An Analysis of Metal Fatigue Based on
Hysteresis Energy
Main purpose of investigation is to extend Halford's work
on low-cycle fatigue to the medium- and high-cycle range by
including the concept of an endurance limit
by C. S. Chang, W. T. Pimbley and H. D. Conway
ABSTRAcT--Halford's plastic-energy concept for low-
cycle fatigue is extended to the medium- and high-cycle
ranges. The resulting equations are compared with
74 sets of data in the medium- and high-cycle ranges.
The difference in stress between theory and experi-
mental data is less than • percent.
The plastic-hysteresis-energy analysis for fatigue is
shown to be consistent with the octahedral shear-stress
theory. I n addition, an improvement is presented for
Manson's correlation for the total strain amplitude at
104 cycles.
List of Symbols
C Coffin-Manson constant (fatigue ductility ex-
ponent)
N = number of cycles to failure
n ! strain-hardening exponent
w : = fatigue toughness, in.-lb/in. 3
5 W = plastic hysteresis energy per cycle, in.-lb/in. 3
A W o = endurance hysteresis energy per cycle, in.-lb/in. 3
true fracture ductility
true plastic-strain amplitude
total-strain amplitude
true-stress amplitude, psi
0"] true fracture stress, psi
endurance limit, psi
ultimate tensile strength, psi
Introduction
A n u m b e r of i n v e s t i g a t o r s 1-4 h a v e a d v o c a t e d u s i n g
a c c u m u l a t e d h y s t e r e s i s e n e r g y as a c r i t e r i o n for
f a t i g u e failure. S u c h a c r i t e r i o n is a d v a n t a g e o u s
since e n e r g y is a scalar q u a n t i t y a n d c a n be a s s u m e d
t o h a v e a c u m u l a t i v e effect. As F e l t n e r a n d M o r -
C. S. Chang and W . 7". Pimbley are associated with I B M , Systems De-
velopment Div., Endicott, IV. Y.; H. D. Conway is Professor, Department
of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Cornell University, Ithaca, N . Y.,
and Consultant, I B M Corp.
Paper was presented at 1967 S E S A Annual Meeting held in Chicago,
Ill., on October 31-November 3.
row 5, 6 h a v e p o i n t e d out, e a r l y a d v o c a t e s of e n e r g y
c r i t e r i a for f a t i g u e h a d l i t t l e success since t h e y con-
sidered o n l y t h e t o t a l h y s t e r e s i s e n e r g y d u e to b o t h
p l a s t i c a n d a n e l a s t i c effects. I n general, a n e l a s t i c
s t r a i n does n o t c h a n g e t h e s t r u c t u r e of a m a t e r i a l
and, therefore, h a s little or n o effect o n f a t i g u e life.
M o r e success h a s b e e n o b t a i n e d b y c o r r e l a t i n g ac-
c u m u l a t e d plastic hysteresis energy with the n u m -
ber of cycles to failure.
I t was t h o u g h t t h a t t h e a c c u m u l a t e d p l a s t i c
h y s t e r e s i s e n e r g y to f a i l u r e m i g h t be a c o n s t a n t for
t h e m a t e r i a l ; t h i s c o n s t a n t has b e e n called " f a t i g u e
t o u g h n e s s . " I t was c o n j e c t u r e d t h a t t h e f a t i g u e
t o u g h n e s s m i g h t be e q u a l to t h e t r u e f r a c t u r e t o u g h -
ness as m e a s u r e d f r o m a s t a t i c t e n s i l e test. H o w -
ever, M a r t i n a n d o t h e r s 7-9 h a v e s h o w n t h a t f a t i g u e
t o u g h n e s s is n o t a c o n s t a n t for a m a t e r i a l , b u t is a
f u n c t i o n of t h e n u m b e r of cycles to failure. T h e
f a t i g u e t o u g h n e s s increases w i t h i n c r e a s i n g life.
