m Lack of proper nutrition

yl:biology m Lack of preventative medicines

However, many Caribbean countries are now seeing increased incidences of lifestyle diseases due to the
number of fast-food outlets that have become part of their lifestlye.

Health PATHOGENIC DISEASES

m Disease causing microbes are known as pathogens.
m Microbes are viruses, bacteria and fungi.
m The organism carrying the disease from host to host is known as a vector.
m The vector is not the only means of spreading the disease. Other means include:

& BY AIR - IN AIRBORNE DROPLET

m When an infected person sneezes or coughs, tiny drops of liquid are showered into the air. Virus that
cause the common cold and influenza are spread this way.

BY DIRECT CONTACT
m By touching an infected person

disease
m By touching items used by an infected person, for example towels, rags, combs and cups.

BY DUST PARTICLES
m Pathogens stick to dust floating in the air; bacteria causing diphtheria are spread this way.

IN FOOD AND WATER

m typhoid and cholera are spread when infected faeces get into drinking water. The current cholera
MONACIA WILLIAMS
Contributor
epidemic in Haiti can give us an indication of the devastation that can be caused by this disease.
m persons handling food with dirty hands can pass on infections.
HIS WEEK, we begin looking at another section of the CSEC biology syllabus, section D - Disease and

T its impact on humans. As is customary, we will look at the theory then use it to answer questions that
have been set in past examinations. In order to deal with the topic successfully we need to know what
we are going to discuss. In other words, when we say the word ‘health’, what do we mean? So we begin with BY INFECTED NEEDLES
the definition. m viruses that cause AIDS and hepatitis can be spread in this way among drug addicts.

Health is the complete mental, physical and social well-being of the individual. If my body is free from Examples of vectors and the diseases they transmit
physical illness but I am feeling depressed, then I am not healthy. If I am free from physical illness and
depression but I am living in squalor, I am also not healthy because my social conditions are not conducive
to good health.

DISEASES
A disease is any upset in body function, due to, for example, an infection, deficiency or heredity.
There are four main types of diseases
m Pathogenic Controlling the vector can reduce the spread of a disease. To do this, one needs to know the life cycle of
m Deficiency the vector. This provides the opportunity to:
m Hereditary m prevent them from laying eggs
m Physiological m prevent them from developing into adults
m develop means to destroy the adults
DEFINITIONS
Pathogenic :
Diseases caused by parasitic organisms - pathogens, for example, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa,
annelids.

Deficiency:
Caused by a shortage of a nutrient, for example, vitamin or mineral in the diet.

Hereditary:
Caused by genes which are passed on from one generation to the next.

Physiological:
Caused by a malfunctioning of one of the body’s organs.

Occurrence/Global distribution
m Developing countries
Have higher incidences of pathogenic/infectious diseases, for example, dengue fever, cholera and
tuberculosis.

m Developed countries
Have higher incidences of physiological diseases, for example hypertension and coronary heart diseases
(CHDs). These are lifestyle diseases.

Diseases of developing countries such as Jamaica and other Caribbean islands are linked to:
m Overcrowding
m Lack of potable water PLEASE SEE DISEASES, PAGE 17

