PT522 Motor Behavior & Control

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1. PTs provide unique Purposeful (doing/moving what you 6. What is the The ability to regulate or direct the
perspective on ____, intend to move) definition of mechanisms essential to movement
____, and _____ motor (Shumway-Cook
movement across Precise (with high accuracy) control and Woollacott)
lifespan. according to
Efficient (using the least amount of Shumway-
energy; two forms: metabolic and Cook and
mechanical. In neuro, it has to do Woollacott?
with peripheral and central fatigue.
7. What is the Motor control, the ability to maintain and
Peripheral is muscles burning out
definition of change posture and movement, is the result
ATP; Central is more of a neural
motor of a complex set of neurologic and
aspect. There are not enough motor
control mechanical processes. It allows the nervous
units to sustain force)
according to system to direct what muscles should be
2. PTs maximize an Engage Martin and used, in what order, and how quickly, to solve
individual's ability to Kessler? a movement problem (Martin and Kessler)
____with and ____to his Respond
8. What are Recognizable beginning and end
or her environment
discrete
using movement- Optimize (to get the best result out
movements Examples: Throwing, striking match, and
related interventions of the patient; their abilities, how
defined as? shifting gears.
to ____ functional they can function, and how you'd
capacity and want them to function)
What are
performance.
examples?
3. What are some things All functional activities of daily living
9. What are Discrete actions strung together
that require motor require motor control, motor
serial
control, learning, and learning and motor development.
movements Examples: Playing piano, assembly-line tasks,
development?
defined as? and gymnastics routine
4. What is the definition Coordinated response of whole
of behavior? living organism to internal and/ or What are
external stimuli. examples?
What are the different
10. What are No recognizable beginning and end
types of behavior? Motor Behavior (how is the person
continuous
moving, and why are they moving
movements Examples: Swimming, steering car, and
that way?)
defined as? tracking.
Verbal Behavior (out of domain)
Cognitive Behavior (out of domain) 11. As it relates If person has shoulder injury, with a discrete
to clinical movement, if you do know the motor
5. What is motor Motor Behavior:
decision movement affecting the injury, you can
behavior? An area of study stressing primarily
making, how pinpoint where in the throw.
the principles of human skilled
do discrete
What is motor control? movement
and With continuous movements, you really do
generated at a behavioral level of
continuous not know if the problem is something they
What is motor analysis.
movements did before you start with them or what they
learning?
differ? are planning on doing.
Motor Control:
Understanding of the neural, 12. What kind of Gait is continuous; the effect of something in
physical and behavioral aspects of movement is a previous cycle carries over to other cycles.
movement. human gait? There is no discernible beginning or end.
13. What is Environment predictable
Motor Learning: closed
Acquisition of skilled movements as environment Examples: Bowling, brushing teeth, and
a result of practice; applying the defined as? writing (unless they have chorea or athetosis)
principles of learning to movement
What are
examples?
14. What is a semi- Environment semipredictable 23. What is the Variability is the difference in data points.
open/closed difference in Error is the amount that it was incorrect
environment defined Examples: Steering a car, fielding error, from the correct response.
as? bouncing ball, and carrying pan of variability, and
water bias?
What are examples?
24. What are the Constant Error: relative to the target
15. What is open Environment unpredictable types of error? Variable Error: relative to their own score
environment defined What is total Absolute Error: Amount of spread of
as? Examples: Returning a punt, catching variability? movement about the target (same as
a butterfly, and wrestling. below)
What are examples? Total Variability: Amount of spread of
movement about the target
16. What kind of Semi
environment is it if an 25. Is variability Take the example of dysmetria with a 9-
older adult is walking good or bad? hole peg test; if you are not able to bring
in their house with a objects into one place, the errors you are
dog? experiencing are due to the dysmetria.
Variability is not about goals; it is about the
17. For us as physical If whatever the task is requires body
same movement you are doing and how it
therapists, should we functions that can't happen, the task
differs from repetition to repetition. Goal-
treat task deficiencies will stay impaired. You will have to
directed behavior is one thing; if a person
or impairment treat impairments in order to
is able to do a movement in a safe and
deficiencies? improve the task.
efficient way, there are different ways they
18. In measuring Effective: Purposeful and precise can do it.
responses, what are
the 3 characteristics Efficient: Precise It can be used to show improvement; the
of movement? problem is how to calculate it.