R e c e n t l y , H a l f o r d 1~p r e s e n t e d a n a n a l y s i s for low-
cycle f a t i g u e u s i n g e n e r g y as a criterion. H e for-
m u l a t e d this a n a l y s i s such t h a t t h e e m p i r i c a l e q u a -
t i o n of Coffin 11,12 a n d M a n s o n 13-15 w o u l d be o b e y e d
i n t h e low-cycle region:
~p = ~: ( 2 N ) - C (1)
where ep is t h e t r u e p l a s t i c - s t r a i n a m p l i t u d e to cause
t h e m a t e r i a l to fail in N cycles, c, t h e C o f f i n - M a n s o n
c o n s t a n t , is t h e f a t i g u e d u c t i l i t y e x p o n e n t , a n d e: is
the true fracture ductility.
D u r i n g f a t i g u e test, e i t h e r t h e stress or t h e s t r a i n
a m p l i t u d e is u s u a l l y held fixed. T h e u n f i x e d pa-
r a m e t e r c a n v a r y as t h e m a t e r i a l s t r a i n h a r d e n s or
softens. H o w e v e r , a f t e r a n i n i t i a l s h a k e d o w n
period, t h e stress a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s t r a i n a m -
p l i t u d e s r e m a i n r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t for m o s t of t h e
life of t h e material.16 T h e cyclic s t r e s s - s t r a i n c u r v e
Experimental Mechanics I 133
 for the metal can be established b y plotting points of
the stress amplitude at half the cycles to failure vs.
the corresponding strain amplitude for m a n y cyclic
tests of the same material.
I-Ialford ~~ used the following relationship to de-
scribe the cyclic stress-strain curve:
ep = A ~ 11"'
where (;Cais the true stress amplitude, A is a constant
and n ' is the strain-hardening exponent. This rela-
tionship, eq (2), is known to fit most static stress-
strain curves most of the way up to the true tensile
strength. I t has also been shown t h a t it fits the
cyclic stress-strain curve rather well. Of course,
the corresponding values of A and n for the static
and d y n a m i c cases are different from one another.
The main purpose of the present investigation is
to extend Halford's work ~~to the medium- and high-
cycle ranges b y including the concept of an endur-
ance limit. The resulting relationships have been
fitted to 74 sets of fatigue data for the 104 to 109
cycle range. These data encompass a wide range of
materials.
I t is also shown t h a t the octahedral-stress theory,
which conforms with most of the biaxial-fatigue ex-
periments, is consistent with the plastic-energy
criterion. I n addition, a new approximation for
total strain amplitude at I04 cycles is presented.
Analysis
I n a recent paper, Halford ~~ determined the
fatigue toughness, Wr, by summing the plastic
hysteresis energy for each cycle over the life of the
specimen. After the shakedown period, the hys-
teresis energy is relatively constant over most of
the life, and it follows t h a t
NAW = W~
where AW is the plastic hysteresis energy per cycle.
Halford TM obtained the following expression for the
plastic hysteresis energy:
AW = 4 (1 - - n') ~aEp
(1 -~- n')
I n deriving this equation, eq (2) was used not only
to relate the stress and strain amplitudes, b u t also to
describe the shape of the hysteresis loop. ~0
B y combining eqs (1) and (2), the following equa-
tion is obtained for S-N curves in the low-cycle re-
gion:
~ = ~I(2N) -on' (5)
I n this equation, al is the true stress required to
cause failure in half a cycle; aI and el are related b y
eq (2).
T h e fatigue toughness obtained from eqs (1), (3),
(4) and (5) is
WI = 2 (1 - - n') ~ies(2N)~_~(l+n, )
(1 + n')
I n extending this model to the medium- and high-
cycle regions b y including an endurance limit, three
134 I M a r c h 1 9 6 8
o
70
(2)
N6o 0
50
;o~ ~ l'o~ lo~
CYCLES TO FAILURE
Fig. l--Comparison of fitted S-N curve to experimental
results for SAE 1045 steeM~ ao = 60.2 ksi, n' = 0.159,
a( = 208.0 ksi, and ~ = 105.0 ksi
assumptions must be made. First, eq (2) is assumed
to hold in the high-cycle region. I t is impossible to
prove this assumption directly because, as Feltner
and Morrow 5 have pointed out, the elastic and
anelastic strains completely m a s k the plastic strain
in this region. I t is possible to consider the plastic
strain in this high-cycle region as being due to local
plastic deformation. Second, it is assumed t h a t
the fatigue toughness is also given b y eq (6) in the
medium- and high-cycle regions.
