Tablet Coating Boss

Available Online through
www.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.com IJPBS |Volume 3| Issue 1 |JAN-MAR |2013|248-261
Review Article
Pharmaceutical Sciences
TABLET COATING INDUSTRY POINT VIEW- A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
*
B.VENKATESWARA REDDY, K. NAVANEETHA, B.RASHMITHA REDDY
Department of Pharmaceutics, St.Paul's College of Pharmacy,
Turakayamjal village, Hayath Nagar Mandal, Ranga Reddy Dist-501510, A.P.
*Corresponding Author Email:
ABSTRACT
Tablet Coating is a process by which an essentially dry, outer layer of coating material is applied to the surface of a
dosage form in order to confer specific benefits over uncoated variety. The advantages of tablet coating are taste
masking, odor masking, physical and chemical protection, protection of the drug from the gastric environment etc.
The important reason to coat a pharmaceutical dosage form is to control the release profile and bioavailability of
the active ingredient. The various techniques of coating such as sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating. The
amount of coating solution applied and the thickness of the coating layer determines the release of the drug from
the delivery system. Tablets are usually coated in conventional coating pans by spraying the coating solution on
the free surface of the tablet bed and subsequent drying of the solution. The main focus of this review is, to study
various key factors associated with coating, , latest techniques of coating such as dip coating, laminated coating,
electrostatic, vacuum film coating and problem encountered during the coating process.
KEY WORDS
Tablet coating, laminated coating, Pharma industry, gastric environment, bioavailability.
INTRODUCTION Coating may be applied to a wide range of oral

TABLET: solid dosage form, such as particles, powders,
A tablet is a pharmaceutical dosage form. It granules, crystals, pellets and tablets. When
comprises a mixture of active substances and coating composition is applied to a batch of
excipients, usually in powder form, pressed or tablets in a coating pan, the tablet surfaces
compacted into a solid. Tablets Dosage form is become covered with a tacky polymeric film.
one of a most preferred dosage form all over the Before the tablet surface dries, the applied
world. Almost all drug molecules can be coating changes from a sticky liquid to tacky
formulated in a tablet and process of semisolid, and eventually to a nonsticky dry
manufacturing of tablets is very simple, and is Surface pans. The entire coating process is
very flexible. One can administered 0.01 mg of a conducted in a series of mechanically operated
drug dose to 1 gm of a drug dose by oral route of acorn-shaped coating pans of galvanized iron
administration, by formulating as a tablet. stainless steel or copper. The smaller pans are
TABLET COATING: used for experimental, developmental, and pilot
Coating is a process by which an essentially dry, plant operations, the larger pans for industrial
outer layer of coating material is applied to the production.
248
surface of a dosage form in order to confer

specific benefits over uncoated variety.
Page
International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

B.Venkateswara Reddy*et al Int J Pharm Bio Sci
www.ijpbs.com or www.ijpbsonline.com
Objectives to coat a tablet • Tablets that are to be coated must possess

THERAPY the proper physical characteristics. In the
• To avoid irritation of oesophagus and coating process, the tablets roll in a
stomach coating pan or cascade in the air stream of
• To avoid inactivation of drug in the stomach an air suspension coating as the coating
• To modify the drug release composition is applied.
• To improve patient compliance • To tolerate the intense attrition of tablets
• To mask the bitter taste striking other tablets or walls of the
TECHNOLOGY coating equipment, the tablets must be
• To decrease the influence of moisture and resistant to abrasion and chipping.
atmosphere. • Tablet surfaces that are brittle, that soften
• Reduces the risk of interaction between in the presence of heat, or that are
incompatible material affected by the coating composition tend
• Improve the drug stability to become rough in the early phase of the
• To prolong the shelf life of the drug coating process and are unacceptable for
MARKETING film coating.
• To avoid bitter taste • The ideal tablet shape for coating is a,
• To improve product identity sphere, which allows the tablets to roll
• To improve the appearance and acceptability freely in a coating pan, with minimum
• In improving product robustness tablet to tablet contact. The more convex
Disadvantages of tablet coating the surface is, the fewer difficulties will be
• Disadvantages of sugar coating such as encountered with tablets agglomeration.
relatively high cost, long coating time and • The surface properties of the tablet
high bulk have led to the use of other coating depend on the chemical nature of the
materials. ingredients utilized in the formulation.
• However the process of coating is tedious and
time-consuming and it requires the expertise 2. COATING PROCESS
of highly skilled technician. Three types of equipments
KEY FACTORS A. Conventional Pan Systems
1. TABLET PROPERTIES a) Pellegrini system
• Shape b) Immersion-sword system
• Tolerance c) Immersion –tube system
• Surface area B. Perforated Pans Systems
2. COATING PROCESS a) Accela-coata
• Equipments b) Hi-coater systems
• Parameters c) Driacoater
• Facility and ancillary equipment d) Glatt coater
• Automation C. Fluid Bed Systems
3. COATING COMPOSITION
• Polymers A. Conventional pan systems: The standard
• Solvents coating pan system consists of a circular
•
249
Plasticizers metal pan mounted somewhat angularly

