International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2017)

Review of Harmonics in Industrial Systems

Mr. Pratik P. Sutar1, Mr. V. M. Panchade2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering
G. H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Pune, India.
2
Department of Electrical Engineering
G. H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Pune, India.

1
mepratik.sutar@rediffmail.com
       2
vmpanchade@gmail.com

1
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2017)

2
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2017)
with frequency 50 Hz, harmonics is considered
Abstract— Harmonics are the frequency of the desirable.
the components of second harmonic will be
distorted voltage and 100Hz, of the third II. THE PROBLEM
current waveforms of the harmonic will be 150Hz STATEMENT
power system. This and so on.
distorted waveform may Loads such as
The distortions in fluorescent lighting,
Harmonic Order Frequency (Hz) inverters, three phase
1 50 power converters, arc
3 150 furnaces and saturated
5 250 reactors are the cause of Figure 1: Distorted
7 350 harmonics in the power waveform
cause a failure of voltage and current system leading to current
B. Harmonics
industrial equipment’s. waveforms in electric and voltage waveform
However, this distortion distortion. This harmonic Harmonics are
power system are due to
can no longer be ignored is injected back into the voltages or currents of
non-linear electric loads.
due to increase in the supply system through sinusoidal nature with
equipment’s that are
Harmonics are the cause
the point of common frequencies which are
sensitive to wave variation of power
coupling (PCC) affecting integer multiples of the
and devices that produced quality problems.
the performance of fundamental frequency
harmonics. In this paper, Harmonics results in
different power system [3].
the sources of harmonics increased losses in the
and their effects in equipment and equipment’s. Study of
TABLE I
industrial system conductors, improper sources, effects, and HARMONIC FREQUENCIES
equipment’s are conduction in variable ways to mitigate
illustrated with the
speed drives, overloads harmonics therefore C. Triplen Harmonics
methods that are used to becomes very essential.
on installation Harmonics which are
analyze and mitigate
them. equipment’s and the odd multiples of third
economic consequences. III. GENERAL harmonic (h=3, 9, 15,
Keywords—Harmonics, Concerns related to DEFINITIONS 21...), Where h:
distorted, waveform, harmonics are not new The common terms harmonic order [3].
equipment, sources, & but they are becoming used when talking about
mitigate. headache to public harmonics are defined
utilities, distribution below.
I. INTRODUCTION companies and the
The term harmonic in industries. In the first A. Waveform Distortion
true sense is the member electric power systems, A divergence from a
of the harmonic series. harmonic distortion was sine wave of
This term is typically mainly caused by fundamental frequency is
applied to the signals saturation of waveform distortion (see
which are repeating in transformers, industrial Figure 1) [3].
nature, such arc furnaces, and other
as sinusoidal waves. A arc devices like large
Figure 2: Third
harmonic is a wave with electric welders, but
a frequency that is a today, the harmonic harmonic waveform
positive integer multiple distortions are caused by A. Sub-harmonics
of the frequency of the power electronic
The harmonics with
fundamental wave or equipment’s which are
frequencies less the
frequency. The commonly used in power
fundamental frequency is
fundamental wave is also system [5]. That is why
called subharmonics.
called as 1st harmonic the reduction of
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B. Inter-harmonics THDi and the voltage D. Total Harmonic of harmonic in power
The harmonic distortion as THDv. Distortion of Voltage systems are many and
frequency which is not (THDv) have varying impact.
integer multiples of the B. Total Harmonic THDv is the total Earlier machines with
fundamental frequency Current (THC) magnitude of the voltage magnetic iron cores like
are called inter- THC is the distortion. This value is transformers, generators
harmonics. accumulated currents of defined as the ratio (in or electric motors have
the orders 2 to 40 which %) of the harmonic been the most important
C. Flicker contribute to the voltage to the group of harmonic
Flicker is continuous distortion of the current fundamental (non- sources along with Arc
as well as rapid variation waveform. THC value is harmonic) voltage. furnaces and arc welders.
in the current magnitude useful in determining the Typically, the With the increase in
which leads to voltage required characteristics geometrical sum of all demand for energy
variations. for installation of voltage harmonics is efficient devices the
modern active harmonic calculated in relation to group of power
D. Characteristic filters. Its expression is: the fundamental electronics and
and Uncharacteristic frequency voltage up to electronic equipment
Harmonics the 40th harmonic order: must be considered the
most important source of
The harmonics with THC = harmonics. Besides the
orders of 12h + 1
THDv = x traditional industrial
(positive sequence) and C. Total Harmonic loads with still high
12h - 1 (negative Distortion of Current harmonic producing
sequence) are called (THDi) 100 % equipment commercial
characteristic and
THDi is the total and residential facilities
uncharacteristic
distortion in harmonic E. Total Demand became significant
harmonics, respectively.
current wave form. This Distortion (TDD) sources of harmonics.