The third assumption is t h a t a portion of the
plastic hysteresis energy consumed each cycle is in-
effective in contributing to failure. This is assumed
to be a constant for the particular state of a mate-
rial, and is called the endurance hysteresis energy,
AWo. The endurance hysteresis energy, the en-
durance limit and the plastic strain amplitude at the
endurance limit are related b y eqs (2) and (4).
(3) The equation relating plastic hysteresis energy
and life for the low-, medium- and high-cycle ranges
is:
N(AW - AW0) = W~ (7)
An advantage of considering an endurance hys-
(4) teresis energy, A W o , is t h a t it becomes negligible
compared to AW in the low-cycle region and, there-
fore, eq (7) reduces to eq (3) in this range. From
eq (7), it follows t h a t
2N[(~a/~I)(1 + n'>/n' _
(~o/~1)<1 + ,,')/~']1/(c(1 + n')) = 1 (8)
b y using eqs (2), (4) and (6) where ~0 is the endur-
ance limit. This equation provides an endurance
limit in the high-cycle region, reduces to eq (5) in
the low-cycle region, and is capable of producing a
fairly sharp knee in the case of steels where n ' has
low values.
Correlation with Fatigue Data
(6) E q u a t i o n (8) was used to correlate the energy
model with fatigue data selected from the literature.
A total of 74 sets of fatigue data were compared
covering a wide range of materials. These included
 07 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.6
0.5 . . . . .
z
~ 0.4
<--~ 0 3
~.o.2
0.1
I
40 80 120 160 200
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH KPSI
Fig. 2--Total strain amplitude at 104 cycles vs. ultimate
tensile strength for steels. The dashed-line represents
Manson's approximation. The solid line is the new cor-
relation
c a r b o n , a l l o y a n d s t a i n l e s s steels, a l u m i n u m a n d
aluminum-based alloys and copper and copper-
b a s e d alloys. T h e l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s were e i t h e r
p u r e l y a x i a l or b e n d i n g w i t h zero m e a n stress. A l l
d a t a were t a k e n f r o m u n n o t c h e d s p e c i m e n s t e s t e d
at room temperature. Furthermore, the data used
were all for f a i l u r e a t or a b o v e 104 cycles. F o r t h e
c o p p e r a n d c o p p e r - b a s e d alloys, d a t a were a v a i l a b l e
o n l y for f a i l u r e a t or a b o v e 105 cycles.
T h e stresses a n d s t r a i n s in all of t h e f o r e g o i n g
e q u a t i o n s are t r u e stresses a n d s t r a i n s . F o r f a i l u r e
a t or a b o v e 104 cycles, t r u e s t r e s s is a s s u m e d s y n o n y -
m o u s t o e n g i n e e r i n g stress. A c c o r d i n g t o M a n s o n ' s
c r i t e r i a , 17 t h e t o t a l s t r a i n a m p l i t u d e a t 104 c y c l e s is
a b o u t 0.005. T h e r e f o r e , t h e g r e a t e s t e r r o r m a d e in
u s i n g e n g i n e e r i n g i n s t e a d of t r u e s t r e s s in t h i s r e g i o n
is o n l y a b o u t 0.5 p e r c e n t .
E q u a t i o n (8) i n c l u d e s f o u r p a r a m e t e r s , c, n ' , ~
a n d Zo. I n t h e p r e s e n t work, c h a s b e e n a s s u m e d t o
be 0.58 for all m a t e r i a l s , as s u g g e s t e d b y Halford.10
The three remaining parameters can be determined
f r o m t h r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p o i n t s o n t h e S - N c u r v e for
a s p e c i m e n . T h e first p o i n t w a s c h o s e n a t N = 104
c y c l e s or a t a p o i n t closest t o N = 104 in w h i c h t h e
m o s t r e l i a b i l i t y c a n be p l a c e d . T h e s e c o n d p o i n t
w a s c h o s e n t o be t h e e n d u r a n c e l i m i t for f e r r o u s
m e t a l s , or a p o i n t in t h e v i c i n i t y of N = 107 c y c l e s
for t h e o t h e r m e t a l s . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e b e s t
o v e r - a l l fit b e t w e e n eq (8) a n d t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
d a t a were o b t a i n e d b y c h o o s i n g t h e t h i r d p o i n t so
t h a t t h e s t r e s s w a s a b o u t o n e - t h i r d of t h e w a y f r o m
t h e s e c o n d to t h e first p o i n t .