Safe
26. What are the 2 Magnitude dependent:
19. How are responses Kinematics: description of the different types SD, RMS, Variance
measured in movement of variability?
movement? Time dependent (do they become more or
Kinetics: what is causing the motion less variable):
Principles of Statistical Mechanics,
EMG: cause of the movement (how it probability theory and Information
is activating, what is activating) processing
20. According to Schmidt Goal-directed behavior dependent Non-linearity
& Lee, what is a skill? on practice and execution as Entropy: Sample entropy, approximate
opposed to being genetically entropy, multi-scale entropy
defined. 27. What is more Both are the same
21. What are the 3 ways Error (most important) stable, a
skills are measured? Parkinson's Too high of variability reduces your
Time and speed: patient who is stability.
Reaction time rigid vs an Too low of variability reduces your stability.
Movement time ataxic patient
Response time who is flailing
around?
Response Magnitude (measuring
strength, ROM, torque, etc.) How does
variability
22. Why is it bad to treat If you treat an impairment only in
affect stability?
an impairment only if someone with gait issues without
someone has gait working on their skill, they will
issues? continue to have that bad movement
pattern.
28. Is task- There is no correct answer. Process- 33. A 70 year old The first example is a closed
oriented or oriented can help us get to the diagnosis in patient with environment and it is a discrete
process- some cases just as well as a task-oriented Parkinson's movement for getting up from the chair
oriented process. showing history of and a continuous movement for gait.
approach Take gait for example; you need to know falling and The problem is initiating gait. Problem is
better? PROM as well as AROM. freezing in feedforward system, so the problem
of gait. could come from the motor program
29. What do Sensory contributions is more related to
At home, gets up or the ability to execute the motor
sensory just the sensations and how they are
from chair and program.
contributions working.
stops in standing.
relate to?
As soon as they The second example is an open
30. What is the Feedback: response generates stimulus start to take a environment and it is a continuous
difference which helps in further movement step they freeze. movement with walking. They are
between planning or control. (corrects the process freezing at the threshold as they
feedback and of going) approach the door. Problem is they are
feedforward? Walking outside on in the process of transitioning a
Feedforward (not closed loop): processes/ street side curb. movement, which means they need to
commands which prepares your system to The street is a busy assess what movement to do. We can't
receive stimulus and/ or perform actions street adjoining know if they have problem accessing
and/ or receipt of some kind of information. market but that is their motor program or if they have
(prepares your body to get the ball rolling) where there problems with muscle feedback that
31. As it relates to Automaticity of movement doctors office is. don't allow the person to change the
open loop, Speed of movement Patient is movement.
what are the Motor programs approaching a
problems with doorway to enter
closed loop the building and
systems? they freeze near
the threshold.
32. What are the Motor memory
different CPGs
What are the
motor
problems?
programs we
will talk 34. What is something Transitions are crucial because they are
about? that people with affected by various processes in the
neurophysiological brain. If people have problems with
deficits have certain processes, they compensate
problems with? with other systems.
Why are these
important? Example: Ask Huntington's patients if
they fall when they come to a sitting
What is an position, when they stop walking, or
example? when they turn.
35. What was the There was a theory back in the day that
theory in the past human movements was nothing but
about reflexes? reflexes. If everything is reflex-
What was the mediated, where is the decision making
problem with it? process going to come into the picture.

How was this There has to be some kind of hierarchy

problem fixed? to reflexes; this resulted in
development of top-down approach
where brain was on top and other
structures like muscles and connective
tissue were on bottom.
36. What It has again been very well-proven that if you 43. How do motor As this command goes down the chain, it
happens if do a decorticate animal, things affected most programs goes on and on in variability. This shows
you take often are equilibrium-related and postural facilitate that multiple people normally walking all
out the reflex-related. variety in have certain individual idiosyncrasies they
cortex in people? may have.
an animal?
44. What happens wherever there is such complex behavior,
37. What do Brain stem and spinal cord reflexes mediate life- when there is usually the systems are very flexible and
the brain giving and life-preserving functions. complex fluid. If you leave things as they are, they
stem and All of your thought process (almost) are behavior? will somehow arrange themselves into an
spinal influenced from the information processed by organized pattern.
cord the brain and spinal cord. What is the
mediate? theory of Everything has been proven is that the
What do dynamic brain and the body parts are together in
they systems? the soup. This single theory, dynamic
influence? systems theory, brings in all this. This takes
in how the environment, genetics, and
38. What As infant is developing, they also develop
everything else interacts to work together.
happens higher-order processes.
as infants 45. What do we as You yourself have an immense power to
develop? PTs have power modify these variables and how they are
to do as it interacting; if you do so, it can have
39. What When you are walking, everything (all joints) are
relates to tremendous effect.
joints are moving. You are controlling joint position,
variables?
moving speed, and everything else that the world is
and what throwing at you. 46. What is Something that is changing over time is
are you something that variability. Variability has both a magnitude
controlling The problem that is present is that there are too is changing and a time sequence to it.
when many degrees of freedom (these are not the over time
walking? joint axes in biomechanics); there are too many called as?
moving parts in the body at the same time. What
What is components
the does it have?
problem?