The amplitudes of these
value is defined as the This term is like THD This is particularly true
harmonics are inversely
ratio (in %) of the except that the deviation when the combined
proportional to the
harmonic current to the is seen as a percentage of effects of all individual
harmonic order [1, 3].
fundamental (non- rated or maximum value, loads served by the same
harmonic) current rather than as feeder are considered.
measured at a load point percentage of the The generation of
IV. POWER
at the instance when the fundamental current [3]: harmonics in power
QUALITY INDICES
measurement is taken. system occurs from two
A. Total Harmonic Typically, the distinct types of loads:
Distortion (THD) geometrical sum of all TDD = x 100 A. Linear Loads
It defines level of current harmonics is
calculated in relation to Linear loads show a
harmonic content. THD %
the fundamental constant steady–state
is defined as the ratio of
frequency current up to impedance when
the sum of the powers of I rated: rated load
the 40th harmonic order: sinusoidal voltage is
all harmonic components
current applied. Transformers
to the power of the
and Motors under
fundamental frequency.
normal loading
This THD value is used V. ORIGIN OF
THDi = x 100 conditions come under
for low, medium, and HARMONICS
% this category.
high voltage systems. Harmonics are the
Usually the current result of the non-linear 1) Transformer-
distortion is defined as behavior of electrical The relationship
equipment’s. The sources between primary voltage
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and current of a  Triple might present a 1) Arc furnaces
transformer is well Harmonics reasonable harmonic and welders-
known as magnetization generated on source. Generators are Arc furnaces and
curve. These curve is the neutral producing slightly welders are very large
clearly non-linear and conductor in the noticeable voltage power consuming
especially in the Star- Connected harmonics as the spatial equipment’s. This high
saturation area of it. Transformers. distribution of the stator power combined with a
Thus, a transformer  Triple windings is not very highly nonlinear voltage-
under normal working harmonics practical and most current characteristic
condition is not a occur in important not very produce substantial
significant source of magnetization economic. Generators amounts of harmonic
harmonics. Nevertheless, currents but are usually producing a distortion which is even
in a transformer in core they cannot get dominant 3rd voltage worse on a “normal”
saturation conditions the out of the delta harmonic which causes PCC with a “normal”
harmonic content rises connected coils. 3rd current harmonics to short-circuit capacity [9].
significantly containing a  Rest other flow [9]. Arc furnaces operate in
variety of odd harmonic different phases like
harmonics, with the third components B. Nonlinear melting, air refining,
dominant. Such move to the Loads refining with different
conditions can occur network side in A load is said to be levels of harmonics.
when operating above the Delta- non-linear when the Additionally, they show
rated power (usually Connected current it draws does not a combination of ignition
during peak demand Transformers. have the same wave delays and voltage
periods) or when Because of an form as the supply changes caused by
operating above rated economic reasons the voltage. These loads do random variations of the
voltage with the voltage transformer are operated not exhibit constant arc. This lead to a quite
rising above nominal in the knee point of impedance during the unusual harmonic
values (usually during saturation but when the entire cycle of applied spectrum with even and
light load conditions) or amplitude of the voltage sinusoidal voltage. odd multiples of the
due to the switching of is large enough to enter Devices with power fundamental frequency.
large reactive power the nonlinear region of electronics circuits are These frequencies have
loads (PFC) [9]. the B-H curve, the particularly non-linear variations as well.