• Colorants on a stand. The pan is 8-60 inches
1. TABLET PROPERTIES
Page

diameter and is rotated on its horizontal

axis by a motor. Heated air is directed
into the pan and onto the tablet bed
surface, and is exhausted by means of
ducts positioned through the front of the
pan.
c) Immersion-tube system:
• The tube immersed delivers heated
air and
• Coating solution is applied through
spray nozzle built in the tip of tube
a) Pellegrini pan: • The drying air flows upward through
• Has a baffled pan and diffuser for the tablet bed and is exhausted by a
uniform distribution of drying air. conventional duct.
• It is enclosed and automated.
b) Immersion-sword system:
• Drying air is introduced through a B. Perforated pan system: It consists of a
perforated metal sword immersed in Perforated or partially perforated drum that
the tablet bed. rotates on its horizontal axis in an enclosed
• The drying air flows upward through housing.
bed. a) Accela-Coata and Hi-coater system: Drying
• Coating solutions are applied by an air is directed in to drum, is passed through
atomized spray system directed onto bed, and is exhausted through perforations
the tablet bed surface. in to drum.
250
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Accela cota system Hi-coater system
b) Driacoater:
• Introduces drying air through hollow
perforated ribs located inside
periphery of the drum.
• As the coating pan rotates, ribs dip
into tablet bed
• Drying air passes up through and
fluidizes the tablet bed
• Exhaust is from the back of the pan.
C. Fluidized bed (Air suspension system):
• These are highly efficient drying systems
• Fluidization of tablet bed is achieved in a
columnar chamber by the upward flow of
drying air.
• The airflow is controlled so that more air
enters the center of the column, causing
the tablets to rise in the center.
• The movement of tablets is upward
c) Glatt coater : through the center of the chamber. They
• Drying air is directed from inside the then fall towards the chamber wall and
drum through the tablet bed and out move downward to re-enter the air stream
an exhaust duct at the bottom of the chamber.
• It consists of an optional split- • Coating solutions are continuously applied
chambered plenum, drying air can be from a spray nozzle located at the bottom
directed in the reverse manner up of the chamber or are sprayed onto the
through the drum perforations for top of the cascading tablet bed by nozzles
partial fluidization of the tablet bed. located in the upper region of the
251
• Several air flow configurations are chamber.

