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(𝑛−𝑟)!
𝑃(𝑛, 𝑟) = [𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)] [(𝑛−𝑟)!]
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)…(𝑛−𝑟+1)(𝑛−𝑟)!
𝑃(𝑛, 𝑟) = (𝑛−𝑟)!
𝑛!
When 𝑟 = 𝑛, 𝑃(𝑛, 𝑟) = 0! = 𝑛! where it is defined that 0! = 1
3! 2!
Justifying 0! = 1, 3= , 2=
2! 1!
1!
1 = 0! 1(0!) = 1! = 1 hence, 0! = 1
2!
2= 2(1!) = 2! = 2
1!
3!
3 = 2! 3(2!) = 3! = 6
4!
4 = 3! 4(3!) = 4! = 24
5!
5 = 4! 5(4!) = 5! = 120
⋮
𝑛!
𝑛 = (𝑛−1)! n(n-1)!=n!