Around the nominal magnetizing current loads. Such loads are The harmonics
working point of the needed will greatly increasingly frequent and generated by electric arc
transformer a small distorted from sinusoidal their percentage in furnaces cannot be
voltage increase will current and contain overall electrical predicted just by
result in a small harmonics. consumption is growing considering the variation
magnetization current steadily. Some examples of the arc feed material.
increase, at a voltage 2) Generators and of nonlinear loads are: The arc current which is
above the nominal Motors- - Arc furnaces. highly nonlinear depicts
voltage, a small increase Motors like - Variable frequency a continuous spectrum of
will cause a large transformers are the drives. harmonic frequencies of
increase of the source of harmonics as - Computers, copy both integer and non-
magnetization current. they produce a magnetic machines, and television integer order i.e. of sub
Harmonics in field. The magnetization sets. & inter harmonics
transformers originate curve of a motor is much - UPS frequencies. Figure (3)
due to saturation, more linear than this of a - Fluorescent lighting and (4) show the waves
switching, high-flux transformer and thus and electronic ballasts produced from an arc
densities, and winding their harmonic content is [1, 3]. furnace [2, 5].
connections where [2]: really of no concern.
Only very large motors
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Figure 3: Voltage
waveforms of an arc
furnace
Figure 4: Current
waveforms of an arc
furnace.
2) Variable
Frequency Drives
(VFD)-
VFDs constitute a
wide range of
applications used in vast
and multiple industrial
processes. Variable
frequency drives are
representing the group of
equipment that is using
static converters based
on a three-phase bridge.
This bridge is also
known as six-pulse
bridge or shortly named
B6-bridge. The same
technology is also used
in UPS units or AC/DC
converters, e.g. solar
inverters. The name B6
is derived from the six
voltage pulses per cycle
which result of one pulse
per half cycle per phase.
It produces harmonic
currents at the output of
the inverter which are
seen by the motor. As in
general the harmonic
spectrum is related to the
number of pulses of the
non-linear load (or the
paths of conduction) a
B6-bridge is creating
current harmonics of the
orders which means
5thand 7th, 11th and
13th, 17th and 19th and
so on, the so-called pairs
with one less and one
more than each multiple
of 6.
3) Switch Mode
Power Supply (SMPS)-
Switched Mode
Power Supplies can be
found in most of today’s
electronic devices. The
name is derived from the
dc-to-dc switching
converter for the
conversion of the
unregulated dc input
voltage to a regulated dc
output voltage. Switched
mode power supplies
convert the unregulated
ac or dc input voltage to
a regulated dc output
voltage. If the input
supply is drawn from the
ac mains, the voltage is
first rectified and filtered
using a capacitor at the
rectifier output. This
technical approach is
very competitive in size,
6
weight and cost and it
allows the use in almost
all applications. The
main difference
compared to the older
linear power supplies is
that the units are drawing
pulses of current instead
of continuous current.
Those pulses contain
large amounts of
harmonics of the third
and higher orders [9, 10].
VI. EFFECTS OF
HARMONICS
Harmonics have
several undesirable
effects on power system
components and loads
and these effects depend
on the type of the load
(or power source). The
least prone device is one
in which the main
function is in heating, as
in an oven or furnace
wherein the harmonic
energy is utilized. The
most prone type of
equipment is one whose
design assumes a perfect
sinusoidal Fundamental
input like the Data
processing equipment’s.
Motors fall between
above mentioned two
types. A good approach
is to classify effects as
short-term and long-
term. Short-term effects
are usually the most
noticeable and are
related to excessive
voltage distortion. These
effects are failures or
malfunctions of devices
exposed to high
harmonic distortion. The
long-term effects remain
undetected and are
related to voltage
stresses and resistive
losses. They are of
thermal nature [ 2, 9,
10].
A. Effect on
Transformers
Transformers serve
all linear and non-linear
loads. There are two
main effects of
harmonics for
transformers, additional
losses and triplen
harmonic currents. The
losses originate from
stray magnetic losses in
the core and eddy current
and resistive losses in the
windings thus reducing
the efficiency of the
transformer &
accelerating the loss of
life of the insulation due
to the additional heating
of the windings. Roughly
speaking, it may be said
that the losses in the
windings increase as the
square of the current
THD, and losses in the
core increase linearly
with the voltage THD.
As eddy current losses
increase with the square
of the frequency they are
of most concern when
harmonics are present.
These additional losses
are creating extra heat
significantly reducing
the operating life of the
transformer insulation.
Especially in industrial
applications with
primarily non-linear
loads, transformers often
cannot be operated at
rated power due to the
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
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high harmonic distortion.
Harmonics may even
result in increased
audible noise [1, 9, 10].
B. Effect on
Motors and Generators
An important effect of
harmonic in motors or
generators is increased
heating. The reason is
the effective resistance
which goes up with
increasing frequency.