possible.
Page

evaporation of volatile solvent. Deviation from

these results serious coating problems.
Mathematical modeling for automated aqueous
coating process.
Inlet A (T 1, H 1) +C 1 (S) +pSA 1 A (T 2, H 2) +C
2 +pSA 2 + Exhaust
Where, A (T, H) = Air capacity, C(S) = Coating
Composition, pSA = Tablet surface area, E =
Equipment efficiency.
Spray application System
• Air Capacity
Two basic types of spray system differ in manner
• Coating Composition
in which atomization of liquid is achieved
• Tablet Surface Area
1. High-pressure, air less system - Liquid pumped
• Equipment efficiency
at high pressure (250-3000 psig) through small
Air Capacity: It represents the quantity of water
orifice, fine spray.
or solvent that can be removed during coating
Degree of atomization depends on Fluid
process. This depends on:
pressure, Orifice size,Viscosity of liquid
• Quantity of air flow through tablet bed,
• Temperature of air,
• Water content of inlet air.
Coating Composition: The coating contains the
ingredients that are to be applied on the tablet
surface and the solvents, which acts as a carrier
2. Low-pressure, Air atomized - Liquid pumped
for the ingredients.
through large orifice at low pressure (5-50 psig).
• The inlet air provides the heat to evaporate
Air contacts liquid stream at tip of
the water/ solvent.
atomizer and fine spray is produced.
• The exhaust air becomes cooler and contains
Controlling variables-Fluid pressure, Fluid cap
more water, owing to the evaporation of the
orifice, Viscosity of liquid, Air pressure, Air cap
solvent from the coating composition.
design
• If the tablet surfaces are permeable to the
Choice depends on coating solution formula and
applied coating solution, it can cause coating
on the process developed for a particular
difficulties.
product.
• Most of the coating composition is solvent, so
rapid removal is necessary to prevent adverse
effects on tablet integrity.
• Thin, rapidly drying formulations dry quickly
on the tablet surface, allowing constant
application by efficient atomization of coating
solution
Parameters Tablet surface area:
In a continuous coating operation, the coating • The size of the tablet and presence of
operation is maintained essentially at
252
debossed features affects the coating

equilibrium, where the rate of application of the conditions.
coating composition equals the rate of
Page

• The total surface area per unit weight  The safety requirements depending on
decreases significantly from smaller to larger nature of solvent, where explosive or toxic
tablets. concentrations of organic solvents could
• For same thickness of film, smaller tablets occur, during either solution preparation or
requires more coating composition as the coating operation, electrical explosion-
compared with larger tablets proofing, specialized ventilation are
• Size of atomized coating droplets must be required.
smaller and better controlled as the features  Exhaust air treatment may be done to
to be coated become smaller. recover solvent or to prevent entry in to
atmosphere.
Equipment efficiency, E:  Federal EPA defines limits of organic solvents
Net increase in coated tablet weight and particulate allowed in atmosphere.
Coating Efficiency, E = ---------------------------------------------
 Other Equipments needed to support the
Non volatile coating weight applied
to tablets
coating operation are Tanks, filters, mixers,
• Ideally, 90 to 95% of the applied film coating mills, jacketed tanks, portable pressure tanks
should be on the tablet surface. or pumping systems.
• Coating efficiency for conventional sugar
coating is much less and 60% would be Automation
acceptable.  It involves the development of a process in
• This significant difference in coating efficiency which all the important variables are
between sugar coating and film coating predetermined.
relates to the quantity of coating material  Through a series of sensors and regulating
that accumulates on the pan walls. devices for temperature, airflow, spray rate
• With an efficient film coating process, little and pan speed, a feed back control of the
coating material accumulates on the wall, but process is maintained.
with sugar coating, the pan walls become
thickly covered with coating. TYPES OF COATING PROCESSES
• A common cause of low film coating Three main types of coatings used in the
efficiency is that the application rate is too pharmaceutical industry are
slow for the coating conditions (large tablet • Sugar coating
surface area, high airflow, and high • Compression coating
temperature). • Film coating
• This results in drying part of the coating 1. SUGAR COATING:
composition before it reaches the tablet • It involves successive application of sucrose
surfaces, so that it is exhausted as dust. based coating formulations to tablet core, in
Facility and Ancillary Equipment suitable coating equipment.
 The facility required for any coating • Water evaporates from the syrup leaving a
operation should be designed to meet the thick sugar layer around each tablet.
requirements of cGMP. • Sugar coats are often shiny and highly
 Adequate space is needed for the coating colored.
253
equipment, solution preparation and in- • Typically, tablets are sugar coated by
process storage. panning technique, using traditional rotating
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sugar-coating pan with a supply of drying air WHY?