S p a c e r e q u i r e m e n t s p r o h i b i t t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of
the data compilation. However, the data references
a n d r e s u l t i n g p a r a m e t e r s f r o m c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h eq
(8) c a n be o b t a i n e d . * I n no case d i d t h e s t r e s s e s
o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e d a t a a n d t h e f i t t e d c u r v e s differ
b y m o r e t h a n ~: 5 p e r c e n t . F i g u r e I s h o w s a t y p i c a l
fit for a single s e t o f d a t a . ~
* Correlation data and references can be obtained from
author.
. . . .
% 30O
200
o 116!
i00 1
+ :22, 231
23, 24!
I
2sI
0 ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lOa 105 i0 6 i07
240 280 520 360 400
CYCLES TO FAILURE
Fig. 3--Plastic hysteresis energy per cycle vs. life for
SAE 1045 steel 's
T h e v a l u e s o f t h e e n d u r a n c e l i m i t , 00, w h i c h r e s u l t
in t h e b e s t o v e r - a l l fit w e r e t h e v a l u e s q u o t e d in t h e
case of t h e f e r r o u s m a t e r i a l s . T h e v a l u e s of n ' , t h e
s t r a i n - h a r d e n i n g e x p o n e n t , v a r i e d f r o m 0.1 t o 0.37
w h i c h is r e a s o n a b l e . H o w e v e r , t h e v a l u e s o f af d i d
n o t a g r e e v e r y well w i t h t h e t r u e f r a c t u r e - s t r e s s
v a l u e s q u o t e d in t h e l i t e r a t u r e . M a n y were t o o
high. T h i s d i s c r e p a n c y is t o be e x p e c t e d , since in a
s t a t i c t e n s i o n t e s t a n e q u a t i o n of t h e f o r m o f eq (2)
does n o t h o l d in t h e f r a c t u r e region. H o w e v e r , t h e
v a l u e s of af o b t a i n e d a r e e x t r a p o l a t e d v a l u e s a s s u r e -
ing eq (2) h o l d s o v e r t h e e n t i r e r a n g e .
Total-strain Approximation
F o r m o s t of t h e f a t i g u e d a t a in t h e l i t e r a t u r e , o n l y
S - N c u r v e s a r e r e c o r d e d . T h i s is p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e
in t h e m e d i u m - a n d h i g h - c y c l e r a n g e s . H o w e v e r ,
to m a k e f u r t h e r c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n t h e d a t a a n d
t h e e n e r g y a n a l y s i s , v a l u e s of t h e t o t a l a n d p l a s t i c
strains are needed.
T h r e e a p p r o x i m a t i o n s for t h e s t r a i n a r e a v a i l a b l e
in t h e l i t e r a t u r e . Coffin 1~ h a s p r e s e n t e d t h e
" r o u g h r u l e of t h u m b " t h a t all d u c t i l e m a t e r i a l s
f r a c t u r e a t a b o u t 2000 c y c l e s w h e n t h e p l a s t i c s t r a i n
a m p l i t u d e is a b o u t 0.5 p e r c e n t . M a s o n ' s a p p r o x i -
m a t i o n 17 is t h a t all m a t e r i a l s will f r a c t u r e a t a b o u t
104 c y c l e s w h e n t h e a p p l i e d t o t a l - s t r a i n a m p l i t u d e is
a b o u t 0.5 p e r c e n t . F i n a l l y , P e t e r s o n ~9 h a s s t a t e d
t h a t all m a t e r i a l s f r a c t u r e a t a b o u t 10 ~ c y c l e s w h e n
t h e i m p o s e d t o t a l s t r a i n is 1 p e r c e n t . M o r r o w a n d
J o h n s o n 2~ h a v e c o m p a r e d t h e s e t h r e e a p p r o x i m a -
tions, w h i c h were p r e s e n t e d for r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e
conditions.