Thus, a current distorted
by harmonics will cause
greater losses in the
windings which
subsequently result in
greater heating. The
effect of harmonics on
motor is subdivided as of
losses into stator copper
loss, core loss, rotor
copper loss, and stray
loss in the core; the
major loss components
influenced by harmonics
are stator and rotor
copper loss. Sometimes
the harmonic current
gives arise to a higher
audible noise if it
compared with
sinusoidal excitation.
Also, the harmonic
current produced a system
resultant flux distribution
in the air gap which can
cause two phenomena
called cogging (refusal
to start smoothly) &
crawling (very high slip)
in induction motor and
produces a mechanical
oscillation or (pulsating
torque) this oscillation
can accelerate aging of
the shaft and this effect
depend on the type of
rotor (wound more
affected than squirrel
cage). Another effect
mainly resulting from
the negative sequence
harmonics (see chapter
1) are magneto motive
forces of different
frequencies which are
working against the
normal motor shaft
torque. This may lead to
higher vibrations inside
the bearings with the
danger of wear out and
thus subsequently an
earlier equipment fatigue
[1, 2, 9].
C. Effect on
Cables
Harmonic currents
through cables result in
additional losses. The ac
conductor resistance
varies due to skin and
proximity effect which
are depend on frequency,
conductor size, cable
construction and
spacing. Cables
subjected to low levels
of harmonic currents are
subjected to heating. The
voltage stress and corona
can lead to dielectric
failure. In a three-phase
the phase
voltages are displaced to
each other by 120°. If the
individual phases are
equally loaded, the
resultant current in the
neutral will be zero. If
the network is distorted
by current harmonics,
the triplen harmonics
will add up in the neutral
so that the current in the
neutral can exceed the
current of each of the
individual phase currents
7
up to factor three.
Besides this, the
presence of harmonics in
the current may
subsequently lead to an
overload in both, the
phase conductors and the
neutral. It is also likely
to happen, that under the
condition of distorted
current flowing, the heat
in the cables is evidently
higher than under ideal
conditions. This might
lead to an overheating of
the cables and in worst
case conductors might
burn [1, 2, 9].
D. Effect on
Capacitor Bank
Industries often have
capacitors installed for
power factor correction,
to improve voltage
profile and in harmonic
filter. The loophole in
using capacitor is the
possibility of system
resonance and as the
capacitive reactance is
inversely proportional to
frequency, harmonic
currents find their way
into capacitor banks
which act like a sink, and
attract harmonic currents
result of which they
become overloaded. This
effect increases the
heating and dielectric
stresses and these
shortened capacitor life
[1, 2, 3].
E. Effect on
Electronic Equipment’s
This kind of
equipment is more a
source of harmonics than
it would be considered as
“victim”. Nevertheless, it
is very well known, that
electric and especially
electronic devices are
quite sensitive for
harmonic distortion.
Usually the result is
abnormal function or
even malfunction caused
by different effects of
harmonics. Zero
crossing noise, increase
of the maximum value of
the supply voltage due to
harmonics, digital signal
misinterpretation due to
harmonic disturbances,
incorrect or no operation
of IT equipment
including memory losses
and switch offs,
malfunction of protective
devices due to harmonic
distortion are some of
the effects. This
equipment’s is often
dependent upon accurate
determination of voltage
zero crossing and very
sensitive to wave shape.
The harmonic distortion
may cause a shift in the
voltage zero crossing or
a multiple zero crossing
in the current wave. All
this leads to
malfunctioning of the
equipment [1, 2].
F. Effect on
Metering and Relaying
The effects of
harmonics in metering
and relaying devices
depend on the type of the
device under
consideration. If the
distortion factor is
greater than 20%, this
caused errors in
measuring [1].
