 8, 147, 206 80, 81, 90, 92, 93, 95, 103, 104, 110,
Arrif Effendy, 89 111, 113, 114, 118, 120, 121, 122,
Auty, Ph. 20, 26, 97, 145 127, 129, 131, 136, 137, 138, 139,
140, 152, 158, 159, 161, 164, 165,
Azziyz-pasha 117, 120, 149, 160, 161, 167, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177, 187, 194
165, 171, 179, 198
Calghoun 77, 126, 162
Caser, Prof dr C. 14
Clay, Prof. dr Ch. 14
Colloredo, Franz, 167 Fonblanque, John Martin de, 21

Coronini, Johann 101, 117, 120 Fonblanque, John Robert de, 22
Cowley, Henry R.C. Wellesely 54, 55, 67, Fonblanque, John Samuel Martin de, 21
172, 175 Fonblanque, Thomas Grenier de 7, 11,
Cramer T. 160 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31,
Crocker, R. 22 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50-54, 59,
61, 64, 69-77, 79-99, 101-103, 106-
Cyples, W. 18 108, 110, 111, 113-143, 145-147, 149-
Czartorisky, prince Adam 18, 48 158, 160-165, 167, 169-173, 176, 178-
180, 186, 187, 190, 192, 193, 208
Fonton 30, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 81, 92
D Fotić, Dr A. 14
Damjanović, Radovan-Raja 167, 168 Franz Joseph 41, 115, 180
Danilevskii, 79 Freeman, A. 16
Danilo, Prince Petrović-Njegoš 123 Fuad Effendi, 38, 42
Davidović, Živko 168
Dimitrijević, dr. L., 209, 220
Disraeli, B. 20 G
Djordjević, T.R., 208 Garašanin Ilija 8, 11, 12, 15, 19, 24, 25,
Dudley, Coutts Stuart, 37 29, 31, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51,
52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 65, 68,
72, 74, 77, 79, 86, 95, 97, 98, 99, 101,
102, 103, 108, 110, 111, 112, 120,
Dj 121, 126, 128, 131, 133, 134, 136,
Djordjević, Ž. 25 139, 144, 145, 146, 148, 153, 154,
155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161,
162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 17, 186, 190,
E 191, 192, 201
Ekmečić, Milorad 13, 18 Gavrilović, Mihajlo 17
Engels, Friedrich 37, 122 Gerlach, Ludwig von, 151
Essarts, Bernard des 158, 159, 163, 165, Goldfranc, D., 13, 184
167, 179 Gorčakov, Mikhail D., 80, 82.
Ethem-pasha 111, 112, 113, 114 Grenier, Pierre, 21
Grey, Sir Edward, 27
Grotius 86
F Gyulai, F. 58
Faroqihi, S. 36
Fonblanque, Adelaide Arabella de, 22
Fonblanque Albiny, 21, 22 H
Fonblanque, Caroline de, 22 Hammond, Edmund, 161
Fonblanque, Edward Berrington de, 22 Heneage 89
Fonblanque jr., Edward Berrington de, Hess, Freiherr Von Heinrich 119, 131
22 Hill, C.P., 16, 27
Fonblanque, Jane Catherine de, 22 Hill, C.P., 16, 27
1VLM` 231
Hristić, Milan, 51 Leyard, O.H., 21.