In the present work, it has been found that Man-
s o n ' s a p p r o x i m a t i o n ~7 c a n be i m p r o v e d b y c o r r e l a t -
ing t h e t o t a l s t r a i n a t 104 c y c l e s w i t h t h e u l t i m a t e
tensile strength. Figure 2 shows such a correlation
for steels. 16,2'-25 T h e h o r i z o n t a l d a s h e d line r e p r e -
s e n t s M a n s o n ' s a p p r o x i m a t i o n , 1~ while t h e solid line
is t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n u s e d in t h i s article. T h i s
the second
t o t a l s t r a i n a t 104 c y c l e s e x p r e s s e d b y t h e n e w a p -
Experimental Mechanics I 135
 140 ]
12o
-- PURE BENDING FIT
--z o COMBINEDSTRESS-a/r=O.496
I IO0 9 x COMBINEDSTRESS-a/r=O. BOB
>~ o COMBINEDSTRESS-~/r : I. T82
w ~ PURETORSION
BO
<'~ 4Oo
20 x ~ z~ x
0 4 105 iO6 ~O7
CYCLESTO FAILURE
Fig. 4--Plastic hysteresis energy per cycle vs. lifefor S A E
4340 steel.~9 Different states of single and combined
s t r e s s are s h o w n
p r o x i m a t i o n is
er = 0.001 (3 + %10 -~)
where the u l t i m a t e tensile strength, q~, is expressed
in psi. T h i s a p p r o x i m a t i o n is for steels only. I t is
~about three times b e t t e r t h a n M a n s o n ' s 17 using
m e a n - s q u a r e deviations as a criterion. Plots for
the a l u m i n u m and copper alloys yield similar cor-
relations.
Of course, the plastic-strain amplitude at 104
cycles can be found b y subtracting the elastic strain
f r o m the total. T h e plastic strain can t h e n be de-
termined at a n y other point f r o m eq (2) using the
value of n' already known.
Figure 3 shows the plastic-hysteresis-energy curve
for the same steel for which the S-N curve is given in
Fig. 1. T h i s energy curve can be expressed b y eq
(7).
Combined-stress Fatigue
A n u m b e r of investigations ~B-~8 h a v e been m a d e
on fatigue u n d e r combined stresses. These indicate
t h a t if two specimens h a v e different states of com-
bined stress, b u t the same octahedral shearing
stress, t h e y will h a v e the same life. I t is shown in
the Appendix t h a t if two volume elements of a m a -
terial having equal octahedral shearing stresses
undergo fatigue, t h e n the two elements consume the
same plastic hysteresis energy per cycle. I t follows
t h a t the energy analysis presented here is consistent
with the octahedral shear-stress model for fatigue.
An example of the plastic hysteresis energy in
combined stress fatigue is presented, using the d a t a
of Findley, Coleman and H a n l e y ~9for the combined
bending and torsion of 4340 steel. T h e S-N curve
for pure bending was fitted to eq (8). W i t h the re-
sulting parameters, the hysteresis energies in the
two orthogonal directions of the principal stresses
were calculated for each of the experimental points in
the other S-N curves. E q u a t i o n s (5a) in the Ap-
pendix were used for these calculations. T h e d a t a
for the total plastic hysteresis energy per cycle in a
136 I March 1968
volume element are shown in Fig. 4. T h e agreement
near the endurance energy is seen to be quite good.
T h e departure f r o m a g r e e m e n t at higher energies
m i g h t be explained b y noting t h a t the calculations
do not t a k e into a c c o u n t the supporting structural
effect t h a t is encountered in bending and torsion.
Conclusions
A plastic-hysteresis-energy analysis for fatigue
has been presented t h a t agrees with the low-cycle
fatigue work of Coffin, Manson, M o r r o w and Hal-
ford. I n addition, the analysis is consistent with
the m e d i u m - and high-cycle behavior of metals, and
with the octahedral shear-stress t h e o r y for fatigue.
Moreover, this analysis is capable of providing sharp
knees t h a t exist in m a n y S-N curves for steel.
