Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Meher Prasad
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
email: prasadam@iitm.ac.in
Typical Accelerograms
Time, sec
• Can pick maximum response of this SDOF system (of given T and
damping) from this response time history
– See next slide
Response Spectrum (contd…)
T=2 sec,
U(t) Damping =2%
Time, sec
A(t)/g
Time, sec
Ground motion time history
Response Spectrum (contd…)
Displacement Response
Spectrum for the above time
A(t)/g
history
Time, sec
Umax
T=2.0 sec U(t)
=2%
Shown here are typical smooth spectra used in design for different
values of damping (Fig. from Housner, 1970)
Floor Response Spectrum
• The site may be prone to shaking from large but distant earthquakes
as well as from medium but nearby earthquakes: design spectrum
may account for these as well.
– See Fig. next slide.
Design Spectrum (contd…)
• In a way, one could say that the design spectrum for the seismic
coefficient method in the 1984 code was given by oIKC
IS:1893-1984 (contd…)
Period (sec)
Local soil profile reflected through a different design spectrum for Rock , Soil
Normalized for Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 1.0
Damping 0 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30
percent
Factors 3.2 1.4 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.55 0.50
(new code)
BACKGROUND
This may also be viewed as the equivalent lateral static force which
produces the same effects as the maximum effects by the ground
shaking.
It is sometimes convenient to express Qmax in the form ,
Qmax CW (B18)
The maximum strain energy stored in the spring can be expressed in terms
of V as follows:
Emax = (1/2) (k U) U = (1/2) m(pU)2 = (1/2)mV2 (B21)
Under certain conditions, that we need not go into here, V is identical to ,or
approximately equal to the maximum values of the relative velocity of the
mass and the bays, U and the two quantities can be used interchangeably.
..
It approaches U = y0 at extreme left; a value of A y0 extreme right;
(c) The high frequency limit of the response spectrum for discontinuous
acceleration inputs may be significantly higher than the value referred
to above, and the information presented should not be applied to such
inputs.
General form of spectrum
Acceleration spectra for elastic
system - El Centro Earthquake
SDF systems with 10%
damping subjected to El
centro record
Building
Code
Natural period,secs
Spectral Regions
Low frequency systems are displacement sensitive in the sense that their
maximum deformation is controlled by the characteristics of the
displacement trace of the ground motion and are insensitive to the
characteristics of an associated velocity and displacement trace:
Advantages:
• The response spectrum can be approximated more readily and
accurately in terms of all three quantities rather than in terms of a
single quantity and an arithmetic plot.
• In certain regions of the spectrum the spectral deformations can more
conveniently be expressed indirectly in terms of V or A rather than
directly in terms of U. All these values can be read off directly from the
logarithmic plot.
Logarithmic plot of Deformation Spectra
Velocity
sensitive
Displacement
sensitive V0
D0 y& 0
V y0 &y&0 Acceleration
sensitive
Log
scale A0
U
A
When plotted on a logarithmic paper, the spectrum for the half sine
acceleration pulse approaches asymptotically on the left the value.
V y &o
This result follows from the following expression presented earlier for
fixed base systems subjected to an impulsive force,
I
X max
mp
t1
where I P (t ) dt
0
t1
y
&
we obtain, U o or V y
&o
p
( This result can also be determined by considering the effect of an
instantaneous velocity change, y& o ,i.e. an acceleration pulse of finite
magnitude but zero duration. The response of the system in this case
is given by, u&o
u(t ) uo cos pt sin pt
p
Considering that the system is initially at rest, we conclude that,
uo 0 and u&o y& o
y& o
where, u(t ) sin pt
p
The maximum value of u(t), without regards to signs, is
y
&o
U or V y
&o )
p
Spectra for maximum and minimum accelerations of the mass
(undamped elastic systems subjected to a Half cycle
Acceleration pulse)
Spectra for maximum and minimum acceleration of the mass
(undamped Elastic systems subjected to a versed-sine velocity
pulse)
Deformation spectra for undamped elastic systems
subjected to a versed-sine velocity pulse
‘B’ Level Earthquake (=10% ; μ=1.0)
Deformation spectrum for undamped Elastic systems
subjected to a half-sine acceleration pulse
Example:
A
Alternatively,one can start reading the value .. from the spectrum
y0
proceeding this may, we find that
A
..