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
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G. PFC losses, accelerated aging be exceeded in circuits voltage or current
In general, voltage, of the insulation and where such equipment is waveform.
temperature current and could seriously and connected to just one A distorted waveform
power overload stresses permanently damage circuit. As nuisance can be analyzed using
are the root causes of them. The above tripping may cause Fourier series
dielectric breakdowns of described effects become production shut down or representation given as
capacitors. These factors even more serious if they interruption with the following equation:
are known and usually are magnified by parallel corresponding time
the allowed overload or series resonance [12]. required to start the
factors (in terms of rated installation up again, it is
value ratios) are H. Circuit a very serious and costly Where:
provided by the Breakers effect of harmonics [12]. f (t) is called non-
manufacturers of the The main harmonic sinusoidal periodic of the
capacitor banks. But related issue with circuit VII. HARMONIC function
power factor correction breakers is nuisance ANALYSIS
capacitors are also tripping. An RCCB Harmonic analysis is is average
seriously affected by (residual current circuit nothing but the analysis
harmonics. An increase breaker) is an of distorted waveforms. value of the function f(t)
in the peak value of the electromechanical device This analysis can be used
voltage due to high which sums the current to study the behavior of
harmonics causes in phase and neutral harmonics, to design
additional dielectric conductors and if the harmonic filters, etc.
stress which can leads a result is not within the
partial discharge in the rated limit, A. Fourier Series
insulation causing a disconnecting the power Analysis
from the load. Due to Where and T is periodic
permanent damage to the As per the Fourier
harmonics, a RCCB may of the function f (t) and
capacitor. More often theorem, any periodic
not correctly sum up the f: frequency
harmonic caused function with period T
high frequency ah and bh is series
capacitor issues are generally continuous and
components and thus, coefficient that can be
related to current. limited can be
trip erroneously. Another determined as follow:
Because capacitive represented by a series of
reactance is inversely reason for tripping is infinite sinusoidal terms
proportional to indirectly related to with a frequency equal to
frequency, the harmonics. The main integer multiples of the ;
impedance towards harmonic causing frequency of the original h= 1,2,3….
voltage harmonics equipment is usually also function. The series
decreases with generating switching gives a relationship
increasing harmonic noise. Such switching between the function in
orders. Thus, the currents noise has usually to be time and frequency ;
absorbed by a capacitor filtered at the equipment domains. Based on the h= 1,2,3….
with a distorted voltage power connection. The Fourier theorem, a Therefore, the Fourier
present are much higher architecture of such perfectly sinusoidal series can be expressed
than the currents that filters shows capacitors waveform does not as:
would have been from line and neutral to present harmonics of
absorbed with no voltage ground causing a small different order from the
leakage current to earth. Where:
harmonics present. fundamental one. The
This current is usually F0 is the dc component
Subsequently this means presence of harmonics in
much lower than 3.5 mA Fm1 is the maximum
that a distorted voltage an electrical system is
which is the limit given value of the fundamental
can lead to draw a therefore an indicator of
by international component
capacitor’s current that the distortion of the
results in additional standards. This limit can
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Fmi is the maximum distribution The required values malfunctions may occur.
value of the ith harmonic switchboard. are: A THDu value greater
order When the 1. The amplitude than 8% indicate high
Fmh is the h harmonic measurements are of voltage and harmonic distortion.
order component carried out, it is current Equipment malfunctions
ω is angular angle harmonics. are probable. In-depth
necessary to have precise
t is time 2. The individual analysis is required and
information on the harmonic an attenuation system
is the phase shift of conditions, in particular distortion of must be installed.
fundamental component the status of capacitor each order, for
banks (ON or OFF, both current and 2) Current THD-
is the phase shift of The current THD
number of stages voltage.
ith harmonic order 3. Total harmonic indicates the distortion
connected).
component distortion for of the current wave. To
On the basis of identify the load causing
both current and
analysis results, it may voltage. the disturbance, the
B. Common be necessary to: 4. Where current THD must be
procedure for harmonic 1. Derate any applicable, the measured on the incomer
analysis followed in future displacement and the outgoers of the
industries: equipment between voltage different circuits. The
installed. and current measured THDi can
Measurements are
2. Quantify the harmonics of inform us on phenomena
carried out on industrial
protection and the same order observed in the
and commercial sites to
harmonic- and the phase of installation. A THDi
obtain an overall
filtering the harmonics value of less than 10% is
assessment of the extent
solutions that with respect to a considered normal and
of the problem and
must be common there is virtually no risk
obtain remedial measure.
installed. reference (the of equipment
It helps to determine the
3. Compare the fundamental malfunctions. A THDi
origin of a disturbance
values voltage, for value between 10% and
and devise solutions to
measured to the example). 50% shows significant
correct the problem.
reference values harmonic distortion.