47. What do self- Any system which is self-organizing has
40. What do Synergies (how multiple degrees of freedom organizing components and parameters (genetics,
degrees of come together to produce a similar movement). systems have? environment) which combine to form
freedom patterns. Attractors are also a part of
combine systems, which means a person can settle
to form? their behavior into a single attractor.
41. What was In case of kids with cerebral palsy, it was found 48. What are our Our goals is to identify whether motor
found in that something was not working right. Their goals as PTs as behavior is pathological or not.
the study movement could not be coordinated with EMG it relates to Bad attractors are pathological. We
on gain in patterns that were shown. What was found that motor change some of these attractors
kids with if you combined the synergies, you could only behavior? depending on the goals.
CP vs define 2 or 3 synergistic patterns where one
49. What are Attractors are states
unaffected muscle went across certain synergies. These
attractors?
kids? synergies were present in normal children and
not children with CP. This was huge in proving 50. What is Entropy is a measure of how the
that synergies existed. information information stays or decays.
entropy?
42. If brain is Motor programs are created
controlling 51. What is center Center of pressure is joint of application of
few things, of pressure? ground reaction force (Center of Gravity).
what does What can it It is also a term you can use for gait. You
it bring us also be are moving all the time.
back to? synonymous
with?
52. How do you Looking at center of pressure changes 61. Scenario: At We need to know where the specific
calculate home, gets up programs for the specific movement are
movement? from chair and stored in the brain in order to determine
stops in what we can do to modify the person's
53. What is the Essentially what comes down to it is that
standing. As behavior to adapt to this faulty program.
problem with biomechanically, we look at the
soon as they If it is a degrees of freedom problem, we
the quantitative aspect.
start to take a come back to the issue that some of the
biomechanical
step they muscles' synergies (from various areas of
approach to This theory, dynamic systems theory, gives
freeze. the brain) are dysfunctional. We need to
human us a way to understand quality of
know if there is something for us as PTs to
movement? movement.
What kind of do.
theory would
How does
you use to best
dynamic
explain what is
systems theory
going wrong
improve this?
and why?
54. What do we use Multiple time scales are used for specific
62. What is the Vision is a sensation; visual perception is
for specific behavior states.
difference to give it a meaning and put it in context.
behavior states?
between vision
55. What is a very It is not really something which is hard- and visual
important wired, but a lot of it is soft assembly. This is perception?
aspect of a very important aspect of dynamic
63. What are some With older adults, macular degeneration is
dynamic systems theory. It allows you to
common visual an issue. Visual acuity is affected. In terms
systems theory? understand human movement outside the
issues in older of other disease are glaucoma (more
brain.
adults? common; ratio of preference) and diabetic
56. What are Central pattern generators are movement retinopathy can cause blindness.
central pattern patterns not present in the brain.
64. What is the Before occipital lobe, things are bifurcated
generators?
pathway to midbrain, which has the ability of
57. What are the 3 Movement is an integration of task, responsible for topography (making a map of the area). If
components of individual, and environment. topography in there are problems with the midbrain,
movement? vision? people will have issues with determining
58. What does Manipulation merely means adapting to what surface they are working on.
manipulation the task. 65. What is the Ventral stream goes to infratemporal areas
mean as it difference and is limited to central visions: vision for
relates to between ventral perception. It does contrast, focus,
movement? stream and sufficient lighting, object identification and
59. What is the Cognition is knowledge through thought. dorsal stream in perception of the environment.
difference Perception is knowledge through vision?
between "experience" Dorsal stream is for peripheral vision:
cognition and vision for action; it is a subconscious
perception? reaction for movement.
It is located in the posterior-parietal
60. What are Regulatory and nonregulatory are like
cortex, middle temporal and medial
regulatory and closed and open, respectively
superior temporal lobes (a huge area). It
non regulatory
does pursuit eye movement, low lighting,
environments
visual perception, and guiding movement
synonymous
of the body through space.
with?