Hodges, George Lloyd, 17, 19 Ljušić, Radoš, 14, 20, 48, 98
Hubner, Joseph Alexander, 122 Ljutić (bross.), 24
Hunyadi, Princes Julia 71 Lory, Bernard, 94
Lovčević, St., 58
Lubry, Ch., 85, 133
I Lhuys, Edouard Drouyn de, 55, 67, 68
Inalçik, Halil, 92
Ivanović, D., 140
Izzet-pasha, 81, 82, 84, 88, 106, 108, 125, M
129, 132, 136, 198 Magazinović, Kosta, 121
Magazinović, Stevan, 25, 141, 159
Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, 37,
J 40
Jamil-bey, Mehmed, 177 Marinović, Jovan, 11, 12, 29, 41, 47, 58,
Jakšić, Grgur, 30, 62, 73, 133, 140, 177 61, 65, 67, 68, 74, 86, 95, 98, 12, 114,
Janković, Aleksa, 30, 31, 102, 103, 116, 121, 128, 131, 133, 136, 139, 146,
135, 142, 147, 160, 161, 167, 168, 148, 158, 165, 171
179, 202 Marshali Ali-pasha, 203, 204
Jelačić, Josip, 115 Marx, Karl (Karl Marks), 37, 122
Jomini, A. H. , 44, 104, 115 Mayendorff, Peter von, 67, 68, 79, 199
Jovanović, Slobodan, 13, 28, 143, 155 Mayerhofer, F., 30, 59, 62, 93, 129
Jović, Lj. Iv., 168 Matejić, R., 128
Matić, D., 148
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 52
K
McGowan, B., 36
Karadjordje Petrović, 203
Mekenzi, D., 31, 110
Karadjordjević, dynasty, 28, 45, 97, 111,
142, 148, 153, 175, 178, 180 Menshikov, Aleksandar Sergeyevič, 31,
38, 39, 42, 43, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58,
Karadjordjević, Djordje, 125, 127 106
Knežević, Timotej, 149, 157 Merroni, 30
Knićanin, Stevan Petrović, 44, 107, 108, Mihailo, Metropolitan (Miloje
109, 142, 147, 155, 168 Jovanović), 138
Kofas, J.V., 128 Mihailo, Prince Obrenović, 20, 23, 59,
Kossuth, Lajosh, 24, 42, 52, 71 60, 62, 71, 77, 90, 91, 93, 201, 202
Kostić, dr Dj., 14, 70 Milićević, J., 151, 174, 184
Milovanović, Milovan, 187
Miloš, Prince Obrenović, 17, 18, 50, 62,
L 66, 93, 114, 203, 204, 208
Lazić, 165
Mondain, Hippolyte 151
Leiningen, Christian, F. S. V., 38, 117
Momčilović, Branko, 21
Leko, Prof dr., M., 14
Mosse, W.E., 131
Mukhin F.N. (Monchin), 30, 81, 82, 84, Petronijević, A. 31, 43, 71, 77, 84, 141
85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 112, 113, 114, 118, Petrović, Milivoje Blaznavac, 124, 127,
136, 210 167
Pisani, S., 80, 186
Popov, 93, 116
N
Popović-Lukačević, Prof. dr, M., 14
Napoleon III, Louis, 34, 44, 122, 145
Popović, M. 167
Nenadović, Acika, 54, 86, 132, 148, 161,
169 Promitzer, dr Ch., 14
Nenadović, Anastas, 141
Nenadović, Jevrem, 87, 141, 154
Q
Nenadović, Jakov, 202
Quataert, Donald, 15, 36
Nenadović, Princess Persida, 141, 202
The Nendaovićs, 15, 147, 153
Nesselrode, Karl Robert, 38, 43, 51, 72, R
92, 93, 94, 124, 130 Radenić, A., 187
Nikolay I Romanov, 35, 38, 41, 57, 75, Radosavljević, Teodor-Teja, 77, 78, 84,
115, 124, 125, 134, 147, 150 85, 92, 116, 118, 120, 133, 141, 142,
Nikolić, Atanasije, 30 146, 148, 149, 159, 160, 161, 163, 172
Nikolajević, Konstantin, 12, 38, 42, 48, Ranke, Leopold, 43, 106, 191
64, 66, 98, 141, 160, 186 Russel, John, 28, 39, 40, 42, 51, 52
Norodounghian, Gabriel effendi, 177 Rastović, Aleksandar, 19
Redcliffe, Stratford/Canning/ de, 11, 12,
17, 20, 23, 24-27, 31, 40, 42, 44, 52,
O 56, 59, 61-68, 70, 71, 73-77, 79, 81,
Obrenović, dinasty, 59, 67, 94, 175, 178 84, 85-87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 101, 104,
Obrenović, Princess Ljubica, 208 106-108, 110-112, 114-116, 118, 119,
121, -126, 128-137, 141-143, 145-
Omer-pasha, 41, 45, 47, 186 148, 150, 153, 155-157, 160-163, 165,
Orlov, Nikolay Alexeyevich, 58, 79, 102 167, 168, 170-176, 178- 180, 190,
Otto, the King of Greece, 127 193, 194
Resshid-pasha, 65, 66, 104, 129, 130,
131, 136, 150, 200
P Ristić, Jovan, 13, 30, 34, 38, 52, 57, 59,
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 16, 28, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 103, 111, 115, 117,
94, 147 121, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 141,
142, 144, 167, 173, 177, 182, 184, 206
Pamuk, S., 36
Paskyevič, I.F., 94, 115 Ristić, Lj.P., 13, 83, 171, 173, 183
Pavlović, Vojislav, 142 Roberts, Cyprian, 43
Pavlowitch, S.K., 17, 79 Roderic, D.H., 35
Peter the Great, 58 Rodić, N., 168
Petar, Metropolitan, 91, 92, 156 Rose, Hugh, 12, 41, 42, 44, 45, 50, 51, 52
1VLM` 233
S T
Schllippenbach, Otto Count, 22 Taylor, A.J.P. 28, 35, 36, 37, 39, 57
Ségur, de (Segir, de) 44, 49, 67, 74, 83, Temperley, H., 15
84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 145, 146, 151, 165 Thouvenel, Edouard, 145
Seymour, George Hamilton, 35, 167 Tripković, A., 23
Shroeder, P.W., 13, 34, 37, 39, 206 Tumanski, 44, 47, 48, 53, 72, 79, 210
Simić, Aleksa, 31, 43, 54, 55, 59, 73, 74,
79, 86, 87, 92, 97, 107, 113, 116, 125,
126, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 144, U
149, 153, 154, 160, 161, 191, 201
Urquhart, D., 18
Simić, Stojan, 201
Simonović, Platon, 90, 91, 124, 125, 136
Skane, 21 V
Skerlić, J. 12 Victoria, the Queen of England, 126,
Sljepčević, Dj, 138 138, 156, 170
Stanley, lord, 37 Vučić, Toma Perišić, 15, 20, 31, 43, 50,
Stanojević, Jeremija, 105, 106 107, 132, 146, 148, 172, 202, (Petar,
Vučić’s grandson) 208
Stavrianos, Leften, 16
Stead, Alfred, 187
Steiner Zara, 27 W
Stefanović, Stefan-Tenka, 31, 103, 104, Walewski, Count, 55, 56, 177
107, 136, 156, 169, 170, 201 Westmorland, 64, 138
Stranjaković, Dragoslav, 13, 19, 24, 30, Wodehouse, 23
31, 41, 42, 43, 44, 62, 73, 77, 79, 82,
88, 103, 117, 133, 140, 149, 154, 156, Woodword (W.) Co., 24
157, 159, 168, 177 Wright, J.C., 27
Stojanović, Stevan, 168
Stojanović, Trajan, 162, 216
Z
Stratimirović, Djordje, Col., 123
Zah, Franja František, 48, 186
Š
Šuput, Prof. dr M., 14
1VLM` 235
Ivan Aivasovsky. Battle of Sinope (1853).

