AIR COMPRESSOR

1). An air compressor takes air at 100 Kpa and discharges to 600 Kpa. If the volume flow of
discharge is 1.2 m3/sec, determine the capacity of air compressor.

A. 4.32 m3/sec C. 6.85 m3/sec

B. 3.33 m3/sec D. 7.42 m3/sec

SOLUTION:

P 1 V 1n = P 2 V 2n

n = 1 .4 (for standard ai r)

100(V1)1.4 = (600)(1.2)1.4

V1 = 4.315 m3/sec

2). The discharge pressure of an air compressor is 5 times the suction pressure. If volume flow at
suction is 0.1 m3/sec, what is the compressor power assuming n = 1.35 and suction pressure is
98 Kpa?

A. 21.67 KW C. 25.87 KW

B. 19.57 KW D. 10.45 KW

SOLUTION:

W=(n /n -1 )P1V1[( P2P1)n/n-1-1]

W=(1.35/(1.35–1)) (98)(0.1)[ (5P1 / P1) (1.35–1)/1.35 -1 ]

W=19.57 kw

3). A 10 Hp motor is use to drive an air compressor. The compressor efficiency is 75%. Determine
the compressor work.

A.7.6 KW B.5.6 KW

C.5.0 KW D. 6.5 KW

SOLUTION:

Pm= ( Brake or motor Power)

ec=Wc/Pm

Wc= 10HpxO.746x0.75

W = 5.59 KW
4). The initial condition of air in an air compressor is 98 Kpa and 27°C and discharg air at 400 Kpa.
The bore and stroke are 355 mm and 381 mm, respectively with percent clearance of 5% running
at 300 rpm. Find the volume of air at suction.

A. 600 m3/hr C. 620 m3/hr

B. 610 m3/hr D. 630 m3/hr

SOLUTION:

Nv = 1 + c – c[ (P2/P1) 1/n]

Nv = 1 + 0.05 - 0.05(400/98)1/1.4

Nv = 0.913

VD = π/4 D2 L N

VD = π/4 (0.355)2(0.381 )(300/60)

VD = 0.1885 m3/sec

V1 = 0.1885(0.913)

V1 = 0.17215 m3/sec

V1 = 619.75 m3 /hr

5). An air compressor has a suction volume of 0.25 m3/sec at 97 Kpa and discharges to 650 Kpa.
How much power is saved by the compressor if there are two stages?

A. 8.27 KW C. 3.86 KW

B. 6.54 KW D. 10.0 KW

SOLUTION:

For single stage:

W = (n/ n -1)P1V1 [P2 /P1) n/n-1-1]

W= (1.4/1.4-1) (97)(0.25) [(650/97)1.4/1.4-1 -1]

W = 61.28 KW

For double stage...x2

Px=(P1xP2)0.5

Px=(97x650)0.5
 Px=251.1 Kpa

For two stages:

W = 2(n/ n -1)P1V1 [P2 /P1) n/n-1-1]

W= 2(1.4/1.4-1) (97)(0.25) [(251.1/97)1.4/1.4-1 -1]

W = 53 KW

Power Saved = 61.28 - 53 Power Saved = 8.27 KW

6). A 355 mm x 381 mm air compressor has a piston displacement of 0.1885 m3/sec,

Determine the operating speed of the compressor.

A. 250 rpm C. 350 rpm

B. 300 rpm D. 600 rpm

SOLUTION:

VD = (π/4) D2 L N

0.1885=(π/4)0.3552 (0.381)N

N = 5 rev/see x 60sec/min

N = 300 rpm

7). The suction condition of an air compressor is 98 Kpa, 27°C and 0.2 m 3/sec. If surrounding air
is 100 Kpa and 20°C, determine the free air capacity in m3/sec.

A. 0.15 C. 0.25

B. 0.19 D. 0.23

SOLUTION:

PoVo/To= PsVs /Ts

100(Vo)/(20 + 273) = 98(0.2)/(27 + 273)

Vo = 0.1914 m3/sec
8). Determine the percent clearance of an air compressor having 87% volumetric efficiency and
compressor air pressure to be thrice the suction pressure.

A. 5% C. 15%

B. 7% D. 11%

SOLUTION:

Nv= 1 + c - c(P2/P1) 1/n

0.87 == 1 + c - c(3P1/P1) 1/1.4

c = 10.91%

9). The compressor work of an air compressor is 100 KW. If the piston speed is 15 m 3/min,
determine the mean effective pressure.

A.200 Kpa C. 400 Kpa

B. 300 Kpa D. 600 Kpa

SOLUTION:

W = Pm X VD

100 = Pm(15/60)

Pm = 400 Kpa

10). A double acting air compressor has 16 in. x 7 in., 600 rpm has what volume displacement?

A. 688 ft3/min C. 488 ft3/min

B. 755 ft3/min D. 977 ft3/min

SOLUTION:

Vo == 2[(π/4 )D2 L N]

VO == 2[(π/4) (16/12)2 (7/12) (600)]

Vo == 977.38 ft3/min
11). A two-stage air compressor has a suction pressure of 14 psi and discharge pressure of 130
psig. What is the intercooler pressure in Kpag.

A. 209 Kpag C. 477 Kpag

B. 600 Kpag D. 300 Kpag

SOLUTION:

P2 == 130 + 14.7 P2 == 147.5 psi a

Px = (P1x P2)0.5

Px = (14x144.7) 0.5

Px = 45 psi x 101.325/14.7

Px = 310.24 Kpaa - 101.325

Px = 208.91 Kpag

12). A two stage air compressor has an intercooler Pressure of 3 kg/cm2. What is the discharge
pressure if suction pressure is 1 kg/cm2

A. 3 kg/cm2 C. 12 kg/cm2

B. 9 kg/cm2 D. 15 kg/cm2

SOLUTION:

Px = (P1x P2)0.5

3 = (1xP2) 0.5

P2 = 9 kg/cm2

13). The piston speed of an air compressor is 140 m/min and has a volume displacement of 0.2
m3/sec. Determine the diameter of compressor cylinder.

A. 500 mm C. 467 mm

B. 358 mm D. 246 mm

SOLUTION:

VD = (π/4) D2 (LN)

Piston Speed = 2 (LN)

140 = 2 (LN)
 (LN) = 70 m/min

0.2 = (π/4) D2 x70

D=[0.2x(4/π) /70]0.5

D=0.46719 m

D= 467.19 mm

14). An air compressor piston displacement is 5000 cm3 when operates at 900 rpm and
volumetric efficiency of 75%. Determine the mass flow of air at standard density.

A.365.3 kg/hr C. 386.4 kg/hr

B. 243.5 kg/hr D. 465.2 kg/hr

SOLUTION:

Nv = VA/VD

0.75 = VA/5000

VA =5000x0.75

VA =3 750 cm3

VA =3 750 cm3(900 rpm)

VA = 3 375 000 cm3/min

ρ = 1.2 kg/m3 (at standard)

m = 1.2(3 375 000/1003)

m = 4.05 kg/min

m = 243 kg/hr

15). A two-stage compressor air at 100 Kpa and 22°C discharges to 690 Kpa. If intercooler intake
is 105°C, determine the value of n.

A.1.400 C. 1.345

B. 1.358 D. 1.288

SOLUTION:

Px = (P1xP2 )0.5
 Px = (100x690) 0.5

Px = 262.68 Kpa

(Tx/ T1)=(Px / P1) n-1/n

(105 + 273)/ (22 + 273) = (262.68/100) n-1/n

ln(1.281) = (n-1/n) ln (2.6268)

n - 1= 0.2564n

n = 1.345

16). The piston displacement of a double acting compressor running at 300 rpm is 0.4 m3/sec. If
bore and stroke are unity, determine the length of stroke.

A. 350 mm C. 371 mm

B. 380 mm D. 400 mm

SOLUTION:

VD = 2[( π/4) D2 L N)]

L = D (for unity)

0.4 = 2[(π/4) (D)2(D)(300/60)]

D = 0.37067 m

L=D

L = 370.67 mm

17). An air compressor takes air at 97 Kpa at the rate of 0.5 m3/sec and discharge at 500 Kpa. If
power input to the compressor is 120 KW, determine the heat loss in the compressor.

A. 26.85 KW C. 30.45 KW

B. 18.55 KW D. 22.36 KW

SOLUTION:

W = (n/ n -1)P1V1 [P2 /P1) n/n-1-1]

 W = 1.4(97)(0.5) [(500/97)1.4/0.4 - 1]/1.4-1

W = 101.45 KW

Heat Loss = 120 - 101.45

Heat Loss = 18.55 KW

18). A single acting air compressor has a volumetric efficiency of 87%, operates at 50 rpm. It
takes in air at 100 Kpa and 30°C and discharges it at 600 Kpa. The air handled is 6 m 3/min
measured at discharge condition. If compression is isentropic, find mean effective pressure in
Kpa

A. 182 C. 198

B. 973 D. 204

SOLUTION:

(P1 V1)k = (P2 V2)k

100(V 1)1.4 = 600(6)1.4

V1 = 21.58 m3/min

VD = 21.58/0.87

VD = 24.8 m3/min

W = (n/ n -1)P1V1 [P2 /P1) n/n-1-1]

W = 1.4(100)(21.58) [(600/100)1.4/0.4 - 1]/1.4-1

W = 5049 KJ/min

W =Pm xVD

5,049= Pm X 24.8

Pm = 203.6 Kpa
19). A single acting reciprocating air compressor has a clearance volume of 10%. Air is received
at 90 Kpa and 29.3°C and is discharged at 600 Kpa. The compression and expansion are
polytropic with n = 1.28. The pressure drop is 5 Kpa at suction port and 10 Kpa at the discharge
port. The compressor piston displacement is 500 cm3 when operating at 900 rpm. Determine
the mass of compressed air in kg/hr