66. If person in clinic is We would label it as cognitive 74. What happens with If you do not have intact memory, a
having difficulty with issue, but really, the problem stimulus stimulus may mean something
identify problems, could be somewhere else. identification? totally different to you.
should we say they have Once you contact the memory, you
a cognitive or memory will recognize the pattern.
issue or perceptual All this becomes very important
deficit? because you need to know if they
are able to see and detect what you
67. What is the difference Pursuit eye movement is tracking.
are doing.
between pursuit eye
movement and saccadic Saccadic eye movements are a 75. In stimulus It just means that you extract and
eye movement? problem with jerky eye identification, what give something a meaning.
movements. does feature
extraction mean?
68. What is the difference in Group Ia: rate of change of
muscle spindle Group Ia length/ velocity of contraction 76. What does attention Performance
and Group II Group II: Static length have an effect on?
Group II responds to vibration,
77. What happens the The more you practice, the more
light tendon taps and sinusoidal
more you practice? you are able to select one specific
stretches
response from all the responses.
69. What do GTOs respond Tension
78. What possible ways Trial and Error
to?
are there for Past Experience
70. What is the difference The way the nerve goes into the selecting the right Positive Feedback
between rate and muscle is dependent upon rate response? Reinforcements vs. punishments
temporal coding? and temporal
Rate coding - frequency at which With trial and error, past experience,
impulses come into a given and reinforcements (and the others
muscle at a given time. above), we are building a movement
Temporal coding - is how the paradigm.
coding changes over a given
79. What should we do if If we are seeing a patient with an
period of time.
we are seeing a orthopedic issue, we need to delve
It is already well-proven that
patient with an into motor control theories to help
these two things exist.
orthopedic issue? them relearn the pattern.
The frequency might be fixed, but
the way it changes over time may 80. After selecting the Response complexity: can be simple
have different effects. right response in or complex depending on the
movement, how do activity.
71. For the study that Arthrogenic muscle inhibition
you program it? Response accuracy: doesn't have to
showed corticomotor means reduced muscle force
be highly accurate, but can be
excitability was regardless of what you are doing.
Response duration: ADLs have a
increased, why was the There will still be a deficit of 20-
longer duration.
muscle force 40%. There are very few studies
decreased? which have proven what's wrong. 81. What do you have to In order to identify a stimulus or
have in order to select a response, you have to have
72. What happens in the In pre-motor phase, the brain is
identify a stimulus or memory.
brain in the pre-motor processing the information and
select a response?
phase? stimulus it is receiving in order to
take it to the cortex and decide
whether to do something about it.
73. What are the 3 stages First thing is stimulus identification
involved in reaction Second thing is response
time, the space between selection
stimulus (input) and Last thing is response
movement (output)? programming
82. What are the Understand that you have a procedural 88. How do task You have to transition the task
types of memory, episodic memory, and semantic transitions work, Example: Walking through threshold.
memories we memory (may not worry in general, but you and what is an
need to know need to focus on procedural and episodic example? Transition from one phase requires
about as PTs? memory). A lot of times, you have to work coordination
on conscious (explicit) memory. How do phase Example: gait phases.
transitions work,
You have to integrate all this into and what is an
sensory/short-term/long-term and working example?
memory.
89. Does coordination F U C K NO
83. Where is Working memory is stored in frontal lobe. It have a time
working goes on into long-term memory. component?
memory
90. How do we assess Coordination tests like the 9-hole peg
stored, and All of this is more important from learning
coordination in tests (they aren't truly giving the right
what does it aspect rather than anything else. You need
clinics? coordination measure; it is only giving
go on into? to know which areas of the brain have to
time).
work together. You need to prime the
Why is this systems in order to have the movement go
important through. If priming is a problem, there will
from a be issues.
learning
aspect?
84. What are the Amygdala is the fear center, emotions. It
characteristics works along with hippocampus and is part
of the of cingulate gyrus loop. It has a huge role in
amygdala? the way you perform a specific movement.
It also is related to addiction.
85. How do you In discrete task, you have to identify the
think we are stimulus and select a response. You do a
integrating all task and finish.
these In a continuous task, you have to do it over
concepts for and over again.
discrete vs.
continuous
task?
86. What term do Coordination
we use for
degrees of
freedom?
87. What does You have to coordinate yourself with the
coordination space you are working in (spatial) and the
mean? timing (temporal)
Understand that you have to coordinate
your movement in terms of degree and how
you are moving around.