I t is hoped t h a t the hysteresis-energy analysis
together with suitable techniques for treating stress
concentration and m e a n stress will p e r m i t the esti-
m a t i o n of fatigue characteristics under varying
(9) stress conditions using only one set of constants for
the material. T h e analysis is also being applied to
other materials such as t i t a n i u m alloys and non-
metals.
Acknowledgments
T h e authors wish to express their appreciation to
T. C. K u and C. W. M a c G r e g o r for their m a n y
helpful suggestions and s u p p o r t t h r o u g h o u t this
study.
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Generalized Equation Predicting Low Cycle Fatigue," Trans. A S M E ,
Series D, Jnl. Basic Eng., 84, 533-541 (1962).
12. Coffin, Jr., L. E., "'Low Cycle Fatigue: A Review," Appl. Mat.
Res., 1 (3), 129-141 (October 1962).
13. Manson, S. S., "'Behavior of Materials Under Conditions of Thermal
Stress," Heat Transfer Symposium, University of Michigan Engineering
Research Institute, 9-75 (1953).
14. Manson, S. S., "'Behavior of Materials Under Conditions of Thermal
Stress," National Advisory Committee of Aeronautics Technical Note
2933 (1954).
15. Manson, S. S., "'Fatigue, A Complex Subject---Some Simple Ap-
proximations," EXPERII~ENTAL MECHANICS, 5 (7) 193--226 (1965).
16. Smith, R. W., Hirsehberg, M . H., and Manson, S. S., "Fatigue
Behavior of Material Under Strain Cycling in Low and Intermediate Life
Range," National Advisory Committee of Aeronautics Technical Note
D-1574 (1963).
17. Manson, S. S., Discussion of Re[. 11, Trans. A S M E , Series D,
Jnl. Basic Eng., 84, 537, 541 (1962).
18. Dolan, T. J., and Yen, C. S., "Some Aspects of the Effect of Metal-
lurgical Structure on Fatigue Strength and Notch-Sensitivity of Steel,"
Proc. A S T M , 48, 664-695 (1948).
 19. Petersgn, R. E., "'Engineering and Design Aspects," Mater. Res. zero, t h e p l a s t i c s t r a i n in t h e t h i r d d i r e c t i o n is g i v e n
Std., 3 (2) 122-139 (February 1963).
20. Morrow, J., and Johnson, T. A., "Correlation Between Cyclic b y eq (2). T h e r e f o r e , a s s u m e
Strain Range and Low-Cycle Fatigue Life of Metals," Mater. Res. Std.,
5, 30-32 (January 1965).
21. Manson, S. S., and Hirschberg, M. H., "'Fatigue Behavior in Strain k = 3-A0.(1-'mln'f(al, 32, as) (4a)
Cycling in the Low- and Intermediate-Cycle Range," Proceedings of the 2
lOth Sagamore A r m y Material Research Conference, Raquette Lake,
New York, 133-178 (1963). T h e h y s t e r e s i s e n e r g y d i s s i p a t e d b y a n y one o f
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Elevated Temperature," Colloquium on Fatigue ( 1 U T A M ) , Stockholm, the three principal stresses can be computed from
112-121 (1955). eqs (3a) a n d (4a) in e x a c t l y t h e s a m e m a n n e r t h a t
23. Tavernelli, J. F., and Coffin, L. F., "A Compilation and Interpreta-
tion of Cyclic Strain Fatigue Test on Metals," Trans. A S M , 51, 438 eq (4) w a s d e r i v e d . T h u s
(1959).
24. Low, A . C., "Short Endurance Fatigue," Proceedings of the Inter- (1 -- n')
national Conference on Fatigue of Metals, The Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, London, 206-211 (1956).
Aw, = 4(1 + ,~,)0.~,
25. Benham, P. P., and Ford, H., "Low Endurance Fatigue of a Mild
Steel and an Aluminum Alloy," Jnl. Mech. Eng. Sci., 3, 119-132 (1961). (1 - - n ' ) (5a)
26. Majors, H., Mills, B. D., and MacGregor, C. W., "'Fatigue Under AW2 = 4 ~ + n,)O-2e2
Combined Pulsating Stresses," Jnl. AppL Mech., 16, 269-276 (1949).