A. 16.76 C. 98.33

B. 20.45 D. 28.23

SOLUTION:

VD = (π/4) D2 L) N

VD = (500)(900)

VD = 450,000 cm3/min

VD = 0.45 m3/min

P1 = 90 - 5

P1 = 85 kpa

P2=600+10

P2 = 610 kpa

Nv = 1 + c - c(P2/P1) 1/n

Nv = 1 + 0.10 - 0.10(610/85)1/1.28

Nv = 0.633684

V1 = 0.45(0.633684)

V1 = 0.285 m3/min

m = PV/RT

m = 85(0.285)/(0.287)(29.3 + 273)

m = 0.2792 kg/min

m = 16.76 kg/hr
20). A single acting air compressor operates at 150 rpm with an initial condition of air at 97.9
Kpa and 27°C and discharges the air at 379 Kpa to a cylindrical tank. The bore and stroke are
355 mm and 381 mm, respectively, with 5% clearance. If the surrounding air is at 100 Kpa and
20°C while the compression and expansion process are PV 1.3 = C, determine free air capacity,
m3/sec

A. 0.0818 C. 1.23

B. 2.13 D. 4.23

SOLUTION:

VD = (π/4) D2 L N

VD = (π/4) (0.355)2 (0.381) (150/60)

VD = 0.094278 m3/sec

Nv = 1 + c - c(P2/P1) 1/n

Nv = 1 + 0.05 - 0.05(379/97.9) 1/1.3

Nv = 0.908

V1 = 0.908(0.094278)

V1 = 0.085604 m3/sec

Solving for free air capacity:

PFVF / TF = P1V1/T1

100(VF)/ (20 + 273) = 97.9(0.085604)/(27 + 273)

VF = 0.081851 m3/sec
PUMPS
1). A double suction centrifugal pumps delivers 70 ft3/sec of water at a head of 12 m and running
at 1250 rpm. What is the specific speed of the pump?

A. 5014 rpm C. 2345 rpm

B. 6453 rpm D. 9968 rpm

SOLUTION:

Ns = N(Q)0.5/H 3/ 4

Ns = 374

Q = 70/ ft3 /sec x 7.481 gal/ft3 x 60sec/1 min

Q = 15710.10 gal/min

h = 12x3.281

h = 39.37 ft

Ns =1250(15710.10)0.5/(39.37)3/4

Ns = 9968.4 rpm

2). The pump centerline of a centrifugal pump is located 2.5 m above from the high tide level.
The sea. water varies two meters from high tide to low tide level. If friction loss at the suction is
0.8 m, determine the total suction head.

A. 5.30 m C. 6.30 m

B. 2.30 m D. 8.23 m

SOLUTION:

hs = total suction head

hs = 2.5 + 2 + 0.8

hs = 5.3 m

3). A centrifugal pump requires 40 ft head to deliver water from low level to higher level. If pump
speed is 1600 rpm, determine the impeller diameter of the centrifugal pump.

A. 185 mm C. 154 mm

B. 160 mm D. 176 mm
SOLUTION:

v = (2gh )0.5

v = (2(9.81(40x3.28)0.5

v = 15.466 m/sec

v=πDN

15.466 = πD(1600/60)

D = 0.18461 m

D = 184.61 mmØ

4). The suction pressure of a pump reads 2 in. of mercury vacuum and discharge pressure reads
130 psi is use to deliver 100 gpm of water with specific volume of 0.0163 ft3/lb. Determine the
pump work.

A. 4.6 KW C. 7.4 KW

B. 5.7 KW D. 8.4 KW

SOLUTION:

P1 = 2 in Hg x 101.325/29.92

P1 = 6.773 Kpa

P2 = 130 psi x 101.325/14.7

P2 = 896.071 Kpa

dw = 1/υ

dw = 1/.0163

dw = 61.35 Ib/ft3 x 9.81/62.4

dw = 9.645 KN/m3

h=(P2 - P1)/ dw

h = (896.071 - (-6.773))/ 9.645

h = 93.075 m
 Q = 100 gal/min x 3.785 Ii/ gal x 1 m3/1 OOOli x 1/60

Q = 0.006308 m3/sec

P = wQ h

P = 9.645(0.006308)(93.075)

P = 5.69 KW

5). A pump is to deliver 150 gpm of water at ahead of 120 m. If pump efficiency is 70%, what is
the horsepower rating of motor required to drive the pump?

A. 40.44 Hp C. 38.44 Hp

B. 25.66 Hp D. 21.33 Hp

SOLUTION:

Wp = w Q h

Wp = 9.81 (150gal/min x 0.003785m3/1gal x 1/60)(120)

W p = 11 .139 KW

BP = 11.139/0.7

BP = 15.913 KW

BP = 21.33 hp

6). A motor is used to drive a pump having an efficiency of 85% and 70% respectively What is the
combined efficiency of pump and motor?

A. 59.50% C. 62.50%

B. 61.50% D. 65.50%

SOLUTION:

ecombined=ep(em)

ecombined = 0.85(0.7)

ecombined = 59.50%
7). In a boiler feed pump, the enthalpy at the entrance is 765 KJ/kg. If pump has a head of 900 m,
what is the exit enthalpy of the pump.

A. 897 KJ/kg C. 774 KJ/kg

B. 465 KJ/kg D. 864 KJ/kg

SOLUTION:

m(h2 - h1) = m x h x 0.00981

h2 - 765 = 900 x 0.00981

h2 = 773.83 KJ/kg

8). A submersible pump delivers 350 gpm of water to a height of 5 ft from the ground. The
pump were installed 120 ft below the ground level and a draw down of 8 ft during the
operation. If water level is 25 ft above the pump, determine the pump power.

A. 7.13 KW C. 7.24 KW

B. 4.86 KW D. 864 KW

SOLUTION:

h = 5 + 120 - (25 - 8) h = 108/3.281

h = 32.916 m

Q = 350 gal/min x 0.003785m3/gal x 1 min/60sec

Q = 0.02246 m3/sec

Wp = dw Q h

Wp = 9.81(0.02246)(32.916)

Wp = 7.25 KW

9). Determine the number of stages needed for a centrifugal pump if it is used to deliver 400
gal/min of water and pump power of 15 Hp. Each impeller develops a head of 38 ft.

A. 6 C. 8

B.4 D.7

SOLUTION:

Wp = dw Q h
 15 x 0.746 = 9.81 (400 gal/min x 0.00785m3/gal x 1/60)h

h = 45.20 m x 3.281ft/m

h = 148.317 ft

Number of stages = 148.317/38

Number of stages = 3.903 stages

Number of stages = 4 stages

10). A boiler feed pump receives 50 Ii/see of water with specific volume of 0.00112 m3/kg at
ahead of 750 m. What is the power output of driving motor if pump efficiency is 65%?

A. 505.32 KW C. 785.56 KW

B. 643.54 KW D. 356.45 KW

SOLUTION:

Wp = dw Q h

Wp = (1/0.00112 x 0.00981)(0.050)(750)

Wp = 328.46 KW

BP = 328.46/0.65

BP = 505.32 KW

11). What power can a boiler feed pump can deliver a mass of 35 kg/s water at a head of 500 m?

A. 356.56 KW C. 456.64 KW

B. 354.54 KW D. 171.67 KW

SOLUTION:

P = m x h x 0.00981

P = 35 X 500 x 0.00981

P = 171.675 KW
12). A pump running at 100 rpm delivers water against a head of 30 m. If pump speed will
increased to 120 rpm, what is the increase in head?

A.43.2 m C. 34.6 m

B. 13.2 m D. 56.3 m

SOLUTION:

h2 / h1=N2 2 / N12

h2 / 30=120 2 / 1002

h2 = 43.2 m

Increased = 43.2 - 30

Increased = 13.2 m

13). A pump is used to deliver 50 Ii/see of sea water at a speed of 120 rpm. If speed will increased
to 135 rpm, determine the increase in pump capacity.

A.56.25 Ii/see C. 87.54 Ii/see

B. 34.56 Ii/see D. 6.260 Ii/see

SOLUTION:

Q2/Q1 = N2/N1

Q2 = 135(50)/120

Q2 = 56.25 L/sec

Increased = 56.25 - 50

Increased = 6.25 L/sec

14). A 15 KW motor running at 350 rpm is used to drive a pump. If speed will changed to 370
rpm, what is the increase in power?

A. 2.72 KW C. 56.45 KW

B. 17.72 KW D. 5.67 KW

SOLUTION:

P2 /P1=N2 3 / N13
 P2 = (370)3( 15)/(350)3

P2 = 17.72 KW

Increased = 17.72 - 15

Increased = 2.72 KW

15). A certain pump is used to deliver 150 gpm of water having a density of 61.2 Ib/ft3. The
suction and discharge gage reads 4 in Hg vacuum and 25 psi, respectively. The discharge gage is
2 ft above the suction gage. What is the brake power of the motor if pump efficiancy is 75%?

A. 3.24 Hp C. 5.45 Hp

B. 2.67 Hp D. 6.89 Hp

SOLUTION:

BP = Qdw h/ ep

h= Pd- Ps + z

Ps = - 4 in Hg x 14.7/29.92

Ps = -1.965 psi

Pd = 25 psi

h = [25 - (-1.965)](144)/ 61.2 + 2

h = 65.45 ft

BP = Qdwh/ep

BP =(61.2)(150/7.481)(65.45)/33,000(0.75)

BP = 3.24 Hp

16). The discharge pipe of a pump is 400 mm in diameter delivers 0.5 m3/s of water to a building
which maintains a pressure of 100 Kpa at a height of 30 m. above the reservoir. If equivalent
friction head is 2 m, what power must be furnished by the pump?