(thermostatically controlled). • In order to round off the tablet edge. Much of
• The pan is automatically rotated, allowing this material build-up occurs during this stage
tablets to tumble over each other while and is achieved by adding a bulking agent
making contact with the coating solutions such as Calcium carbonate, to the sucrose
which are gently poured or sprayed, portion solution.
wise onto the tablets with warm air blown to • Antiadherents e.g. Talc may be added after
hasten drying. Each coat is applied only after partial drying to prevent sticking of the
the previous coat is dried. tablets together.
3. Smoothing / syrup coating
STEPS IN SUGAR COATING: • To cover and fill in the imperfections in tablet
• Seal coating surface caused by subcoating.
• Sub coating • To impart desired color
• Syrup coating/Smoothing • The first syrup coat contains some suspended
• Color coating powders and are called “grossing syrups”
• Polishing • Dilute colorants can be added to provide
1. Sealing (Waterproofing) tinted base that facilitates uniform coating in
• This involved the application of one or more later steps.
coats of a water proofing substance in the • Syrup solutions containing the dye are
form of alcoholic spray, such as applied until final size and color are achieved.
pharmaceutical Shellac (traditionally) or 4. Finishing
synthetic polymers, such as CAP. • Final syrup coating step
• (WHY Sealing?) • Few clear coats of syrup may be applied.
• Sugar-coatings are aqueous formulations 5. Polishing
which allow water to penetrate directly into • Desired luster is obtained in this final step
the tablet core and thus potentially affecting • Clean standard coating pan, canvas-lined
product stability and possibly causing coating pans
premature tablet disintegration. • Application of powdered wax or warm
2. Subcoating solution of waxes in suitable volatile solvent
• Large quantities of sugar-coatings are usually
applied to the tablet core ,typically increasing
the tablet weight by 50- 100%
254
Page

2. COMPRESSION COATING layer first, to separate core from the final

• Although less popular, it gained increased coat.
interest in recent years for creating modified- • Used to create modified release product.
released products involves the compaction of 3. Film Coating
granular materials around preformed tablet Film coating and sugar coating shares the same
core using specially designed tableting equipments and process parameters.
equipment. Two methods,
• Compression coating is a dry process. 1) Pan-Pour method:
• After tablet / core manufacture, it is • Same as that of pan-pour sugar coating
transferred ( centrally positioned) to a slightly • Method is relatively slow and relies
larger die that is partially filled with a coating heavily on skill and technique of operator
powder. More coating powder is filled on the • Aqueous based film coating is not
top of the core and compressed again suitable due to localized over-wetting.
resulting in tablet with in tablet. 2) Pan-Spray method:
• Mechanically, it a complex process, as a • Use of automated spraying system
tablet may be tilted when transferred to a Types of film coating
secondary die cavity. • Immediate release
• Modified release
Film coating formulation (Composition of the
coating liquid)
1. POLYMER / FILM FORMER: A film former
capable of producing smooth thin films
Need for compression coating reproducible under the prescribed coating
• Traditionally, to separate incompatible conditions.
material (one in core and other in coat). Classified as
There is an interface between two layers and 1. Non enteric materials
thus compromise product stability. It is
255
E.g. HPMC, MHEC, EC, HPC, Povidone, SCMC,

possible to apply an inert placebo coating PEG, Acrylate Polymers
Page

2. Enteric materials
E.g. CAP, Acrylate Polymers, HPMCP, PVAP.
POLYMERS FOR FILM COATING

Immediate release coating polymers Modified release coating polymers
1.Cellulose derivatives: Extended release Enteric coating

The mostly widely used of cellulosic polymers is They are dissolved in 1.Methacrylic acid copolymers:
HPMC Organic solvent or dispersed The presence of carboxylic acid
(WHY?) in aqueous medium (why groups renders this class to be
- It is readily soluble in aqueous media for enteric coating?) insoluble in water at low PH
- Forms film with good mechanical Cellulosic derivatives: (stomach) but gradually
properties ( strength, flexibility and Highly substituted cellulosic becomes soluble as the PH rises.
adhesion to the tablet core) ether, thus rendering the E.g. Ethyl cellulose towards
- Easy application of the coat polymer water-insoluble. neutrality (upperpart of the
Other examples are MC & HPC E.g. Ethyl cellulose small intestine).
2. Vinyl derivatives: 2. Phthalate esters:
PVP, it has a limited use in film coating because e.g. cellulose acetate phthalate
of its inherent tackiness.
A copolymer of PVP and vinyl acetate forms
better films.
ENTERIC MATERIALS:  Stability alone and in coating solution