of the utility C. Use of Temperature rise may
1) Operating measured indices
(harmonic occur, which means
Mode
distortion 1) Voltage THD- cables and sources must
Voltage and current The voltage THD
limits, be oversized. A THDi
measurements must be
acceptable indicates the distortion value greater than 50%
carried out: of the voltage wave. The
values, indicates high harmonic
1. At the power
reference measured THDu can distortion. Equipment
source. provide information on
values). malfunctions are
2. On the phenomena observed in probable. In-depth
incoming the installation. A THDu
2) Uses of analysis is required and
busbars of the
measurement devices value of less than 5% is an attenuation system
main usually considered
Perfect harmonic must be installed.
distribution
analysis requires normal and there is
switchboard. basically no risk to the
integrated values over
3. On each of the
time spans ranging from equipment’s. A THDu
outgoers value between 5% and
a few seconds to a few
leaving the
minutes and for 8% indicates significant
main harmonic distortion.
observation periods of a
few days. Some equipment
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VIII. HARMONIC 4) Using The TNC system should harmonic distortion (see
MITIGATION IN transformers with therefore be used only figure 5). This bypass
INDUSTRIAL POWER special connection: for supplying power circuit draws the
SYSTEM Some special types of circuits on the upstream harmonics, thus avoiding
connection could be used end of installations. It the flow of harmonics to
A. Solutions to
in transformers to should not be used for the power source. The
attenuate harmonics
eliminate certain the supplying sensitive passive filter is tuned to
1) Position the harmonic orders. loads. a harmonic order near
disturbing loads The harmonic orders The TNS system is the one to be eliminated.
upstream in the system: eliminated depend on the recommended when Several parallel-
The overall level of type of connection harmonics are present. connected filters may be
harmonic disturbance implemented: The neutral conductor is used when a significant
increases as the short-  delta-star-delta completely separate from reduction in distortion
circuit power decreases. connection the protection conductor over a range of orders is
eliminates PE thereby ensuring a required [6, 11].
2) Grouping the harmonic much more stable
disturbing loads: orders 5 and 7 voltage on the
When preparing the distribution system.
 delta-star
single-line diagram,
connection
separate where possible
eliminates B. Solutions when
the disturbing equipment
harmonic order limit values are
from the other load.
3 exceeded
Practically speaking, the
 delta-zigzag
different types of loads With the increase in
connection
should be supplied by consumer nonlinear
eliminates
different busbars. On loads, the harmonics
harmonic order
grouping the disturbing injected into the power
5
loads, the chances of Supply system and their
angular recomposition consequent effects are
5) Selection of
are increased. The reason becoming of greater
suitable earthing
is that the vector sum of concern. Harmonic Figure 5: Passive Filter.
arrangement:
the harmonic currents is currents which require a
TNC or TNS system
lower than their low impedance path or a
can be used. In TNC 2) Active Filters:
algebraic sum. Efforts resonant condition can
systems, a single Active filters are
are required to avoid the flow through the power
conductor, the PEN, systems employing
flow of harmonic system and can create
ensures protection in the power electronics,
currents in the cables, problems for the
event of an earth fault installed in series or in
thereby limiting voltage consumers who do not
and carries imbalance parallel with the non-
drops and temperature generate any harmonics.
currents. In case of linear load, to provide
rise in them. Effort is done to reduce
steady-state conditions, the harmonic currents
the harmonic currents these problems by
3) Separating the required by nonlinear
have tendency to flow suggest many solutions
sources: loads and thereby avoid
through the PEN. such as:
In efforts to attenuate distortion on the power
However, the PEN has a system. The active filter
harmonics, an additional 1) Passive Filters:
certain impedance, injects, in opposite
improvement may be An LC circuit which
resulting in slight phase, the harmonics
obtained by supplying is tuned to each of the
voltage differences (a drawn by the load, such
the different loads via harmonic frequencies
few volts) between that the line current Is
different transformers. requiring filtering, is
devices which may lead remains sinusoidal [6,
to malfunctions of installed in parallel with
11].
electronic equipment. the device causing the
10
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2017)
techniques as it [8] Task force on Harmonics
Modeling and Simulation,
is economic and "The modeling and
CONCLUSION as it provides simulation of the
reactive propagation of harmonics
In this paper, the in electric power
compensation in
harmonic sources their networks Part I :
addition to
effects, analysis and the Concepts, models and
filtering action. simulation techniques,"
ways of harmonic
IEEE Transactions on
mitigation have been Power Delivery, Vol.11,
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Figure 7: Hybrid Filter passive filtering
11