INTRODUCTION:-

 Vitamins can make people's bodies work properly.

 We can get vitamins from the foods that we eat every day and some foods have a lot of vitamins.
 Example : fruits and vegetables.
 Any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal
growth and activity of the body.
 Any of various organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for normal growth and activity of the
body.
 Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body, but are found naturally in foods obtained from plants and
animals.

DEFINITION:- Vitamins are organic nutrients that are required in small quantities for a variety of biochemical
functions and which generally cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied by the diet.

FUNCTIONS OF VITAMINS:-

 Vitamin’s is very important because they perform various functions in our body.
 Vitamins promote the normal growth by providing metabolism and ensuring protection against the viruses.
 For the proper growth of the children Vitamins are very important.
 Vitamins also help in the hormones formation, blood cells and formation of chemicals in our body.
 Vitamins are also required for metabolism and they create metabolically active enzymes which are very
essential for various functions of our body.
 Vitamins also assist in forming bones and tissues.

CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS:-

1) FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS:-
 Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fatty tissue.
 The four fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and K.

2) WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS:-
 Water-soluble vitamins - vitamin C and vitamin B Complex.
 The body must use water-soluble vitamins right away.
 Any leftover water-soluble vitamins leave the body through the urine.
 Vitamin B12 is the only water-soluble vitamin that can be stored in the liver for many years.

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMIN FUNCTION :-

 Vitamin A helps form and maintains healthy teeth, bones, soft tissue, mucus membranes, and skin.
 Vitamin D is also known as the "sunshine vitamin," since it is made by the body after being in the sun.
 Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine three times a week is enough to produce the body's requirement of vitamin D.
 People who do not live in sunny places may not make enough vitamin D.
 It is very difficult to get enough vitamin D from food sources alone.

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 Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium, which you need for the normal development and maintenance of
healthy teeth and bones.
 It also helps maintain proper blood levels of calcium and phosphorus.
 Vitamin K is an antioxidant also known as tocopherol.
 It plays a role in the formation of red blood cells and helps the body use vitamin K.
 Vitamin K is not listed among the essential vitamins, but without it blood would not stick together
(coagulate).
 Some studies suggest that it is important for promoting bone health.

1. Types of Vitamins
1. Vitamin A ( retinol)
2. Vitamin B complex ( B1, B2, B12)
3. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
4. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
5. Vitamin E (tocopherol)
6. Vitamin K
2. Vitamin A
 Vitamin A is essential for the growth of the babies.
 Deficiency of the Vitamin A causes weak growth of the bones/teeth/hairs and skin. Night Blindness
is an early symptom caused by deficiency of Vitamin A.
 The sources of Vitamin A are eggs, milk, butter, papaya, mango, liver fish, liver oil, sweet potatoes,
green and yellow vegetables etc.
3. Vitamin B1
 Vitamin B1 is very necessary for the growth.
 It is helpful in converting Carbohydrates to Energy.
 Deficiency of the Vitamin B1
 causes Beri- Beri – a disease of the Nervous System.
 Main Sources of Vitamin B1 are: cereals, yeast, nuts, peas, potatoes and almost all the vegetables.
4. Vitamin B2
 Vitamin B2 is needed for eyes and skin.
 It is the major source for the promotion of the oxygen in converting food into energy.
 Deficiency of the Vitamin B2 causes cracks in the skin, near mouth/ ear/ lips/ nose and the eyes may
also become very sensitive to light.
5. Vitamin B12
 Vitamin B12 helps in the normal functioning of the normal functioning of the Folic Acid.
 The Vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary for the production of the DNA.
 Deficiency of the Vitamin B12 causes anemia and damages the Nervous System.
 Main sources of Vitamin B12 are milk, eggs, liver and other animal sources.
6. Vitamin C
 Vitamin C is essential for healthy blood vessels, bones and teeth.
 It is also helpful to form collagen and protein that hold tissues together.
 Deficiency of Vitamin C causes scurvy, sore gums and bleeding under the skin.
 Main sources of Vitamin C are citrus fruits, strawberry, tomatoes and cabbages.

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7. Vitamin D
 Vitamin D is essential for body growth; and is also called Sunshine Vitamin.
 Deficiency of the Vitamin D causes Rickets – a disease of bone.
 Main sources of Vitamin D are milk, eggs, fish, liver, oil and sunshine
8. Vitamin E
 Vitamin E is essential to maintain cell membranes.
 Main sources of Vitamin E are eggs, cereals, meats, liver and vegetables.
9. Vitamin K
 Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting.
 Deficiency of Vitamin K also affects in the healing of the injuries.
 Best source of Vitamin K are green leafy vegetables, like cabbages, spinach and cauliflower.

MINERALS
Introduction:-
 Like vitamins, minerals are substances found in food that your body needs for growth and health.
 Minerals help our bodies develop and function.
 They are essential for good health.
 There are two kinds of minerals: macrominerals and trace minerals.
 Macrominerals are minerals your body needs in larger amounts.
 and Your body needs just small amounts of trace minerals.

DEFINITION:-

CLASSIFICATION:-
• Trace Minerals - are iron, zinc and iodine.
• Major Minerals - are sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus.

FUNCTION:-
Minerals have 4 major functions:
 Body building - teeth and bones
 Control of body processes, especially the nervous system
 Essential part of body fluids and cells
 Form part of enzymes and other proteins necessary for the release of energy.

Iron
 Functions:-Production of hemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen in the blood
 Deficiency :- Anaemia
 Sources:- Red meat • Kidney • Liver • Eggs • Bread • Green veg

Calcium
 Functions:- • Teeth and bones. • Blood clotting. • Nerve and muscle contraction. • Heart regulation
 Deficiency:- Stunted growth can cause rickets, osteoporosis.

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 Sources:-• Dairy products • fortified white bread • oily fish • green veg • nuts and seeds • citrus fruits.

Phosphorus
 Functions • Bones and teeth with calcium. • Muscle contraction
 Deficiency:- Rarely deficient but could cause tiredness and depression
 Sources • Dairy products • Nuts A% • Meat • Fish • foods rich in calcium.

Sodium
 Functions • Maintains water balance in the body and controls body temperature, helps you sweat when
body temp rises.
 Deficiency Deficiency is highly unlikely
 Sources • Cheese • Bacon • smoked meats • Fish • processed foods • table salt. • Government advice says
on average you should be eating no more than 6g of salt a day.

Potassium
 Functions • Muscle contraction and in maintaining fluid. It is necessary for the building of muscle and
for normal body growth.
 deficiency dry skin, acne, Muscle spasms
 Sources • Banana • Celery • Turnips

Zinc
 Functions • Everything from acne to diabetes Aids the immune system. Needed for the senses of smell
and taste.
 Deficiency Dry skin, acne, Muscle spasms
 Sources • Meat (Iamb) • Oats • Eggs • Nuts

Iodine
 Functions • Thyroid gland function (controls how quickly the body uses energy) and body metabolism
 Deficiency:- Particularly in children, fall in the production of thyroid hormones
 Sources • Animal and plant life from the sea • Milk • Eggs • Yogurt