16 YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 1-7, 2011

 diseases
continued from page 16
CONTROLLING MOSQUITOES
m Drain stagnant water. This will destroy the breeding sites of the
mosquitoes since the eggs are laid in water.
m Put fish into ponds to feed on larvae. This will serve to
reduce the population.
m Spread a thin layer of oil over water which must be kept. This
will kill the larvae. Although the larvae live in the water they are air
breathers. The oil prevents oxygen from going into the water.
m Kill adults with insecticide
m Use mosquito nets treated with insecticide
m Keep areas around the house free from bushes
th
19 century
immigration
(part 1)
DEBBION HYMAN
Contributor
IMMIGRATION SCHEMES
THE EUROPEANS
Due to a decline in the white population, planters
sought European immigrants to increase the size of
the white population. It was hoped that Europeans
would set an example of industry to ex-slaves, and
as well, eventually develop into a middle class.
They would settle on available land in the interior,
thus forcing ex-slaves off the land and back to the
plantations. Jamaica imported the largest number.
Europeans also went to Trinidad, British Guiana and
St Kitts. These immigrants were mainly Scots, Irish,
French and Germans. They were recruited under a
bounty system.
PROBLEMS WITH EUROPEAN
IMMIGRATION
Europeans were unsatisfactory as most died
when they arrived. They died from tropical diseases,
heat stroke and many drank themselves to death.
They also refused to work on the plantations with
blacks. Many asked to be sent home or migrated to
the United States. Planters also failed to supply
proper food, shelter and medical facilities.
THE PORTUGUESE
Madeirans were paid only 3d per day in Madeira
and were attracted by higher wages in the
Caribbean, especially British Guiana. Many went to
Trinidad and a few to the Windward Islands. They
were brought in by government bounty. Most came
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES This disease is caused by a retro virus known as HIV.
For example, herpes, AIDS, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis. These are HIV IS THE ACRONYM FOR:
diseases that are spread from human to human through intimate H - Human
sexual activity.
I - Immunodeficiency
V - Virus
Gonorrhoea and syphilis can be treated and controlled if they are
The virus only survives in body fluids. It is transmitted through/in
diagnosed early. Herpes has no cure but it is not fatal.
blood and semen, breast milk or across the placenta in pregnant and
lactating mothers. It is also transmitted by sharing hypodermic
AIDS is a collection of diseases which result from a weakening of
the immune system. It has no cure and is fatal. The final stages of the needles. Due to improved screening methods, it is no longer
disease are horrible and painful. transmitted through blood transfusions.
See you next week when we will continue our study of AIDS and
AIDS ACRONYM FOR:
other sexually transmitted diseases. Have a great week!
A - Acquired
I - Immune
Monacia Williams teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments
D - Deficiency
to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
S - Syndrome
PROBLEMS
yl:history
1. Very few Africans were willing to come to the
Caribbean. There were no catastrophes in Africa
which would make them leave.
2. Many who came to the Caribbean did not
remain on the plantation. Rather, they followed the
PROBLEMS
1. The number of liberated Africans was too small
to make a difference to the labour situation. This
scheme ended when Cuba and Brazil abolished
ex-slaves and settled on lands and became slavery in 1866 and 1888, respectively. Like the
peasant farmers. ex-slaves, they abandoned the estates and settled
on land.
LIBERATED AFRICANS To be continued next week.
Answers to last week multiple choice activity
The largest number of Africans who came to the
Revision Activity
British Caribbean was ‘rescued’ by the British Navy 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C
from slave ships bound for Cuba and Brazil. These 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. D
Africans were forcibly indentured for up to five years
in the Caribbean, primarily in British Guiana,
Trinidad and Jamaica.
11. D 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. A
Debbion Hyman teaches at St. Hugh’s High School. Send
questions and comments to
during periods of famine in Madeira (1846-1847). kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
Their numbers decreased after 1847 until the
scheme ended in 1882.
PROBLEMS WITH MADEIRAN
IMMIGRATION
The Madeirans died in large numbers. They
suffered severely from yellow fever, malaria,
overwork and inadequate food. The scheme was
very irregular and most of them went into trading as
soon as their contracts ended. In addition, the
Madeiran government objected to the scheme since
so many of its citizens were leaving and
implemented measures making it difficult for their
recruitment.
THE AFRICANS
There were two distinct groups of Africans that
were used as labourers in the post-emancipation
period. These were the free Africans and the
liberated Africans. The free Africans were persons
who willingly opted to come and work on the
plantations in the Caribbean. The liberated Africans
were persons freed by British naval personnel from
vessels illegally transporting them to the Caribbean
as slaves.
FREE AFRICANS
Attempts were made to obtain Africans from the
Kru Coast and Sierra Leone. The British government
was reluctant to grant approval of this scheme as it
seemed to have been a revival of the slave trade.
However, in 1840, approval was granted. At first,
they were recruited privately but the British
government assumed direct control two years later.
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 1-7, 2011 17
yl:mathematics

Length of
a line
CLEMENT RADCLIFFE
Contributor

T HIS WEEK, we will continue to review aspects of coordinate geometry. We will begin with the solution to
the homework last week.

HOMEWORK
Given the points X(-5 , 3) and Y( 1 , 1), find the values of:
(a) Gradient, m (b) the coordinates of the midpoint, M

SOLUTION

Let us now continue the review of coordinate geometry with the topic, length of a straight line.

LENGTH OF LINE
The length of AB is found by using Pythagoras’ Theorem. As triangle ABC is right-angled, therefore,
AB2 = BC2 + AC2.
therefore: AB2 = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2

All the best for the week ahead.

Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to

kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

18 YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 1-7, 2011

yl:principles of accounts

Incomplete
records
ROXANNE WRIGHT
Contributor

WORKED EXAMPLE:
On January 1, 2010, James Marshall’s financial position was:
Fixed Assets $39 400
Current Assets $34 200
Current Liabilities $25 600
There were no long-term liabilities.

During the year 2010, he bought fixed assets for $4 600 and borrowed $4 000 repayable in 2011. [>1]
At the end of the year, his current assets were $43 000 and current liabilities $26 600.
He had taken drawings $24 000 during 2010 and his fixed assets had depreciated by $6 600.
a. Draw up a statement, which may be in balance-sheet form, to show the net profit for 2010. [>2]
HOMEWORK ALERT!
b. Calculate as at December 31, 2010 for James Marshall: You are told that the current assets and the current liabilities at the end of the year for James Marshall are:
i. Working capital
ii.Capital owned
iii. Capital employed

SOLUTION

Explain what these figures tell you about James Marshall’s financial position at December 31, 2010. Do
not only comment on individual figures, compute any necessary and useful ratios.

Answer this question on your own. The solution will be published next week. See you then.

Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

B(i) Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities

= $43 000 - $26 600
= $16 400

(ii) Capital Owned = Total Assets - Total Liabilities

= $80 400 - $30 600
= $49 800

(iii) Total Capital Employed = Total Assets - Current Liabilities

= $804 400 -$26 600
= $53 800
/
WINSTON SILL FREELANCE PHOTOGRAPHER
Attendants at the Consular Corps of Jamaica’s Diplomatic Week reception was which
held at The Jamaica Pegasus hotel, New Kingston, on Tuesday night, January 25.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 1-7, 2011 19

yl:information technology
NATALEE A. JOHNSON
Contributed
H ELLO, STUDENTS. In this week’s lesson, we will conclude looking
at data security and begin to look at current trends in technology.
BACKUP AND RECOVERY
Sometimes instead of securing data from people who have
malicious intent, you have to protect it from your negligence or the fact
that we take for granted that once we save something on a storage
medium, we do not need to save it else where. This is what backup and
recovery is for. Backing up data is the process of making a copy of the
data and storing it on another storage medium. The storage media
most commonly used for this process are: CD -RW, magnetic tape and
external hard drives. If the original data is lost, misplaced or
destroyed, it can be recovered by copying the back-up onto the
computer.
ARCHIVING
When data has remained unchanged for a long time and is not
accessed on a regular basis, it is said to be inactive. If the data is
occupying valuable space (which is very likely), you might want to
store it in a separate location instead. This is what is known as
archiving the data.
DATA CORRUPTION
When something causes data to become lost or damaged, this data
is said to be corrupted. Data may be corrupted by:
m A computer virus
m Willful acts of employees
m Computer malfunctions
m Poor method of updating data
REDUCING THE RISK OF DATA CORRUPTION:
m Minimising the risk of computer malfunction by performing
periodic computer maintenance and keeping the computer in a cool
room away from smoke and dust.
m Installing up to date antivirus software
m Using surge protectors and uninterrupted power supply units
Before we begin to look at current trends in technology, try the
following past-paper questions shown below.
QUESTION 1
(a) What do the following terms represent?
(i) FTP
(ii) IRC
(iii) E-commerce
(3 marks)
20
Data security
(b) State one advantage and one disadvantage of normal mail over TELECOMMUTING
electronic mail. It is the term used to refer to when an employee works off-site
(2 marks) (usually at home) using a computer and a communication channel to
communicate with the office network/computer. All that is required is a
(c) Explain the difference between a webpage and a website. connection to the office network via a communications channel. The
(1 mark)
most common method of doing this is with a modem, telephone line
and remote networking software.
QUESTION 2
An insurance company gathers medical reports on its clients from ADVANTAGES
the computer system of a certain outpatient clinic. The insurance m Reduced costs from commuting to and from work
company increases its insurance payments according to the number of
m Less stress (from not having to put up with rush-hour traffic) and
visits to the clinic. State, with reasons, whether this involves
(a) Electronic eavesdropping (2 marks)
is more convenient for the employee.
(b) Electronic surveillance (2 marks)
m The employee can work in the comfort of his/her home at his/her
(c) Computer fraud (2 marks)
own pace
QUESTION 3
Name one security measure that is appropriate for each of the DISADVANTAGES
m The employee may have to absorb resulting additional telephone
following situations:
(a) Some papers and books were found in good condition after a fire
and electricity costs.
destroyed the office in which they were stored. (1 mark)
m The initial cost of setting up the computer systems, both at home
(b) A client was able to obtain a document which was prepared over
two years ago. (1 mark) and at the office, to support telecommuting will be expensive.
(c) Only employees in the accounts department are allowed access m Lack of supervision since the employee can work when he/she
to salaries and other finances. (1 mark) wishes, and may be distracted by things such a telephone calls, the
Internet and television.
(d) After a power failure, the staff was able to use data from the
m There may be a loss of productivity.
previous day to continue their data entry. (1 mark)
(e) All visitors must sign at the front desk and wear visitor tags. m Reduced social interaction between employees.
(1 mark)
m Employees will lose out on the possibility of obtaining a
promotion.
CURRENT TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY
There are many jobs that are done exclusively on the computer. The
We have come to the end of this lesson. See you next week when we
only thing that forces the employee to travel to the workplace is the fact
will continue to look at current trends in technology. Remember, if you
that the job entails working with files on the office network. However,
fail to prepare, be prepared to fail.
with today’s technology a person can work files on a remote network.
Telecommuting takes advantage of this technology to reduce
Natalee A. Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and comments
unnecessary commuting to and from the office. to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 1-7, 2011
yl:geography ITEMS 6 - 9 ARE BASED ON THE MAP EXTRACT OF LA BREA, TRINIDAD.