A. 211 KW C. 340 KW.

B. 480 KW D. 240 KW

SOLUTION:

Q = AxV

0.5 = (π/4 x( 0.400)2) V

 V = 3.9788 m/s

h=(v2/2g) +P/ w + h +z

h = (3.9788)2/2(9.81) + 100/9.81 + (30 + 2)

h = 43m

Wp = w Q h

Wp = 9.81 (0.50){43)

Wp = 210.92 KW

17). A centrifugal pump is designed for 1800 rpm and head of 61 m. Determine the speed if
impeller diameter is reduced from 305 mm to 254 mm.

A. 1000 rpm C. 1500 rpm

B. 1250 rpm D. 1600 rpm

SOLUTION:

h2/ h1= D2 2/D12

h2 = (254)2 (61)/(305)2

h2 = 42.30 m

h2 /h1=N22/N12

42.3/61 = (N2)2/1800

N2 = 1499 rpm

18). Water from a reservoir A 10 m elevation is drawn by a motor driven pump to an upper
reservoir B at 72 m elevation. Suction and discharge head loss are 0.15 m; respectively. For
discharge rate of 15 L/sec, find the power input to the motor if overall efficiency is 65%.

A. 12.65 KW

B. 23.54 KW

C. 14.17KW

D. 45.35 KW
SOLUTION:

Z=72m-10 m

Z=62 m

Wp = wQ h

h = (72-10)+0.15

h = 62.15 m

Wp = 9.81(0.015){62.15)

Wp = 9.145 KW

Power input = 9.145/0.65

Power input = 14.07 KW

19). The elevation of suction reservoir is 5 m above the pump centerline and delivers to 85 m
elevation tank which maintain 150 Kpa. If 1.5 m3/sec of water is used to deliver a total head of
3m, determine the power needed by the pump.

A. 1446 KW C. 4675 KW

B. 2567 KW D. 3456 KW

SOLUTION:

h = (85 - 5) + 3 + 150/9.81

h = 98.29 m

P = wQ h

P = 9.81 (1.5){98.29)

P = 1446.34 KW

20). Water from a reservoir is pumped over a hill through a pipe 900 mm in diameter and a
pressure of one kg/cm2 is maintained at the pipe discharge where the pipe is 85 m from the
pump centerline. The pump have a positive suction head of 5 m. Pumping rate of the pump at
1000 rpm is 1.5 m3/sec. Friction losses is equivalent to 3 m of head loss. What amount of
energy must be furnished by the pump in KW?

A. 1372kw C. 1234kw

B. 1523kw D. 1723kw
SOLUTION:

Pd = 1 kg/cm2

Z1= 85m

Z2=5m

Vd = Q/A

Vd = 1.5/(π /4)(0.9)2

Vd = 2.358 m/sec

Pd = 1 kg/cm2 x 101.325/1.033

Pd = 98.088 Kpa

Ps = 0 (open to atmosphere)

h = (Zd - Zs ) + (Pd -Ps)/w +Vd2/2g+ (hfs+ hfd)

h = (85 – 5)+(98.088 - 0)/9.81 + (2.358)2/2(9.81) + 3

h = 93.28 m

Water Power = w Q h

Water Power= 9.81(1.5)(93.28)

Water Power = 1372.6 KW

GAS TURBINE
1). Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100 Kpa and 3000K with a volume flow rate of 5
m3/sec. The compressor pressure ratio is 10 and its isentropic efficiency is 85%. At the inlet to
the turbine, the pressure is 950 Kpa and the temperature is 1400oK. The turbine has an isentropic
efficiency of 88% and the exit pressure is 100 Kpa. On the basis of air standard analysis, what is
the thermal efficiency of the cycle in percent?

A. 42.06 C. 31.89

B. 60.20 D. 25.15

Solution: Wc' = 1621/0.85

Solving for the mass flow rate: Wc' = 1907 KW

PV = mRT Wt = mCp(T3 – T4)

100(5) = m(0.287)(300) Wt= 5.81 (1.0)(1400 - 736)
m = 5.81 kg/s Wt = 3858 kW

Solving for T2: Wt' = 3858(0.88)

T2/T1= (P2/P1 )k-1/k Wt' = 3395 KW
T2/300 = (10/1)1.4-1/1.4
T2= 579°K Wn' = Wt' – Wc'
Wn' = 3395 - 1907
Solving for T4: Wn' = 1488 kW
T3/T4= (P3/P4)k-1/k
1400/T4 = (950/100)1.4-1/1.4 QA = mCp(T3 – T2)
T4 = 736°K QA = 5.81(1.0)(1400-579)
QA= 4770 kW
Wc = mCp(T2 – T1)
Wc = 5.81 (1.0)(579 - 300) Efficiency = 1488/4770
Wc = 1621 KW et= 31.19%

2). Air is drawn into a gas turbine working on the constant pressure cycle at 1 bar 21⁰C and
compressed to 5.7 bar. The temperature at the end of heat supply is 680⁰C. Taking expansion
and compression to be adiabatic where Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg, Cp = 1.055kJ/kg-k, calculate the heat
energy supplied per kg at constant pressure.

A. 472 kJ/kg C. 501 kJ/kg

B. 389 kJ/kg D. 489kJ/kg

Solution:
Heat Energy Supplied: T2 /(21+273) = (5.7/1)1.4-1/1.4
QA = mCp(T3 – T2)
T2 = 483.41 K
Solving for T2 :
T2 / T1 = (P2 / P1)k-1/k T3 = 680 +273 =953 K
 QA = 1.005 (953 – 483.41)
Thus; QA = 471.94 kJ/kg

3). There are required 2200 kW net from a gas turbine unit for pumping of crude oil. Air enters
the compressor section at 100kpa, 280 K, the pressure ratio rp = 10. The turbine section receives
the hot gases at 1 100 k. Assume the closed Brayton cycle and determine the required air flow.

A. 7.91% C. 8.11%

B. 7.16% D. 8.91%

Solution: = (1)(1.0062)(1100 – 540.6)

Pnet =m Wnet = 562.87 kJ/Kg

Solving for Wnet : QA = mCp(T4 – T1)

=(1)(1.0062)(569.74 – 280)
T2 /T1 = (P2/P1) k-1/k =291.54kJ/kg
T2 /280 = (10)1.4-1/1.4
T2 = 540.60 K Wnet = 562.87 - 291.54
= 271.33 kJ/kg
T4 /T3 = (P4/P3) k-1/k
T4 /1100 = (1/10)1.4-1/1.4 Thus;
T4 = 569.74 K 2200 = m (271.33)
QA = mCp(T3 – T2) m = 8.11kg/s

4). The intake of the compressor of an air–standard Brayton cycle is 35 000 ft3/min at 14 psia and
95⁰F. The compression ratio is 4 and the temperature at the turbine inlet is 1500⁰F. The exit
pressure of the turbine is 14 psia. Determine the mean effective pressure.

A. 25.06 psi C. 25.06 psi

B. 28.05 psi D. 38.05 psi

Solution: V1 = 14.68 ft3 /lb

P m = Wn / V d
V2 = V1 /rk
Solving for Wn and Vd : = 14.68 / 5
m = (P1V1) / (RT1) = 2.94 ft3 /lb
= (14)(144)(35 000) / (53.34)(95 + 460)
m = 2383.49 lb/min P2 = P1(rk)k
= 14(5)1.4
T2 = T1rk k-1 = 133.26 psi
= (95 + 460)(4) 1.4 -1
T2 = 966.31 K V3 = V2 (T3 / T2)
= 2.94 {(1500+460) / 966.31}
V1 = 35 000 ft3/min /2383.49 lb/min = 5.96 ft3 /lb
V4 = V3 (P3 / P4)1/k Wt = m Cp (T3 – T4)
= 5.96 (133.26) 1/1.4 = (1)(0.24)(966.31 – 555)
= 29.80 ft3 /lb = 98.71 Btu/lb

T4 = T3 (V3/V4)k-1 Wn = 223.30 – 98.71

= (1500+460) (5.96/29.80) 1.4-1 = 124.59 Btu/lb
= 1029.60 ⁰R
Then;
Wc = m Cp (T2 – T1) Pm = 124.59(778) / (29.80 – 2.94)144
= (1)(0.24)(1960 – 1029.60) Pm = 25.06 psi
= 223.30 Btu/lb

5). Calculate the work done per kg of gas expanding from 6.33 kg abs to 1.05 kg/cm2 abs. in a gas
turbine of 82% internal efficiency. Initial temperature, 750 ⁰C; k = 1.34,M=29.

A. 349 kJ/kg C. 249 kJ/kg

B. 425 kJ/kg D. 525 kJ/kg

Solution: Solving for the temperature after

Let; Wta = actual turbine work expansion:
Wti = ideal turbine work
Wta = eWti T3/ T4 = (P3 / P4) k-1/k
(750+273) / T4 = (6.33 /1.05) 1.34 -1/1.34
Solving for, Wti : T4 = 648.50 K
Cp = kCv
= 1.34Cv Then;
Cp – Cv = R Wti = m Cp (T3 – T4)
Cp – Cv = 8.314 / 29 = 1(1.135)(1023 – 648.50)
Cp – Cv = 0.288 Eq.2 = 425.06 kJ/kg

From eq. 1 and 2 Thus;

Wta= 0.82(425.06)
Cp = 1.135 Wta = 348.55kJ/kg

6). Kerosene is the fuel of a gas turbine plant : fuel – air ratio, mf = 0.012, T3 = 972K, pressure
ratio, rp=4.5, exhaust to atmosphere. Find the available energy in kJ per kg air flow. Assume
k=1.34 and Cp=1.13.