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Narodna biblioteka Srbije, Beograd
94(4)” 1853/1856”
327(497.11:410)”18”
ANTIĆ Čedomir
Neutrality as Independence: Great Britain, Serbia and the Crimean War / Čedomir
Antić, – Belgrade : Institute for Balkan Studies, 2007 (Belgrade : ATC). – 236 str. :
ilustr. ; 21 cm. – (Special Editions ; knj 95 / Institute for Balkan Studies)
На спор. насл. стр.: Неутралност као независност. – Tiraž 300. Str. 7-8:
Foreword / Winfried Baumgart. About the Author: str 227. – Napomene i
bibliografske reference uz tekst. – Bibliogtafija str. 222-226. – Registar.
ISBN 978-86-7179-051-2
1. Stav. Nasl. Na upor. Nasl. Str.
a) Кримски рат 1853-1856 b) Србија – Велика Британија – 19 в.
COBISS. SR-ID 142085900

Cedomir Antic Neutrality As Independence. Great Britain, Serbia and The Crimean War

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the hundreds of notes of different nature exchanged with the neighbouring

birth was not recorded, but as he was still in

Fonblanque to MID, 30 September 1853, MID-I, VI-105 (d.b. 3152); Fonblanque to

implicates great mortality amongst Females. This is not an opportune

Malakhov, Franz Roubaud. Detail of his panoramic painting

greater number of Serbian politicians, it is possible to recognize the makers of

soldiers submitted to the Parliament in the summer of 1854 amounted to

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DE GRENIER DE FONBL ANQUE

Pierre Grenier 1584

Pierre Grenier 1st Seigneur Hauteserrn and

Francis Fonblanque & Marry (born at

Anthony Fonblanque naturalized by the Act

John Martin de Fonblanque de Iure Comte

Adelaide Arabella & Otto

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| Neue Preussische Zeitung

— Aleksić Lj., “Francuski uticaj u spoljnoj i unutrašnjoj politici Srbije za vreme

— Stranjaković, D., Ilija Garašanin, (Kragujevac: Jefimija 2005.)

Serbian English Phonetic

Colloredo, Franz, 167 Fonblanque, John Martin de, 21

Hristić, Milan, 51 Leyard, O.H., 21.

Ivan Aivasovsky. Battle of Sinope (1853).

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| Neue Preussische Zeitung