Reading
your map
(part 5)
MARJORIE HENRY
Contributor
N AN earlier lesson, I discussed paper 1, the multiple-choice paper. I shared with you that the items for

I this paper are drawn from all areas of the syllabus. We have also had discussion on some map reading
skills, focusing on those tested in the last examination. In today’s lesson, I will give you some multiple-
choice items on map reading. As you do them, bear in mind the structure of each item. Read the items
carefully; remember, it is not guess work. Understand what the STEM is saying or asking. Go through all the
four options given and select the correct one, that is, the KEY.

REFER TO THE MAP EXTRACT OF GROS ISLET, ST LUCIA, BELOW, FOR ITEMS 1 - 5.
6. What is the road distance to the hospital at Brighton from the main road junction in La Brea and along
the La Brea village road?
A) 1km B)1.5 km C)1.9 km D) 2.4 km

7. What is the type of settlement found between Brighton and La Brea?

A) linear B) nucleated C) dispersed D) isolated

8. What is the function of the feature jutting out into the sea at Point Boyer?
A) A landing for cruise ships B) The shipping of asphalt
C) Oil exporting terminal D) Landing for fishing boats

9. Why is the land to the east of easting 52 empty of settlement?

A) It is far from the town B) It is held in reserve for mining
C) It is poorly drained D) It has very valuable natural resources

ITEMS 10 AND 11 ARE BASED ON THE DIAGRAM BELOW.

1. Which of the following best indicates the location of the church at Gros Islet?
A) 209574 B) 210573 C) 209576 D) 210579

2. The compass bearing of the Post Office at Gros Islet from the trigonometrical station at Mount Primard is?
0 0 0 0
A) 37 B) 45 C) 217 D) 225

3. Which of the following has had the least influence on the siting of the St Lucian Hotel (207566)?
A) Reduit Beach B) the main road C) the Careenage D) the Golf Course
10. The area between the hills is called a
4. The gradient of the north slope of Mount Pimard to the coast at the Bunker (201564) is approximately A) pass B) gap C) valley D) col
A) 1:1 B)1:4 C) 1:6 D)1:10
11. In what direction is point B from point A?
5. The main economic activity in this area is A) easterly B) southerly C) SE D) NW
A) Fishing B)Agriculture C) Tourism D) Manufacturing
Marjorie Henry is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 1-7, 2011 21