27. Marin, J., "'Strength of Steel Subjected to Biaxial Fatigue Stresses,"
Weld. Jnl. Res. Suppl., 21, 554--559. (1 - n')
28. Marin, J., "'Interpretation of Fatigue Strengths for Combined
Stresses," Proceedings of the International Conference on Fatigue of Metals,
~w3 = 4~i ~ n,)0.303
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, 184-194 (1956).
29. Findley, W. N., Coleman, J. J., and Hanley, B. C., "Theory for B y a d d i n g eqs (5a) a n d s u b s t i t u t i n g in e q s (3a) a n d
Combined Bending and Torsion Fatigue with Data for S A E 4340 Steel," (4a), t h e p l a s t i c h y s t e r e s i s e n e r g y p e r cycle, A W , is
Proceedings o/ the International Conference on Fatigue of Metals, Insti-
tution of Mechanical Engineers, London, 150--157 (1956). obtained.
30. Marin, J., "'Mechanical Behavior of Engineering Materials,"
Prentice Hall Inc., Engleweod Cliffs, New Jersey, 142-144 (1962). 4(1
n,IAf0.(i
A W - 3(1 + n
'~')/'~'[(0.i - - 0.2)~ +

(0"2 - - 0.3) 2 - ~ (0"3 - - 0.1) 2 ] (6a)

T h e o c t a h e d r a l s h e a r s t r e s s a n d s t r a i n are, re-
APPENDIX spectively:
1
I n o r d e r t o find a n e x p r e s s i o n for t h e p l a s t i c 0.oc ~ 3[(0.~ - 0.2) ~ +
hysteresis energy under combined stress conditions,
t h e t h r e e p r i n c i p a l stresses, 0"1, 0"2 a n d 0.3, a r e first (0.5 - 0.3) ~ A- (0.3 - - 0.~)2]~/2 (7a)
o b t a i n e d . I t will be a s s u m e d t h a t t h e r a t i o s o f t h e and
p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s e s t o e a c h o t h e r a r e c o n s t a n t in e v e r y 2
p a r t o f t h e cycle, n a m e l y ~o~=--3[(~ - ~2): +
0.1 = a10., 0.2 = 320., 0"3 = 330. (la)
(~2 - - e3) 2 ~F (~3 - - (1)2]1/2 (8a)
w h e r e a,, c~2 a n d 33 are c o n s t a n t s .
or
M a r i n 3~ gives a n e x c e l l e n t d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e
resulting three principal strains. E x p e r i m e n t s '~~ 2k
~o~ = ~[(0.~ - 0.2) : +
show that the ratios of the three principal shear
strains to their principal shear stresses remain (0.2 -- 0.3)2 ~- (0.3 -- 0.~)211/~ (9a)
equal to each other. In mathematical form:
F r o m eqs (33), (4a), (6a), (7a) a n d (9a), i t m a y
........... = - = .... = k (2a) be s h o w n t h a t
0"I -- 0.2 0.2 -- 0"3 0"3 -- 0.i

(1 - n')
e~, e2 a n d e3 a r e t h e t h r e e p r i n c i p a l t r u e s t r a i n s . A W = 6(1 + n,)0"oe%~ (10a)
F o r p l a s t i c s t r a i n , v o l u m e is c o n s e r v e d . T h e r e f o r e ,
i t is s h o w n t h a t H o w e v e r , in o r d e r t o o b t a i n a u n i q u e r e l a t i o n s h i p
b e t w e e n 0.0~' a n d 3'oo', f(al, 32, 33) m u s t b e c h o s e n t o
2
conform with the octahedral shear stress theory.
[1
e2 = 0.5 -- 5 -- (3a) / = 9(~ - ~2)~ +

(a~ - a3) 2 + 1
2(~3 - a,)2 1 (1-'')/2'~' (lia)

This yields
I n t h e s e e q u a t i o n s , k, t h e r a t i o o f a p r i n c i p a l s h e a r
s t r a i n t o i t s p r i n c i p a l s h e a r stress, is a f u n c t i o n o f A 3 ~/n,
3,o~=V/2 (%/20.o~] (12a)
0., a~, 32 a n d 33. I f a n y t w o p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s e s a r e

Experimental Mechanics I 137