A. 352.64kJ/kg C. 252.64kJ/kg

B. 452.64kJ/kg D. 552.64kJ/kg

Solution: The available Energy, Q:

Q= (1+mf) Cp (T3 – T4) T4 = 663.63K

Solving for T4 : Then;

T3 /T4 = (P3 /P4) k-1/k Q = (1+0.012) (1.13)(972 – 663.63)
972/T4 = (4.5)1.34-1/1.34 Q = 352.64 kJ/kg

7). A gas turbine power plant operating on the Brayton cycle delivers 15 MW to a standby electric
generator. What is the mass flow rate and the volume flow rate of air if the minimum and
maximum pressure are 100 kPa and 500kPa respectively and temperatures of 20⁰C and 1000⁰C.

A. 31.97 kg/s , 26.88 m3/s C. 41.97 kg/s, 26.88 m3/s

B. 36.98 kg/s, 28.99 m3/s D. 46.98 kg/s, 28.99 m3/s

Solution:
PV = mRT Wt = m Cp (T3 – T4)
15000 = m (1)(1273 – 803.75)
Solving for m: m = 31.97 kg/s
T3/T4= (P3/P4)k-1/k
Then;
(100+273)/T4 = (500/100)1.4-1/1.4
100V = 31.97 (0.287)(20+273)
T4 = 803.75°K
V = 26.88 m3/s

8). In an air – standard Brayton cycle the inlet temperature and pressure are 20⁰C and 101.325
kPa. The turbine inlet conditions are 1200kPa and 900⁰C. Determine the air flow rate if the
turbine produces 12 MW.

A. 21.41 kg/s C. 19.25 kg/s

B. 20.20 kg/s D. 18.10 kg/s

Solution: (900+273)/T4 = (1200/101.325)1.4-1/1.4

T4 = 578.89°K
Wt = m Cp (T3 – T4)

Then;
Solving for T4:
12000 =m(1)(1173 – 578.89)
m = 20.20 kg/s
T3/T4= (P3/P4)k-1/k

9). The net power output of an air-standard Brayton cycle is 200 KW. Air enters the compressor
at 32⁰C and leaves the high-temperatures heat exchanger at 800⁰C. What is the mass flow rate
of air if it leaves the turbine at 350⁰C ?

A. 0.57 kg/s C. 0.77 kg/s

B. 0.67 kg/s D. 0.87 kg/s

Solution :
Wn = Wt - Wc

Wc = m Cp (T2 – T1)

Solving for Wt and Wc : = m (1) (525.30 – 305)

=220.3 m

T1 = 32 + 273

= 305K Wt = m Cp (T3 – T4)

= m (1)(1073 – 623)

T3 = 800 +273 =107 =450 m

T4 = 350+1073 = 623K

Then;

T2/T1 = T3/T4 200 = 450m – 220.3m

T2/305 = 1073/623 m = 0.87kg/s

T2 = 525.30K

10). In an air-standard Brayton cycle air enters the compressor at 101.325 kPa and 27⁰C.
Determine the network if the maximum temperature is 1000⁰C and the pressure ratio is 9.

A. 456.88 kJ/kg C. 331.47kJ/kg

B. 421.56kJ/kg D. 301.74kJ/kg

Solution: (1000+273)/T4 = (9)1.4-1/1.4

T4 = 679.50K
Wn = Wt - Wc
Wc = mCp(T2 – T1)
Solving for Wt and Wc :
Wc = 1 (562.03 - 300)
Wc = 262.03kJ/kg

T2 / T1 = (P2 / P1)k-1/k Wt = mCp(T3 – T4)

Wt= 1 (1273 – 679.50)
T2 /(27+273) = (9)1.4-1/1.4 Wt = 593.05kJ/kg

T2 = 562.03 K Wn = 262.03+593.05
Wn =331.47 kJ/kg
T3/T4= (P3/P4)k-1/k
11). In a gas turbine unit, air enters the combustion chamber at 550 kpa, 227C and 43 m/s. the
products of combustion leave the combustor at 511kPa, 1004C and 140 m/s. Liquid fuel enters
with heating value of 43,000 kJ/kg. For fuel-air ration of 0.0229, what is the combustor efficiency
of the unit in percent?

A. 64% C. 78%

B. 92% D. 102%

Solution:

Comb Eff. = Heat Absorbed / Heat supplied by Fuel

Heat supplied by fuel = mr Qh

= 0.0229 (43,000)

=984.7 kJ/kg air

Heat Absorbed = Cp (t2-t1) + 0.5(V22 = V12)

= 1 (1004 - 227) + 0.5(1402 - 432)/1000

= 785.88 kJ/kg air

Then

ec = 785.88 / 984.7

ec = 0.7981 = 79.81 %

12). Products of combustion with k of 1.35, 556 K, molecular weight M = 29, are moving within
an exhaust pipe at 174 m/s; 1.12 kg/cm2 abs. static pressure. Find the total pressure and
temperature.

A. 1.61 kg/cm2 ,580 K C. 1.13 kg/cm2 ,570 K

B. 1.61 kg/cm2 ,570 K D. 1.13 kg/cm2 ,580 K

Let; Ptotal = total pressure

Ttotal = total temperature

Ptotal = P(1+((k-1)/2)M2)(k-1) /k

Solving for the Mach number, M:

R = (8.314 kJ/ kg mol - K) / (29 kg/ kg-mol)

 = 0.287 kJ/kg. K

= 29.26 kg.m/kg.K

M = V/√(kgRT)

= (174 m/s)/√(1.35(9.81 m/s2)(29.26 kg.m/kg.K)(556K))

= 0.375

Then;

Ptotal = (1.12 kg/cm2)(1+ 0.5(1.35 – 1)(0.375)2)(1.35 -1)/1.35

= 1.13kg/cm2

Solving for the total temperature:

T total = T [ 1 + (k – 1 / 2) ] M2

= 556 [ 1 + (1.35 – 1/ 2) (0.375)2 ]

Thus;

T total = 569.68 K

13). An ideal gas turbine operates with a pressure ratio of 10 and the energy input in the high
temperature heat exchanger is 300 kW. Calculate the air flow rate for a temperature limts of
30OC and 12000C .

A. 0.25 kg/s C. 0.41 kg/s

B. 0.34 kg/s D. 0.51 kg/s

QA = mCp ( T3 – T2 )

Solving for T2 :

T2/T1 = (P2/P1) k-1/k

T2/ 30 + 273 = (10/ ) 1.4-1/1.4

T2 = 585 K

Then;

300 = m (1) (1473 - 585)

Thus;

m = 0.34 kg/s
14). The compressor inlet air air temperature an a gas turbine plant is 990C. Calculate the
compressor air exit temperature if it requires 400 kJ/kg of work.

A. 4990C C. 550C

B. 4000C D. 599C

Solution:

WC = m Cp (T2 – T1)

400 = 1(1) [ T2 – (99 = 273)]

Thus;

T2 = 4990C

15). What is the efficiency of the compressor in a gas turbine plant if the compressor power is
300 Kw. Power input is 400 kW.

A. 75% C. 85%

B. 80% D. 70%

Solution:

ec = 300/400

thus;

ec = 0.75 or 75%

16). A gas turbine working on air standard Brayton cycle has air enter into the compressor at
atmospheric condition and 22oC. The pressure ratio is 9 and the maximum temperature in the
cycle is 1077oC. Compute for the cycle efficiency per kg of air in percent.

A. 44.85% C. 41.65%

B. 43.92% D. 46.62%

Solution:

ec = 1 – 1/rp(k-1/k)

ec = 1 – 1/(9)(1.4-1/1.4)

ec = 0.4662 or 46.62%
17). What is the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Brayton cycle if the pressure ratio is 10.

A. 48.21% C. 45.36%

B. 50.16% D. 42.44%

Solution:

e = 1 - 1/rp(k-1/k)

e = 1 - 1/(10)(1.4-1/1.4)

e = 48.21%

18). In an air-standard Brayton cycle, the compressor receives air at 101.325 kPa, 21oC and it
leaves at 600 kPa at the rate of 4 kg/s. Determine the turbine work if the temperature of the air
entering the turbine is 1000oC.

A. 3000 kW C. 2028 kW

B. 2701 kW D. 3500 kW

Solution:

Wt = mCp(T3-T4)

Solving for T4:

T4/T3 = (P4/P3)k-1/k

(T4/1000+273) = (101.325/600)1.4-1/1.4

T4 = 765.83 K

t4 = 492.83 oC

Thus;

Wt = (4)(1)(1000-492.83)

Wt = 2028 kW

19). A gas-turbine power plant operates on a simple Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid.
The air enters the turbine at 120 psia and 2000 R and leaves at 15 psia and 1200 R. Heat is rejected
to the surroundings at a rate of 6400 Btu/s, and air flows through the cycle at a rate of 40 lbm/s.
Assuming the turbine to be isentropic and the compressor to have an isentropic efficiency of 80
percent, determine the net power output of the plant. Account for the variation of specific heats
with temperature.

Solution:

T3 = 2000 R; h3 = 504.71 Btu/lbm

T4 = 1200 R; h4 = 291.3 Btu/lbm

rp = P2/P1 = 120/15 =8
Qout = m(h4 – h1); h1 = 291.3 – 6400/40 = 131.3 Btu/lbm

 Pr1 = 1.474

Pr2 = (P2/P1)(Pr1) = (8)(1.474) = 11.79

h2s = 238.07 Btu/lbm

Wcin = m(h2s - h1)/ec = (40)(238.07 – 131.3)/(0.8) = 5339 Btu/s

WTout = m(h3 - h4) = (40)(504.71 – 291.3) = 8536 Btu/s

Wnet out = WTout - WCin = 8536 – 5339 = 3197 Btu/s = 3373 kW

20). For what compressor efficiency will the gas-turbine power plant in Problem 19 produce zero
net work?