yl:social studies
Good governance,
a good society
MAUREEN CAMPBELL
Contributor
T
HERE ARE two main terms that will be looked
at, which relate to what happens in a society
to which individuals feel that they are a part
of. They are governance and good governance.
According to the United Nations paper What is
Good Governance? the term “governance” means
“the process of decision making and the process by
which decisions are implemented or not
implemented.” In other words, governance involves
the analysis of the processes and systems by which
a specific society or organisation operates.
It, therefore, may be viewed as the exercise of
power or authority, whether political, economic and
administrative or otherwise, which is needed to
manage a country’s resources and affairs. It
comprises the mechanisms, processes and
institutions through which citizens and groups
articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights
and meet their obligations.
‘Good governance’ means the competent
management of a country’s resources and affairs in
a manner that is open, transparent, accountable,
equitable and responsive to people’s needs. There
are several elements or characteristics of good
governance, and these may be seen as an ideal of
governance. Good governance embodies processes
that are “participatory, consensus-oriented,
accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and
efficient, equitable and inclusive, and which follow
the rule of law.”
Most of all, good governance should “ensure that
corruption is minimised, the views of minorities are
taken into consideration, and that the voices of the
most vulnerable in society are heard in decision
making. It is also responsive to the present and
future needs of society” There will always be a close
relation between good governance and respect for
human rights.
CHARACTERISTICS & DEFINITION
Accountability
Accountability is a key requirement of good
governance. It is the state of being liable or
answerable to someone. In this case, to the citizens
of a country.
Consensus-oriented
Good governance requires intervention of the
different interests in society to reach a broad
22
consensus on what is in the best interest of the
whole community and how this can be achieved.
Effectiveness and efficiency
Good governance means that processes and
institutions produce results that meet the needs of
society while making the best use of the resources
at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the
context of good governance also covers the
sustainable use of natural resources and the
protection of the environment.
Equity and inclusiveness
A society’s well-being depends on ensuring that
all its members feel that they have a stake in it and
do not feel excluded from the mainstream of
society. This requires that all groups, but
particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities
to improve or maintain their well-being.
Participation
Participation by both men and women is a
cornerstone of good governance. Participants need
to be informed and organised, which requires
freedom of association and expression, and an
organised civil society.
Responsiveness
Good governance requires that institutions and
processes try to serve all stakeholders. It involves
being sensitive and reacting to the needs of all
individuals and groups in society.
Rule of law
Good governance requires fair legal frameworks
that are enforced without prejudice. It also requires
full protection of human rights, particularly those of
minorities. Unbiased enforcement of laws requires
an independent judiciary and an impartial and
morally upright police force.
Transparency
Transparency means that decisions made and
their enforcement are achieved in a manner that
follows rules and regulations.
The relationship between citizens and
government is important because it guarantees a
good relationship and trust between citizens and
their elected representatives. This relationship
should transcend into all aspects of a citizen’s life
as government ensures that this essential
relationship between government and citizens is
based on mutual respect.
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 1-7, 2011
This good relationship is possible and can be
maintained by the government providing and
individual freedom is held as completely
subordinate to the power or authority of the state,
promoting efficient and effective resource centered either in one person or a small group that
management, responsiveness to citizen’s needs,
is not constitutionally accountable to the people.
transparency in government operations and
accountability for government actions, the
opportunity for citizens to participate in DEMOCRACY
policymaking, fair dealing between government and This is a type of political system which gives
citizens, and the ethical behaviour of all public power to the people as a whole. This power is
officials.
derived through a system of representative
democracy that places authority in the hands of
WHAT IS A CONSTITUTION? elected leaders who are accountable to the people.
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles
or established precedents according to which a state
or other organization is governed. It is, therefore, a ACTIVITY
compilation of the laws determining the 1. Define the terms governance and good
fundamental political principles of a government. governance.
When these principles are written down into a single
or set of legal documents, those documents may be
2. State and explain five characteristics/elements
said to comprise a written constitution.
of good governance.
SOME OF OUR RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS!
m Right to life
3. Suggest three reasons why good governance is
m Right to liberty
important and justify your suggestions.
m Right to a fair trial
m Right to privacy
4. Outline one right and one freedom stated in the
m Freedom of conscience
constitution of your country.
m Freedom of expression
m Freedom of assembly 5. Suggest to citizens one lawful action that they
m Right to marry and raise a family
m Freedom from discrimination
may take if their human rights are violated by the
m Right to an education.
government. State why the action you have
suggested will work.
AUTHORITARIAN Maureen Campbell teaches at St Hugh’s High School. Send
This concept pertains to a governmental or questions and comments to
political system, principle or practice in which kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
yl:english language
Let’s get
argumentative!
NATASHA THOMAS-FRANCIS
Contributor
HIS WEEK, we turn our attention to persuasive/argumentative writing. This lesson is particularly helpful
T in assisting you with section four of Paper 02. This section of the CXC English A paper tests your
persuasive/argumentative skills, so it is important that you master these skills. Persuasive speech or
writing aims at convincing the reader to agree with a particular viewpoint. It is supported by evidence and
relies on persuasive devices to make its appeal. The main focus of persuasive language is the audience,
reader or listener. So what then are the elements that you need to consider? In persuasive discourse, the
writer makes use of content, rhetorical devices, structure and language. All the choices are guided by
consideration of the audience.
I am sure you are familiar with the following strategies writers or speakers use to persuade their audience:
m Use of evidence m Use of analogy
m Use of contrast m Use of repetition
m Use of reliable sources of authority m Appeal to emotion
m Direct personal appeal m Irony/sarcasm
m Hyperbole (overstatement) m Pun (a play on words)
m Metaphors and similes m Use of rhetorical question (a question which does not require
a verbal response)
PLEASE SEE ARGUMENTATIVE, PAGE 23
argumentative
continued from page 22
yl:office administration