 Reasons for enteric coating  Formation of continuous film
 Protect acid labile drugs from gastric  Nontoxic, Low cost
fluid e.g. enzymes  Ease of application without special
 Prevent gastric distress or nausea due to equipments
irritation from drug, e.g. Sodium  Ability to be printed or to allow film to
Salicylate be applied to debossed tablets
 To deliver drugs for local action in 2. PLASTICIZER:
intestines, e.g. Intestinal antiseptic These afford flexibility and elasticity to the coat
(Kanamycin) and thus provide durability.
 For drugs optimally absorbed in small They are of two types:
intestine • Internal plasticizers: Chemical modification of
 Provide delayed release component for the polymer that alters the physical
repeat-action tablets properties.
o Degree of substitution
Material should have following properties: o Type of substitution
 Resistance to gastric fluids o Chain length.
 Ready susceptibility or permeability to • External plasticizers : They are non-volatile or
intestinal fluids the other polymer, which when include with
256
 Stability with coating composition and primary polymeric film former, changes the
drug substrate o Flexibility
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o Tensile strength, or 4. OPAQUANT-EXTENDERS

o Adhesion properties of the resulting film. • These are very fine inorganic powders
Concentration of Plasticizer Expressed as the used in the coating solution formulation
amount of polymer being plasticized. to provide more pastel colors and
Recommended Level of Plasticizer: 1 to 50% by increase film coverage.
weight of the film former. • Opaquant provides a white coating or
EXAMPLES mask the color of the tablet core, and
• Castor oil; propylene glycol of 200 and 400 thus the less amount of the colorants are
series; and surfactants eg; Tweens; Spans; required.
and organic acid esters. • Examples: Silicates (talc, aluminium
• Water- soluble plasticizer: PEG, propylene silicate); Carbonates (magnesium
glycol. carbonate); Sulfates (calcium sulfate);
• Organic- soluble plasticizer : castor-oil and Oxides (Mg oxides)
Spans 5. SOLVENTS
3. COLORANTS Volatile organic solvents may be used to allow
• Colorants may be soluble in the solvent good spreadability of the coat components over
system or suspended as insoluble the tablet and allowing rapid evaporation, but
powders. they are expensive and show environmental
• Used to provide distinctive color and hazards. Aqueous vehicles are safer, but they
elegance to a dosage form. show slower evaporation and may affect drug
• To achieve proper distribution of stability.
suspended colorants in the coating Ideal characters of coating material
solutions requires the use of fine-  Solubility in the coating solution.
powdered colorants (< 10 microns ).  Capacity to produce elegant looking
• Most of colorants are synthetic DYES or product.
LAKES OF DYES approved by the FD&C  Stability in presence of water, heat,
and D&C. moisture, air, and substrate being coated
LAKES: derived from dyes by precipitating with and no change in properties with aging.
carriers. Eg; alumina or talc.  Essentially no odor or taste.
• Lakes contains 10 to 30 % of the pure  Compatibility with common coating
dye content. solution additives.
• For very light shade, concentration: less  Nontoxic and ease of application.
than 0.01 %.  Resistance to cracking and should act as
• For dark shade, concentration : more barrier.
than 2.0 %  No bridging or filling of the debossed
• Examples tablet surfaces by the film former.
– Inorganic materials: iron oxides  Ease of printing procedure on high-
– Natural coloring materials: Anthocyanins, speed equipment.
caramel, carotenoids, chlorophyll, indigo,  Low cost & Ease of application without
flavones, turmeric, and carminic acid. specialized equipment.
257
Advances in tablet coating