Solution:

ec = (h2s - h1)/ (h3 - h4)

ec = (238.07 – 131.3)/(504.71 – 291.3)

ec = 0.5 or 50%
HEAT TRANSFER
1). A 15 cm thick wall has a thermal conductivity of 5 W/m-oK. If inside .md outside surface
temperature of the wall are 200°C and 30°C, lespectively. Determine the heat transmitted.

A. 5.67 KW/m2 C. 8.87 KW/m2

B. 4.68 KW/m2 D. 6.87 KW/m2

SOLUTION:

Q = kA (t2-t1)/X

Q = 5A(200 - 30)/0.15

Q/A = 5666.67 W/m2

Q/A = 5.6667 KW/m2

2). Two walls of cold storage plant are composed of an insulating material (k = 0.25 KJ/hr-m-°C),
100 mm thick at the outer layer and material (k = 3.5 KJ/hr-m-°C), 15 cm thick at inner layer. If
the surface temperature at the cold side is 30°C and hot side is 250°C, find the heat transmitted
per square meter.

A. 0.138 KW/m2 C. 0.025 KW/m2

B. 0.450 KW/m2 D. 0.065 KW/m2

SOLUTION:

Q = k1A( t2-t1) /X1

Q= k2A (t2-t3) /X2

Q/A= (t1-t3)/[(X1/k1)+(X2/k2)]

Q/A = 250 – 30)/[(0.15/ 13.5) + (0.100 /0.25)]

Q/A = 0.138 KW/m2

3). Sea water for cooling enters a condenser at 27OC and leaves at 37OC. The condenser
temperature is 45°C, what is the log mean temperature difference?

A. 50.56°C C. 37.82°C

B. 12.33°C D. 80.54°C

SOLUTION:

θmean= (θmax- θmin)/ln (θmax/ θmin)

θmax = 45°C - 27°C

θmax = 18°C

θmin = 45°C - 37°C

 θmin = 8°C

θmean= (θmax- θmin)/ln (θmax/ θmin)

θmean= (18- 8)/ln (18/ 8)

θmean= 12.33OC

4). Determine the thermal conductivity of a material that is use in a 2 m2 test pannel, 25 mm thick
with a temperature difference of 10.8 oFbetween the surfaces. During the 5 hours test period,
the heat transmitted is 200 KJ.

A. 0.045 W/m-oK C. 0.023 W/m-oK

B. 0.560 W/m-oK D. 0.370 W/m-oK

SOLUTION: ∆OC= 5/9 (∆OF)

∆OC = 5/9 (10.8)

∆OC = 6°C

Q = kA(t2-t1) /x

200/5x3600 = k(2)(6)/0.025

k = 2.3148 X 105 KW/m-o k

k = 0.023148 W/m- o k

5). A steam pipe having a surface temperature of 200 °C passes through a room where the
temperature is 27 OC. The outside diameter of pipe is 80 mm and emissivity factor is 0.8. Calculate
the radiated heat loss for 3 m pipe length.

A. 1434.47 W C. 2756.57 W

B. 3746.35 W D. 3546.45 W

SOLUTION:

Ao=πDL

Ao = π(0.08)(3)

Ao = 0.7539 m2

Solving for heat due to radiation:

QR = 20,408.4 x 10-8σAoFe(T14 - T24) J/hr

T1 = 200 + 273

T1 = 473°K

T2 = 27 + 273 • T2 = 3000K
 QR = 20,408.4 x 10-8(0.8)(0.7539) [(473)4 - (300)4]

QR = 5164079.866 J/hr x 1hr/3600sec

QR = 1434.47 W

6). A counter flow heat exchanger is designed to heat fuel oil from 30°C to 90°C while the heating
fluid enters at 140°C and leaves at 105°C. Determine the arithmetic mean temperature
difference.

A.72.5OC B. 62.5 OC

C . 45.5 OC D.67.5 OC

SOLUTION:

AMTD = (θmax +θmin )/2

θmax = 105 – 30

θmax =75 °C

θmin =140 - 90

θmin = 50°C

AMTD = (75 +50 )/2

AMTD = 62.5 °C

7). A heat exchanger has an overall coefficient of heat transfer of 0.50 KW/m 2-oK. Heat loss is 11
KW and the mean temperature difference is 15°C. What is the heat transfer area in ft2?

A. 51.80 ft2 C. 56.80 ft2

B. 37.30 ft2 D. 15.80 ft2

SOLUTION:

Q = UA θm

11 = 0.50 (A )15

A = 1 .467 m2 x (3.281)2ft2/ m2

A = 15.79 ft2

8). Brine enters a circulating brine cooler at the rate of 60 m3/hr at -lO°Cand leaves at -16°C.
Specific heat of brine is 1.072 KJ/kg-OK and specifiC gravity of 1.1. Determine the tons of
refrigeration.
 A. 53.5 TR C. 33.5 TR

B. 65.3 TR D. 44.5 TR

SOLUTION:

Density of brine = 1.1 (1 000 kg/m3)

Density of brine = 1100 kg/m

Mass flow ratr= 1100(60)/3600

m = 18.33 kg/sec

Q = m Cp ∆t

Q = 18.33(1.072) [-10 -(-16)]

Q = 117.92 KW

TR = 117.92/3.516

TR = 33.54 TR

9). A heat exchanger has a hot gas temperature of 300°C and surface conductance on hot side is
200 W /m2-oK. If heat transmitted is 1000 W/m2, what is the surface temperature on the wall at
hot side?

A. 295°C C. 234°C

B. 465°C D. 354°C

SOLUTION:

Q = A (ho) (∆t)

Q/A = (ho) (t2-t1)

1000 = 200 (300 -t1)

t1 = 295°C

10). A heat exchanger is to be designed for the following specifications:

Hot gas temperature, 1145°C

Cold gas temperature, 45°C

Unit surface conductance on the hot side, 230 W/m2 -OK

Unit surface conductance on the cold side,290 W/m2-oK

Thermal conductivity of the metal wall, 115 W/m-oK

Find the maximum thickness of metal wall-between the hot gas and the cold gas, so that the
maximum temperature of the wall does not exceed 545°C.

A. 10 mm C. 20 mm
 B. 30 mm D. 40 mm

SOLUTION:

Hot side

Q = h1 A (∆t)

Q/A = h1 (t1 - t2)

Q/A = 230(1145 - 545)

Q/A =138000

Cold side

Q = h2 A (∆t)

Q/A = h2 (t2 – t3)

Q/A = 290(545 - 45)

Q/A =138000

138000 = (1145 - 45)/[(1/ 230) + (x/ 115) + (1/ 290)]

x = 0.020115 m

x=20.115mm

11). An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and walls are at 250C. The
outside diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and emissivity are 200°C and
0.80, respectively. If the coefficient associated with free convection heat transfer from the
surface to the air is 15 W/m2-oK, what is the rate of heat loss from the surface per unit length of
pipe?

A. 998 w/m2 C. 762 w/m2

B. 872 w/m2 D. 422 w/m2

SOLUTION:

Qc = heat transmitted by convection

Qc = ho Ao (t 1 - t2)

Qc = 15[π (0.07) L](200 - 25)

Qc /L = 577.268 W/m

QR = heat transmitted by radiation

QR = 20,408.4 X 10-8 A Fe(T14 - T24) ,J/hr

where: Ao = π(0.07)L

T1 = 200 + 273
 T1 = 473°k

T2 = 25 + 273

T2 = 298°k

QR = 20,408.4 X 10-8 [π(0.07)L (0.8)[(473)4 - (298)4]

QR /L = 1,514,032 J/hr x 1/3600

QR/L = 420.564 W/m

Q/L= Qc + QR

Q/L = 577.268 + 420.564

Q/L = 997.832 W/m

12). A turbo-charged, 16 cylinder, Vee-type diesel engine has an air consumption 0f 3,000 kg/hr
per cylinder at rated load and speed. This air is drawn in through a filter by a centrifugal
compressor directly connected to the exhaust gas turbine. The temperature of the air from the
compressor is 145°C and a counter flow air cooler reduces the air temperature to 45°C before it
goes to the engine suction header. Cooling water enters air cooler at 30°C and leaves at 38°C.
Calculate the log mean

temperature difference.

A. 47°C C. 34°C

B. 87°C D. 65°C

θmean = (θmax- θmin)/ln (θmax/ θmin)

(θmax =145-38

Θmax =107 °C

θmin =45-30

θmin =15 °C

θmean = (107- 15)/ln (107/ 15)

θmean = 46.82 = 47oC

13). A turbo-charged, 16 cylinder, Vee-type diesel engine has an air consumption of 3,000 kg/hr
per cylinder at rated load and speed. This air is drawn in through a filter by a centrifugal
compressor directly connected to the exhaust gas turbine. The temperature of the air from the
compressor is 145°C and a counter flow air cooler reduces the air temperature to 45°C before it
goes to the engine suction header. Cooling water enters air cooler at 30°C and leaves at 38°C.
Calculate the quantity of cooling water in m3/hr required to cool the total air requirements of
the engine at rated load and speed.