0.5
y0
A 0.8 1 g
Accordingly, C 2 0.4
g g
Q0 0.4W
..
A 0.8 y0 0.8 0.5 9.81
and U 0.024 m
p 2
p 2
4p 2
2 2
V A
The value of . and .. as read from the spectrum are
y0 y0 A
approximate. The exact value of .. determined is
y0
0.7. This leads to C 0.385 Q0 0.385W and U 0.025
If the duration of the pulse were t1 = 0.75 sec instead of 0.1 sec , the
results would be as follows
A A
1.5 C 0.5 1.5 0.75
Therefore, y
&& g
Q 0.75W
A 0.75 9.81
and U 2 0.00082m
4p 15
2
p 2
• Plot spectra for inputs considered in the illustrative example and compare
V
..
y0 Same as in
both cases
• The spectrum for the longer pulse will be shifted upward and to the left by a
factor of 0.75/0.10 = 7.5
Design Spectrum
xmax A
May be determined from the spectrum by interpreting as &y&
xst 0
When displayed on a logarithmic paper with the ordinate representing V and
the abscissa f, this spectrum may be approximated as follows:
(Log scale)
=1.5
(Log scale)
Deformation Spectra for Half-Cycle Velocity Pulses
Note that:
(a) The RHS of the spectrum is as would be expected from the remarks
already made.
(c) At the extreme left and of the spectrum, U=y0. The system in this
case is extremely flexible and the ground displacements is literally
absorbed by the spring.
Design Rules
Further more the peak value of U occurs at the same value of the
dimensionless frequency parameter, f1 as the peak value of V.
(a) The part on the extreme left for which U = yo .This corresponds to
• Compound Pulses
• Earthquake Records
Eureka record
El-Centro record
Design Spectrum
Minimum number of parameters required to characterize the design
y , y& and y
ground motion &&
y , y& and y
Max values of &&
The predominant frequency (or deviation) of the dominant pulses in
The degree of periodicity for (the number of dominant pulses in) each
diagram.
Dependence of these characteristics on
Local soil conditions
Epicentral distance and
Severity of ground shaking
Effect of damping:
The results will be a function not only of the damping forces of the
system but also of the cumulative probability level considered.
Following are the values proposed in a recent unpublished paper
by Newmark & Hall for horizontal motions:
25
0.3g x 2.71 =0.813 g
50 2.3
0.
=
f
A = 0.3g
01
2.
m/sec
y& 0 =0.3 2.71
x
V 2.01
25
C = 0.3
0.
y0
&& =0.3g
0.3g
y0=0.25 m
Q = 0.3W
Y=0.00127
0.05
They provide a full description of the earthquake motion, unlike response spectra,
as they show duration as well as amplitude and frequency content.
They are usually expressed as plots of the ground motion parameter versus time,
but consist of discrete parameter-time pairs of values.
Classes of ground motions are selected (based on soil, magnitude, distance, etc.)
Resulting equations are used to develop a design response spectrum with desired
probability of exceedence
Effect of various factors on spectral values
Soil Conditions
Aeroelastic damping
Viscous damping
Note that actual damping values for many systems, even at higher
levels of excitation are less than 5%.
Effect of Various Factors on Spectral Values
Modifying the Viscous Damping of Spectra
For each range of the spectrum, the spectral values are multiplied by the ratio
of the response amplification factor for the desired level of damping to the
response amplification factor for the current level of damping.
Tripartite Plots:
Newmark and Hall's spectra are plotted on a four-way log plot called a tripartite plot.
A tripartite plot begins as a log-log plot of spectral velocity versus period as shown.
Empirically Derived Design Spectra (Cont..)
Newmark and Hall's Method
All three types of spectrum (Sa vs. T, Sv vs. T, and Sd vs. T) can be plotted
as a single graph, and three spectral values for a particular period can easily
be determined.
The Sa, Sv, and Sd values for a period of 1 second are shown below.
Empirically Derived Design Spectra
Constructing Newmark and Hall Spectra