Specialized coating techniques include
Page

1. Dip coating sophisticated devices comprise tiny

2. Electrostatic coating suction tubes, which hold the individual
3. Laminated coating tablets apart until drying is
4. Vacuum film coating accomplished.
5. Dry coating  Before proceeding to coat additional
1. DIP COATING: tablets or begin recoating cycles.
 In this, cores to be coated are a held in 2. ELECTROSTATIC-COATING
a suitable device eg: baskets  Electrostatic coating is an efficient
 Dipped into coating solution and then method of applying coating to
dried taking care to prevent adherence conductive substances.
to one another.  In this, an ionic charge is imparted to
 For obtaining more perfect or heavier the core and an opposite charge to the
coats the dipping and drying steps may coating material. This technology
be repeated several times one after ensures thin, continuous and
another. electronically perfected film to the
 Several dipping arrangements are surface.
obtainable, amongst them the
3. LAMINATED-COATING the inner core, the same may be

 Laminated coating provides multiple swallowed as a normal peroral tablet.
layers for incorporation of medicament.
 For example 4. VACCUM FILM-COATING
 Repeat-action tablet, here a portion of  This employs a specially designed baffled
the drug is kept in outer lamella or pan, which is water-jacketed and could
coating. be sealed to achieve vacuum.
 Enteric tablet, here one drug could be  Tablets are placed in the sealed pan, the
made available for gastric absorption vacuum is applied and the coating
while another for release in intestine. material is introduced through airless
 Buccal-swallow tablet, this could first be hydraulic spray system. Since the pan is
administered sublingually, and upon a completely sealed.
258
signal, such as release of flavour from

Page

 Organic solvents could be effectively • A rough or gritty surface observed when

used with minimal environmental or the coating is applied by spray. Some of
safety concern. the droplets may dry too rapidly before
reaching the tablet bed and spray- dried
5. DRYCOATING particles deposits on tablet surface instead
 Dry coating avoids the use of water or, at of finely divided droplets of coating
least, allows it to be reduced to very solution. Surface roughness also increases
small amounts with respect to the with pigment concentration and polymer
coating material, thus overcoming the concentration in the coating solution.
need for time- and energy-consuming Remedies
drying phases, as well as possible drug • Moving the nozzle closer to the tablet
stability issues. bed or
 In this technology, powdered coating • Reducing the degree of atomization can
materials are directly coated onto solid decrease the roughness due to spray
dosage forms without using any solvent, drying.
and then heated and cured to form a 3. ORANGE PEEL EFFECT
coat. • Inadequate spreading of coating solution
Problems encountered in Coating before drying causes a bumpy or Orange
1. Sticking & Picking –peel effects on the coating. This
2. Roughness Indicates that spreading is impeded by
3. Orange peel effect too rapid rate of drying or by high
4. Bridging solution viscosity.
5. Filling Remedies
6. Blistering • Thinning of coating solution with
7. Hazing/Dull film additional solvents may correct this
8. Color variation problem.
9. Cracking • Adjustment of speed of coating pan
1. STICKING & PICKING 4. BRIDGING
• Over wetting or excessive film thickness • During drying film may shrink and pull
causes tablets to stick each other or to the away from the sharp corners of bisect,
coating pan. resulting in a “Bridging” of surface
• On drying at the point of contact, a piece depression. This defect can be so severe
of film may remain adhere to pan or that the monogram or bisect is
tablet, giving “picked” appearances to the completely obscured.
tablet surface. Resulting in a small exposed Remedies
area of the core. • Increase in plasticizer contents or
Remedies • Change in plasticizer
• Reduction in liquid application rate. 5. FILLING
• Increase in drying air temperature and air • Applying too much solution, resulting in
volume. a thick film that fills and narrows the
259
monogram or bisects. In addition, if