A. 144 C. 123

B. 132 D. 124

SOLUTION:

Heat gained by water = heat lost by air

(m cp ∆t)water = (m cp ∆t)air

mw(4.187)(38 - 30) = 48,000(1.0)(145 - 45)

mw = 143,301 kg/hr

Ave. temp of water = (30 + 38)/2

Average temperature = 34°C

From steam table,

Vf at 34°C = 0.0010 056 m3/kg

Volume flow = 143,301x0.001 0056)

Volume flow = 144.1 m3/hr

14). An oil heater heats 100 kg per minute of oil from 35°C to 100°C in a counter flow heat
exchanger. The average specific heat of the oil is 2.5 KJ/kg-oC. Exhaust gases used for heating
enter the heater with an average specific heat of 1 KJ/kg-OC, a mass flow rate of 250 kg/min and
an initial temperature of 200°C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 75 W 1m2 -oC. Determine
heating surface in square meters

A. 16.11 C.13.11 ~

B. 63.11 D. 36.11

SOLUTION:

Heat gained by oil = Heat lost by gas

(m cp ∆t)Oil = (m cp ∆t)gas

100(2.5)(100 - 35) = 250(1 )(200 - to)

to = 135°C

Heat transferred = (100/60)(2.5)(100 - 35)

 Heat transferred = 270.83 KW

∆tA = 135 - 35

∆tA = 100°C

∆tB = 200 - 100

∆ts = 100°C

Since ∆tA = ∆tB, use the average value

∆tm = (100 + 100)/2

∆tm = 100°C

Q = U A ∆tm

270.83 = (0.075) (A) (100)

A = 36.11 m2

15). A surface condenser serving a 50,000 KW steam turbo-generator unit receives exhaust steam
at the rate of 196,000 kg/hr. Vacuum in condenser is 702 mm Hg. Sea water for cooling enters at
29.5°C and leaves at 37.5°C. For steam turbine condenser, manufacturers consider 950 Btu/lb of
steam turbine condensed as heat given up to cooling water. Calculate logarithmic mean
temperature difference in oF.

A.10 C. 12

B. 14 D. 16

SOLUTION:

Condenser pressure = 101.325 - (702 x 101.325/760)

Condenser pressure = 7.733 Kpa

From steam table, at 0.007733 Mpa, tsat = 40.86°C

∆tA = 40.86 - 29.5

∆tA = 11.36°C

∆tB = 40.86 - 37.5

∆tB = 3.36°C

θmean=11.36 - 3.36 In(11 .36/ 3.36)

θmean = 6.56°C
 θmean =6.56 °C x 1.8°F/°C

θmean = 11.82 °F

16). A surface condenser serving a 50,000 KW steam turbo-generator unit receives exhaust steam
at the rate of 196,000 kg/hr. Vacuum in condenser is 702 mm Hg. Sea water for cooling enters at
29.5°C and leaves at 37.5°C. For steam turbine condenser design, manufacturers consider 950
Btu/lb of steam turbine condensed as heat given up to cooling water. Calculate the required
quantity of cooling water in cubic meters per hour. .

A. 10,374 C. 11,345

B. 12,445 D. 13,509

SOLUTION:

Heat absorbed by cooling water = 950(196,000)(2.205)

Heat absorbed by cooling water = 410,571,000 Btu/hr

Average SG of sea water is 1.03 and Cp of gas is 0.93 Btu/lb-oF

m cp ∆t = 410,571,000

m(0.93)(37.5 - 29.5)= 410,571,000

m = 30,657,930.11 Ibs/hr

V = 30,657,930.11/(62.5)(1.03)

V = 477,003 ft3/hr

V = 477,003/35.31

V = 13,509 m3/hr

17). Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6" wall of firebrick with a temperature differences
across the wall of 50°C. The thermal conductivity of the firebrick is 0.65 Btu/hr-ft-oF.

A. 285 W/m2 C. 112W/m2

B. 369W/m2 D. 429W/m2

SOLUTION:

Q = kA(ta- tb) /x
 ta - tb = 50(9/5)

ta - tb = 90°F

Q/A = k (ta- tb) /x

Q/A = 0.65(90)/(6/12)

Q/A = 117 Btu/hr-ft2

Q/A = 117 Btu/hr-ft2 x 1055J/Btu x 1 hr/3600sec x 10.76 ft2/m2

Q/A = 369 W/m2

18). Water is flowing in a pipe with radius of 25.4 cm at a velocity of 5 m/sec at the temperature
in the pipe. The density and viscosity of the water are as follows: density = 997.9 kg/sec ; viscosity
= 1.131 Pa-s. What is the Reynolds Number for this situation?

A. 2241 C. 3100

B. 96.2 D. 1140

SOLUTION:

R = DV/ υ

where:

D= 2(25.4)

D= 50.8 cm

D = 0.508 m

Vo = velocity

Vo = 5 m/sec

υ = kinematic viscosity

υ = μ/ρ

υ = 1.131/997.9

υ = 0.0011334 m2/sec

Re=0.508(5)/ 0.0011334

Re = 2241

19). The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its
surrounding, which are at 25°C, by a brick wall 0.15 m thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity
of 1.2 W/m-oK and surface emissivity of 0.8. Under steady state conditions and outer surface
temperature of 100°C is measured. Free convection heat transfer to the air adjoining this surface
is characterized by a convection coefficient of 20 W/m2-oK. What is the brick inner surface
temperature in OC?

A. 623.7°C C. 461.4°C

B. 352.5 °C D. 256.3°C

SOLUTION:

Qc =convection heat transfer

Qc = Aho (t1 - t2)

Qc /A = 20(100-25)
 Qc /A= 1500 W/m2 .

Q= radiated heat loss

Qr/A= 20,408.4 x 10-8 Fe (T14 -T24),J/hr-m2

Qr/A = 20,408.4 x 10-8 (0.8)[(100+273)4 - (25+273)4]

Qr/A = 1,872,793 J/hr-m2 x (1/3600)

Qr/A = 520 W/m2

Q /A = Qc/A + Qr/A

Q /A =1500 + 520

Q /A =2020 W/m2

Q /A = k(ta - tb)/X

2020 = 1.2(ta - 100)/0.15

ta =352.5°C

20). Steam initially saturated at 2.05 Mpa, passes through a 10.10 cm standard steel pipe for a
total distance of 152 m. The steam line is insulated with a 5.08 cm thickness of 85% magnesia.
For an ambient temperature of 22°C, what is the quality of the steam which arises at its
destination if the mass flow rate is 0.125 kg steam per second?

Properties of steam:

Pressure 2.05 Mpa; Temperature =213.67 °C

Enthalpy : hf= 914.52 hfg = 1885.5 hg =2800.0

k for 85% magnesia=0.069 W/m-oK ; ho for still air= 9.36 W/m-oK

A. 93% C. 84%

B. 98% D. 76%

SOLUTION:

Heat transferred= change in enthalpy of steam

Q(ΣR)=ti-to

Q[(ln (r2/r1)/2πkL) +1/ hoAo]= ti-to

Q=ms(h1 - h2)

h = hf + xhfg

r1 = 10.10/2
 r1 = 5.05 cm

r2 = 5.08 + 5.05

r2 = 10.13 cm

Ao=2πrL

Ao = 2π(0.1013)(152)

Ao= 96.746 m2

Conduction :

Q =2πkL (ti – t1)/In(r2/r1)

Convection:

Q =hoAo(t1-to)

Combined conduction and convection:

ti-to= Q(ΣR)

ti-to =Q[(ln (r2/r1)/2πkL) +1/ hoAo]

(213.67-22)=Q[(In(0.1013/0.0505)/2π(0.069)(152)+1/96.746(9.36)]

Q =16,427.4 W

Q =16.427 KW

Q=ms(h1 - h2)

16.4274=0.125(2800 - h2)

h2 = 2668.6

h = hf + xhfg

2668.6=914.52 + x(1885.5)

x = 93%
COOLING TOWER
1. Determine the approximate amount of air to be handled and the quantity of make-up water
required by a cooling tower that is to cool 12.62 lps from 36℃ to 31℃. Atmospheric
conditions are 35℃ DB and 25℃ WB. Assume that air leaves the tower at 32℃ DB and 90%
RH. Properties of air entering the tower: h=80.38 kJ/kg d.a. and W=0.0177 kg/kg d.a.
Properties of air leaving the tower: h=102.0 kJ/kg d.a. and W=0.0274 kg/kg d.a.

a.12.22 kg/s, 0.119 kg/s c. 12.22 kg/s, 1.19 kg/s

b.12.22 kg/s, 0.911 kg/s d. 12.22 kg/s, 1.91 kg/s

Solution:

mu=(W2-W1)ma

QA=mw Cpw(Δt)

QR=ma(h2-h1)

QR=QA

ma(h2-h1) =mw Cpw(Δt)

ma(102-80.38)=12.62(4.187)(36-32)

ma= 12.87 kg/sec

mu=(0.0274-0.0177)12.87

mu= 0.125 kg/s

2. The change of enthalpy of air in a cooling tower is 81.42 kJ/kg d.a. and the mass flow rate of
air is 206 kg/min. water enters the tower at the rate of 190 lpm and 46ºC. Determine the
exit temperature of water.

a. 25ºC c. 24ºC

b. 24.92ºC d. 42ºC

c.