Types of cheques
There are many great public speakers
whom you can emulate. Can you think of
any public speakers who inspire you?
Many of our politicians are quite skilful
in persuading the electorate to vote for
them. What strategies from the list above
do they employ?

Well, read the following extract taken
from a famous speech by Dr. Martin
HYACINTH TUGMAN or another, refused to pay on presentation. The reasons for refusal may be attributed
Contributor
to one of the following causes:
m words and figures differ
I, STUDENTS. As promised, I am now completing the lesson I started last

H
Luther King, Jr, and identify the
m there are insufficient funds
strategies employed in the speech: week. Basically, there are two types of cheques - open and crossed. In

I say to you today, my friends, that in
spite of the difficulties and frustrations of
the moment, I still have a dream. It is a
dream rooted in the American dream.
I have a dream that one day this nation
will rise up and live out the true meaning
of its creed: “We hold these truths to be
self-evident; that all men are created
equal.”
I have a dream that one day on the red
hills of Georgia, the sons of former
slaves and the sons of former
slaveowners will be able to sit at the
table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the
state of Mississippi, a desert state
sweltering with the heat of injustice and
oppression, will be transformed into an
oasis of freedom and justice.
...
I have a dream today.
...
This is our hope. This is the faith with
which I return to the South. With this
faith we will be able to hew out of the
mountain of despair a stone of hope.
With this faith we will be able to
transform the jangling discords of our
nation into a beautiful symphony of
brotherhood. With this faith we will be
able to work together, to struggle
together, to go to jail together, to stand
up for freedom together, knowing that we
will be free one day.
Isn’t this a powerful speech? How
many persuasive strategies were you
able to identify? In next week’s lesson, I
will discuss a few strategies found in the
extract. Until then, be a blessing to
someone.
It has now been a year since the
earthquake occurred in Haiti. Let us
continue to keep our Haitian brothers
and sisters in our thoughts as they travel
on the long road to recovery.
Natasha Thomas-Francis teaches at Glenmuir
High School. Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
addition, the crossed cheque can be divided into two categories - those with
general crossings and those with specific crossings. The figure below illustrates this
classification.
CHEQUES
OPEN CROSSED
GENERAL SPECIFIC
CROSSING CROSSING
OPEN CHEQUE
An open cheque does not have two parallel lines and can be cashed at the bank by
the payee once he endorses it (signs his name on the reverse side). If the payee
wishes to transfer the cheque to someone else, he can do so by endorsing it by
writing a note on the back authorising the bank to pay that person. This type of
cheque is not very secure because if it is lost or stolen, anyone may be able to cash
it if he can persuade the bank that he is the payee.
CROSSED CHEQUE
When a cheque is crossed, two parallel lines are drawn across it. In addition, ‘&
Co.’ maybe written between the lines. A crossed cheque cannot be cashed but must
be deposited into an account. It is much safer than an open cheque.
CROSSED CHEQUE - A/C PAYEE ONLY
This type of cheque is even safer than a general crossed cheque because it is not
transferable. It must be deposited into the account of the payee and not in anyone
else’s account.
CROSSED CHEQUE - SPECIFIC CROSSING
This specially crossed cheque not only states that it must be paid into the account
of the payee, but also gives the name of the bank at which the cheque must be
deposited.
DISHONOURED CHEQUE
A cheque is said to have been dishonoured when the bank has, for some reason
m irregular endorsement, that is, the name on the reverse of a cheque does not
correspond with the payee’s name on the front
m drawer’s signature differs from that in the bank’s records
m an alteration which requires signing
m the cheque may be out-of-date (stale)
m the cheque is post-dated
POST-DATED CHEQUE
A post-dated cheque is one which is dated ahead of the current date. A bank does
not credit the customer’s account with the amount of a post-dated cheque until the
due date.
CERTIFIED/MANAGERS CHEQUE
A certified cheque is one which is issued by the bank upon the request of the
customer. The person receiving a certified cheque is guaranteed payment upon
presenting it at a bank.
THE BANK STATEMENT
At regular intervals or on request, the bank will send to a customer a bank
statement which provides a record of all transactions that have taken place between
the customer’s account and the bank. Amounts which reduce the balance in the
account are shown in the payment column, and amounts which increase the balance
are shown in the receipts column. As each payment or receipt is recorded, a new
balance figure is shown in a third column.
In addition to bank account services and the cheque facilities, banks offer a wide
range of services that are used by businesses: Here I will give you a few.
STANDING ORDER
The customer authorises the bank to transfer a certain sum of money to another
account at regular intervals
CREDIT TRANSFER
A debtor utilises this service when he wishes to pay a number of suppliers. He
prepares one cheque with a list of names of suppliers and the bank sends the
amount owed to each.
CREDIT CARD
This service enables the customer to purchase goods and services without the use
of cash
Have a blessed week.
Hyacinth Tugman teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 1-7, 2011 23