2. ROUGHNESS solution applied too fast, over wetting
Page

may cause the liquid to quickly fill and be be increased by using higher molecular
retained in the monogram. weight polymers or polymer blends.
Remedies Remedies
• Judicious monitoring of the fluid • Adjusting the plasticizer type and
application rate. concentration can minimize internal
• Thorough mixing of tablets in the pan stresses.
prevent filling. • Adjusting the pigment types and
6. BLISTERING concentration can minimize internal
• Evaporation of solvents from the core in stresses.
the oven. And effect of high temperature
on the strength, elasticity and adhesion CONCLUSION
of the film may results in blistering. In recent decades, coating of pharmaceutical
Remedies dosage forms has been subject of remarkable
• Controlled milder drying conditions. developmental efforts aiming to ensure and
7. HAZING/DULL FILM enhance end product quality. Improvements
• Also called as bloom. regarding particle movement, heat and energy
• It can occur when too high a processing transfer, film distribution, drying efficiency and
temperature is used for a particular continuous processing have contributed to
formulation. Dulling is particularly significantly develop this technology. In future
evident when cellulosic polymers are there is enormous developments has to be done
applied out of aqueous media at high in the area of tablet coating
processing temperature. Also occur if the
coated tablets are exposed to high REFERENCES
humidity conditions and partial solvation 1. Remington J. Remington: The Science and Practice of
of film results. Pharmacy; Nineteenth Edition: Volume II, pg.no 1615-
1641.
8. COLOR VARIATION
2. Lachman L., Liberman H., and Kanig J. The Theory and
• Improper mixing, uneven spray pattern Practice of Industrial Pharmacy; Third Edition, pg.no
and insufficient coating may results in 346-373.
color variation. The migration of soluble 3. Lachman L., Lieberman, H. A., Joseph L. K. The Theory
dyes, plasticizer and other additives give and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy; Third Edition;
pg.no 297-321.
the coating a mottled or spotted
4. Aulton M. Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form
appearance. Design; International Student Edition: pg.
Remedies no 304-321, 347-668.
• Use of lake dyes eliminates dye 5. Ansel H., Allen L., Jr. Popovich N. Ansel’s
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
migration.
Systems; Eighth Edition: pg.no 227-259.
• Reformulation with different plasticizer 6. Neelam D. Kamble*, Prafulla S.Chaudhari1, Dr. Rajesh
and additives is the best way to solve J. Oswal, Sandip S. Kshirsagar, Rishikesh V Antre,
film instability. Innovations in tablet coating technology: A review ,
9. CRACKING International Journal of Applied Biology and
Pharmaceutical Technology, Volume: 2, Issue-1: Jan-
• Cracking occurs if internal stresses in the
Mar -2011; 214-218.
260
film exceed the tensile strength of the 7. Gupta Ankit,A.et al tablet coating techniques: concepts
film. The tensile strength of the film can and recent trends, www.irjponline.com.
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8. Tech tips, Aqueous coating 101, techceuticals solutions 10. Behzadi S. innovations in coating technology, recent
for pharma and neutral manufactures since 1989 (cited patents on drug delivery & formulations, 2008; 209-
2012 Aug 2005.) 230.
Available from http:// 11. Pawar A.et al Advances in Pharmaceutical coating,
www.techceuticals.com/techtips/show_news.phs?sub International journal of chemtech Research, 2010, 733-
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9. Gohel.M.Tabletcoating, 2009 (cited 2012 feb 23),
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ruling-dosage-form-years/tablets-coating.
*Corresponding Author:
B.Venkateswara Reddy
Department of Pharmaceutics, St.Paul's College of Pharmacy,
Turakayamjal village, Hayath Nagar Mandal,
Ranga Reddy Dist-501510, A.P.
261
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www.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.com IJPBS |Volume 3| Issue 1 |JAN-MAR |2013|248-261

INTRODUCTION Coating may be applied to a wide range of oral

surface of a dosage form in order to confer

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

Objectives to coat a tablet • Tablets that are to be coated must possess

Plasticizers metal pan mounted somewhat angularly

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

diameter and is rotated on its horizontal

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

Accela cota system Hi-coater system

• Several air flow configurations are chamber.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

evaporation of volatile solvent. Deviation from

debossed features affects the coating

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

sugar-coating pan with a supply of drying air WHY?

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

2. COMPRESSION COATING layer first, to separate core from the final

E.g. HPMC, MHEC, EC, HPC, Povidone, SCMC,

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

POLYMERS FOR FILM COATING

1.Cellulose derivatives: Extended release Enteric coating

ENTERIC MATERIALS:  Stability alone and in coating solution

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

o Tensile strength, or 4. OPAQUANT-EXTENDERS

Advances in tablet coating

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

1. Dip coating sophisticated devices comprise tiny

3. LAMINATED-COATING the inner core, the same may be

signal, such as release of flavour from

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

 Organic solvents could be effectively • A rough or gritty surface observed when

monogram or bisects. In addition, if

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)

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