QA=mw Cpw(Δt)

QR=ma(h2-h1)

QR=QA

ma(h2-h1) =mw Cpw(Δt)

206(81.42)=190(46-Tb)
 Tb= 42.27ºC

3. The change of temperature of water entering the cooling tower and the WB temperature of
surrounding air is 23ºC, and the efficiency of the tower is 65%. If the mass flow rate of the
water is 15 kg/s. determine the heat carried away by the air, in kW.

a. 983.93 kW c. 938. 93 kW

b. 993.83 kW d. 939. 83 kW

Solution:

QR= mwCpw (Ta - Tb)

QA=ma(h2-h1)

QR= QA

mwCpw (Ta - Tb) =ma(h2-h1)

e= (Ta-Tb)/(Ta-WB1)

0.65= (Ta-Tb)/(23)

(Ta-Tb)= 14.95 ºC

QR= mwCpw (Ta - Tb)

QR= 15(4.187)(14.95)

QR = 938.93 Kw

4. The amount of water carried by air in a cooling tower is 6.8 kg/min. The change in humidity
ratio in the tower outlet and inlet is 0.025 kg/kg d.a. Determine the volume flow rate of air
needed if the specific volume is 0.8123 m3 /kg d.a.

a. 221 m3/min c. 221 m3/min

b. 122 m3/min d. 212 m3/min

Solution:

Va=ma x υa

mu=(W2-W1)ma

6.8=(0.025) ma

ma = 272 kg/min
 Va=ma x υa

Va = 272 x0.8123

Va = 221 m3/min

5. The approach and efficiency of a cooling tower are 10ºC and 65%, respectively. If the
temperature of water leaving the tower is 27ºC, what is the temperature of water entering
the tower?

a. 45.57 ºC c. 47.55ºC

b. 55.47 ºC d. 54.75ºC

Solution: t4=27, Approach=10oC

e= (T3-T4)/(T3-Wb1)

Approach= t4-wb1=10 ºC

Wb1=27 ºC -10 ºC =17 ºC

e= (T3-T4)/(T3-Wb1)

0.65 = (T3-27)/(T3-17)

0.65 (T3-17) = (T3-27)

0.65T3- 0.65(17) = (T3-27)

T3=[27 -0.65(17)]/0.35

T3= 45.57 ºC

6. In an induced draft cooling tower the circulating flow of water is 126 kg/s, entering the tower
at 38OC (h=159.21 kJ/kg) and leaves at 27OC (h=113.25).The inlet air conditions are27OC DB
and 15OC WB (h=42.0kJ/kg d.a.; W=0.0056 kg/kg d.a.) while exit condition is 32 OC DB and
90%RH (h=102.0 kJ/kg d.a., W=0.0275 kg/kg d.a.). How much is the make-up water required.

a. 2.118 kg/s c. 8.112 kg/s

b. 1.828 kg/s d. 2.811 kg/s

Solution:

mu=(W2-W1)ma
 QA=mw Cpw(Δt)

QR=ma(h2-h1)

QR=QA

ma(h2-h1) =mw (ha-hb)

ma(102.0-42.0)=126(159.21-113.25)

ma = 96.516 kg/sec

mu = 96.516(0.0275-0.0056)

mu = 2.1137 kg/s

7. Water at 55OC is cooled in a cooling tower having an efficiency of 65%. Atmospheric air is
32OC and 70% RH (WB=27.4 OC). The heat rejected from the condenser is 2,300,000 kJ/hr.
Find the pump capacity in liters per second to circulate the cold water.

a. 8.57 L/s c. 7.58 L/s

b. 5.87 L/s d. 6.57 L/s

SOLUTION:

QR=QA=mwCP ∆T

e= ∆T/TWi-WBA

0.65= ∆T/55-27.4

∆T= 17.94 OC

(2,300,000 kJ/hr)hr/3600 s= mw 4.187(17.94)

mw = 8.57 kg/s

8.57 kg/s( 1 li/kg)= 8.57 li/s

8. An atmospheric cooling tower is to cool the jacket water of a four stroke 800 kW Diesel
generator set. The tower efficiency is 60% at a temperature approach of 10OC. If the ambient
air has a relative humidity of 70% and DB of 32OC (WB=27.45OC), determine the cooling
water supplied to the diesel engine in liters per hour. Generator efficiency is 97%, useful
work=30%, and cooling loss=25%.

a. 39,800 L/hr c. 38,800 L/hr

b. 45,800 L/hr d. 40,800 L/hr

SOLUTION:

QR=QA=mwCP ∆T
 e= ∆T/TWi-WBA

Approach=TWO-WBA

10 OC = TWO-27.45 OC

TWO =37.45 OC

0.60= TWi -TWO /TWi - WBA

0.60= TWi -37.45 /TWi – 27.45

TWi = 52.45 OC

∆T= TWi -TWO

∆T = 52.45 – 37.45

∆T = 15 OC

QR= (800kW)0.25/0.97(0.30)

QR = 61.8556 kW

QR = QA = mwCP ∆T

687.285 kW = mw(4.187)(15)

mw = 10.94 kg/s

kg/s( 1 li/kg)= 10.94 li/s = 39384 li/hr

9. Fifty gallons of water per minute enters the tower at 46OC. Atmospheric air at 16OC DB and
55% RH (υ=0.828 m3/kg, W=0.0056 kg/kg d.a.) enters at 2.85 m3/s and leaves at 32OC
saturated (W=0.0308 kg/kg d.a.). Determine the volume of water that leaves the tower
(water that falls to the basin).

a. 3.10 L/s c. 5.10 L/s

b. 4.10 L/s d. 6.10 L/s

SOLUTION:

m3-m4 = mA (W2-W1)

m3= (50 gal/min)3.785 li/gal(1 kg/li)/60 s

m3 = 3.154 kg/s0

mA= (2.85 m3/s)/(0.828 m3/kg)

mA= 3.44 kg/s

 m3-m4 = 3.44 (0.0308 – 0.0056)

m4 = 3.067 kg/s

V4 = 3.067 (1 li/kg)

V4 = 3.067 li/s

10. A 250,000 kg/hr of water at 35°C enters a cooling tower where it is to be cooled to 17.5°C.
the energy is to be exchanged with atmospheric air entering the units at 15°C and leaving
the unit at 30°C. The air enters at 30% RH and leaves at 85% RH. If all process are assumed
to occur at atmospheric pressure, determine the percentage of total water flow that is
made up water.
a. 2.22% b. 3.33% c. 4.44% d. 1.11%

Solution :

Percentage make-up water = Mass of make-up water / 250 000

Solving for mass of make-up water:

At 15⁰C and 30% RH:

h1= 23.02 kJ/kg

W1 = 0.0033 kg/kg

At 30⁰C and 85% RH :

h2 = 89.01 kJ/kg

w2 =0.0233 kg/kg

Heat loss by water = heat gained by air

MwCpwt = ma (h2- h1)

250000 (4.187)(35-17.5) = ma(89.01-23.2)

ma = 277 589.41 kg/hr

Then ;the mass of make-up water, ms :

m5 = ma (w2-w1)

m5= 277 589.41(0.0233-0.0033)

m = 5 551.79 kg/hr

thus, the percentage make-up water,

%make-up = 5 551.79 / 250 000

= 0.0222 or 2.22%
FANS AND BLOWERS
1). Calculate the required motor capacity needed to drive a forced –draft fan serving a stoker
fired boiler using coal as fuel.

Combustion data includes the following :

Atmospheric air 101.3 kPa ; 20°C
Weight of fuel burned per hour 10 tons
Ultimate analysis of fuel :
C = 78% S = 1%
H = 3% A = 8%
O = 3% M = 7%
Excess air 30%
Fuel bed and air heater resistance 18 cm WG
Fan efficiency 60%

A.87.84 KW B. 82.87 KW C.84.87 KW D. 88.72 KW

Pmotor= Pair/efan

Solving for Pair

Theoretical air required for the combustion of coal.
Wt = 11.5 C + 34.5 (H – O/8) + 4.3 S
= 11.5 ( 0.78) + 34.5 (0.03 – 0.03/8) + 4.3 (0.01)
= 9.92 kg air / kg fuel

Actual weight of air supplied into the boiler :

Wa= ( 1 + e ) Wt
Wa = ( 1 + 0.30 ) ( 9.92 kg air/ kg fuel ) [ 10 (1000) kg fuel / hr ]
Wa= 128,942 kg air / hr

Volume of air demanded by the boiler from the forced draft fan :
Q = 128.942/1.2
Q = 107,451.77 m3/hr
Q = 29.85 m3/s
Then,
Pair= [ 1.2 (0.00981) ] (29.85) [ (0.18)(1000/1.2)]
= 52.71 kW
Thus,
Pmotor= 52.71/0.60
Pmotor= 87.84 kW

2). A boiler requires 75,000 m3 /hr of standard air. What is the motor power if it can deliver a
total pressure of 145 mm of water gage. The mechanical efficiency of fan is 64%.

A. 40.30 KW B. 46.30 KW C. 42.45 KW D. 43.69 KW

Pmotor= Pair/efan

Solving for Pair :

Pair = γ Q h
 Where :
h = 0.145 ( 1000/1.2)
h = 120.83 m
then,
Pair = [ ( 1.2 )(0.00981) ] (75000/3600)(120.83)
Pair = 29.63 kW

Thus ;

Pmotor = 29.63/0.64

Pmotor = 46.30 kW

3). A 40 in. diameter fan rated at 160,000 cfm standard air at 16 in. and pressure is operating at
1200 rpm. Solve for the specific speed.

a.386,845.18 rpm b.380,125.20 rpm

c.384,845.18 rpm d.392,865.28 rpm

Ns = specific speed

Ns = N(Q) 0.5/h 3/4

Ns = 1200(160,000)0.5 /(4/3)3/4

Ns = 386,845.18 rp
4). The motor power needed to drive the fan is 75 kW and the volume flow rate delivered by
fan is 23 𝑚3 /s and 20 cm water gage. The density of air is 1.2 kg/𝑚3 . What is the fan efficiency?

a. 60% b.62% c. 64% d. 65%

efan= Pair /Pmotor

Solving for Pair:

Pair = [ ( 1.2 )(0.00981)(23) ][ 0.20 (1000/1.2)]
Pair = 45.126 kW
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛,
efan = 45.126/75
efan = 0.60168
efan = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟖%

5). In a certain installation, a fan when driven by a 7.5 HP motor at a speed of 600rpm delivers
510 𝑚3 of air per minute at a total pressure of 5cm WC. If in the same installation, 6.5cm WC
pressure is required. What power and motor speed will the fan be driven?

a. 564.11 rpm, 11.12HP

b. 684.11 rpm, 10.12HP
c. 684.11 rpm, 11.12HP
d. 584.11 rpm, 10.12HP

Fan drive speed :

(N2/N1)2 = h2/h1
(N2/600)2 = 6.5/5.0
(N2/600)2 = 6.5/5.0
N2=684.11 rpm

Motor Power required :

P2/P1= (N2/N1)3
P2/7.5= (684.11/600)3
P2=11.12hp

6). A tabular air heater is installed in line with the boiler, and the fan is now required to supply
heated air for combustion at 90°C. What drive power is required and the new total pressure
that this fan will operate if it is going to deliver the same volume of heated air at 1200 rpm?

a. 3.28 cm WG, 4.10HP c. 3.28 cm WG, 5.50 HP

b. 3.95 cm WG, 5.5HP d. 3.95 cm WG, 4.10 HP

Solving for the new head :

 h2/h1=ρ2/ρ1
ρ2/ρ1=T1/T2

ρ2/ρ1=(25+273)/(90+273)
ρ2/ρ1=0.82

h2/h1= 0.82

h2=3.28 cm WG

Solving for the new drive power :

P2/P1= ρ2/ρ1

P2/P1= 0.82

P2/5= 0.82

P2=4.10 hp

𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 ∶ when air is heated, its density decreases and the pressure needed is move the air to
the combustion chamber will be lesser resulting to the decrease in fan power requirement.

7). A fan has a suction pressure of 5cm water vacuum with air velocity of 5 m/s. The discharge
has 20 cm WG and discharge velocity of 10 m/s. Find the head of fan.

a. 198.61 m b. 189.61 m c.212.15 m d. 200 m

h=hs+hv
Where :

hs=(hdw-hsw)ρw/ρa

hs=(0.20-(-0.05)1000/1.2

hs=208.33 m

hv=(Vd2-Vs2)/2g

hv=(102-52)/2(9.81)

hv=3.82 m

Thus,

h=208.33+3.82

h=212.15 m
8). An Air Handling Unit (AHU) for an airconditioning system has a centrifugal fan with backward
curved blades mounted on a scroll housing driven by a motor at 750 rpm. The fan delivers 2000
cfm of air against 3 in. WC static pressure (including resistance of ducts, elbows, cooling coils,
and outlet grills) and 0.80 in. WC velocity pressure. Calculate the tip speed of the wheel.

a. 3100 fpm b. 3000 fpm c. 3586 fpm d. 3500 fpm

Solution:
The speed of the wheel :
V = (2ghv)0.5
Solving for the hv:
ρahva=ρwhvw
(0.075)hva=(0.8/1.2)(62.4)
hva=55.46 ft of H2O

Note :
ρa=0.075 lb/ft3
ρw=62.4 lb/ft3
then;
V = (2(32.2)55.46)0.50
V = 59.77 ft/s
V = 3,586 ft/s
CHIMNEY
1). A boiler uses 2500 kg of coal per hour and air required for combustion is 16 kg per kg of
coal. If ash loss is 10%, determine the mass of gas entering the chimney.

A. 42,250 kg/hr C. 85,452 kg/hr

B. 78,300 kg/hr D. 33,800 kg/hr

Solution:

mg = ma + mf - mash

A/F = ma/mf

16 = ma/mf

ma = 16 mf

mg = 16 mf + mf - 0.10 mf

mg = 16.9 mf

mg = 16.9(2500) mg = 42,250 kg/hr

2). The flue gas density of chimney is 0.75 kg/m3 and air density of 1.15 kg/m3. If the driving
pressure is 0.25 Kpa, determine the height of chimney.

A. 54.6 m C. 74.6 m

B. 63.7 m D. 68.5 m

Solution:

hw = H(da - dg)

0.25 = H(1.15 - 0.75)(0.00981 kN/m3)

H = 63.71 m

3). The actual velocity of gas entering in a chimney is 8 m/sec. The gas temperature is 5°C and
pressure of 98 Kpa with a gas constant of 0.287 KJikg_°K. Determine the chimney diameter if
mass of gas is 50,000 kg/hr.

A. 1.57 m C. 3.56 m

B. 1.81 m D. 1.39 m

SOLUTION:

P Vg = mg Rg T

98(Vg) = (50,000/3600)(0.278)(25 + 273)

Vg = 12.12 m3/sec

Vg = A x v

11.74 =( π/4) D2x (8)

 D = 1.39 m φ

4). A coal fired steam boiler uses 3000 kg of coal per hour. Air required for combustion is 15.5
kg per kg of coal at barometric pressure of 98.2 Kpa. The flue gas ha temperature of 285°C and
an average molecular weight of 30. Assuming an ash los of 11 % and allowable gas velocity of
7.5 m/sec, find the diameter of chimney.

SOLUTION:

Amt. of air required =15.5(3000)= 46,500 kg/hr

R = 8.314/M R = 8.314/30

R = 0.277 KJ/kg oK

By mass balance: mc ,

ma + mf = mash + mg

46,500 + 3000 = 0.11 (3000) + mg

mg = 49,170 kg/hr

PVg = mRgTg

98.2(Vg) = (49,170/3600)(0.277)(285 + 273)

Vg = 21.498 m3/sec

Let D = diameter of chimney Q = Axv

Q = (π/4) D2)v

21.498 =(π/4) D2)(7.5)

D = 1.91 m

5). A power plant situated at an altitude having an ambient air of 96.53 Kpa and 23.88°C. Flue
gases at a rate of 5.0 kg/see enter the stack at 200°C and leaves at 160°C. The flue gases
gravimetric analysis are 18% C02, 7% 02 and 75% N2. Calculate the height of stack necessary for
a driving pressure of 0.20 Kpa.

SOLUTION:

Solving for the molecular weight and gas constant of the flue gas:

C02 02 N2

18% 7% 75%

0.18/44 = 0.00409

0.07/32 = 0.00219
 0.75/28 = 0.02678

0.03306

Chimney

Mg = 1/0.03306

Mg = 30.25

Rg = 8.3143/30.25

Rg = 0.275

Tg = (200 + 160)/2

Tg = 180°C

dg = P/RT

dg= 96.53/ (0.275)(180 + 273)

dg = 0.775 kg/m3

da = P/RT

da = 96.53 /(0.287)(23.88 + 273)

da = 1.133 kg/m3

Draft = H(da - dg)

0.20 = H(1.133 - 0.775)(0.00981)

H = 56.95 m

6). A power plant situated at an altitude having an ambient air of 96.53 Kpa and

23.880C. Flue gases at a rate of 5.0 kg/see enter the stack at 200°C and leaves at 1600C. The
flue gases gravimetric analysis are 18% C02, 7% 02 and 75% N2. Calculate the diameter of stack
in meters for a driving pressure of 0.20 Kpa.

SOLUTION:

Solving for the molecular weight and gas constant of the flue gas:

C02 02 N2

18% 7% 75%

Mg = 1/0.03306 Mg = 30.25
 Rg = 8.314/30.25 Rg = 0.275

Tg = 200 + 160 2

Tg = 180°C

dg = P/RT

dg=96.53 /(0.275)(180 + 273)

dg = 0.775 kg/m3

vt = theoretical velocity

vt = (2ghw)0.5

weight of flue gas=0.775(0.00981)

0.18/44 = 0.00409

0.07/32 = 0.00219

0.75/28 = 0.02678

0.03306

hw = 26.30 m of flue gas

vt ={[2(9.81)(26.3)]0.5

v = 22.716m/sec

Actual velocity = 40% vt

Actual velocity = 0.40(22.716)

Actual velocity = 9.1 m/sec

Q = Axv

(5/0.775) = (π/4) D 2)(9.1)

D = 0.95 m φ

7). A steam generator with economizer and air heater has an overall draft loss of 21.78 cm of
water. If the stack gases are at 177 oC and if the atmosphere is at 101.3 Kp and 26°C, what
theoretical height of stack in meters is needed when no draft fan are used? Assume that the gas
constant for the flue gases is the same as that for air.

A. 565 C. 545

B. 535 D. 550
SOLUTION:

da = P/RT

=101.325/ (0.287)(26 + 273)

da=.180 kg/m3

dg = P/RgTg

dg=101.3/ (0.287)(177 + 273)

dg = 0.784 kg/m3

Draft = 0.2178(1000)

Draft = 217.8 Kg/m2

Draft = H(da - dw)

217.8 = H(1.18-0.784)

H = 550 m

8). If the actual draft required for a furnace is 6.239 cm of water and the frictional losses in the
stack are 15% of the theoretical draft, calculate the required stack height in meters. Assume
that the 'flue gas have an average temperature of 149°C and molecular weight of 30. Assume
air temperature of 21°C.

A. 215 C.220

B. 230 D. 210

SOLUTION:

hw = total draft

hw = 6.239 + 0.15hw hw = 7.34 cm water

Chimney

hw = 0.0734(9.81) hw = 0.72 Kpa

da = P/RT

da =101.325/(0.287)(21 + 273)

da = 1.2 kg/m3

dg = P/RT

d g=101.325/(8.314/30)(149 + 273)
 dg = 0.867 kg/m3

hw = H(da - dg)

0.72 = H(1.2 - 0.867)(0.00981)

H = 220 m

9). A steam boiler plant consumes 9,000 kg of coal per hour and produces 20 -kg of dry f1ue
gases per kg of coal fired. Outside air temperature is 32°C, average lomperature of the flue gas
entering the chimney is 343°C and average temperature of dry flue gas in the chimney is 260°C.
The gage fluid density is 994.78 kg per m3 Ilnd the theoretical draft of 2.286 cm of H20 at the
chimney base is needed when the ilarometric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Determine the height of
the chimney.

A. 46 C. 40

B. 50 D. 56

SOLUTION:

hw = H(da - dg)

hw = h x w

hw = (0.02286)(994.78)

hw = 22.74 kg/m2

P=da R T

da=P/RT

P = 760 mm Hg

P = 101 .325 kpa

da =101.325/(0.287)(32 + 273)

da = 1.157 kg/m3

dg = P /R T

dg=101.325/ (0.287)(260 + 273)

dg = 0.662 kg/m3

hw = H(da - dg)

22.74 = H(1.157 - 0.662)

H = 46 m