 yl:english literature
‘Merchant of Venice’
BERYL CLARKE
Contributor
I applaud a student’s initiative to
pursue a topic of interest, determination
to find a solution, persistence to
complete a task. (Borrowed)
N SHAKESPEARE’S day, The
I Merchant of Venice was received as a
comedy. The culture of the time would
have had audiences satisfied with the
outcome of the play; Antonio would have
been victorious, the Jew would have
been humiliated and firmly put in his
place, and the lovers would have been
happily united.
We have, as well, to identify what the
playwright does to create the comic
effect. Below are a few points for you to
consider. Portia’s description of some of
her suitors would have amused
Elizabethan audiences. Of the Neapolitan
prince she says: “Ay that’s a colt indeed
... I am much afeard my lady his mother
played false with a smith.”
Of the County Palatine she offers the
following: “God made him, and therefore
let him pass for a man...”
She describes Falconbridge, the
young baron of England as: ‘a dumb
show’ and of the German she tells, when
asked how much she likes him:
“Very vildly in the morning when he is
sober and most vildly in the afternoon
when he is drunk: when he is best, he is
a little worse than a man, and when he is
worst he is a little better than a beast”. In
fact, she had nothing kind to say about
any other who came to try their luck
except Bassanio and her sharp wit is
very evident in her portrayal of them.
The clown, Launcelot Gobbo, also
provides humour. Examine his speech in
Act 11, Scene 11 where, alone on the
stage, he ‘argues’ with himself. Later, as
he talks with his father, there is more
reason to laugh, not because of his
irreverent attitude - though some may
have found it funny - but because of his
expressions, the overuse of ‘ergo’ and
the question: ‘Do I look like a cudgel or a
hovel-post...?’
What laughter would have erupted in
the theatre through the scene in which
Shylock’s loss of his ducats is
mockingly recounted by his enemies?
Here are some things I want you to do:
. Consider the themes and find
/
RICARDO MAKYN STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER
Students from various high schools at the inaugural joint Career Expo implemented by Help Age
International and Hope for Children Development Company Limited at the St Andrew High School on
Friday, January 21.
1 supporting evidence for your
choices. Example, love, the quality
of mercy, justice, racism, parent-child
relationship, etc.
24 YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 1-7, 2011
. Many dramatic devices and
2 symbols are used in this play. They
include: the repetition of particular
phrases, disguises, the caskets - gold,
silver and lead, Shylock sharpening a
knife, references to the law, the pound of
flesh and the rings. You should think
about Shakespeare’s reasons for using
them.
. Some readers of Shakespeare’s
3
works have a difficulty with the
language in which they are written.
Of course, you know that it was the
speech that people knew and understood
at that time. The good thing, and I
believe that we are in agreement here, is
that understanding what the characters
in the The Merchant of Venice say is not
difficult. Do make note of the fact that
the play is written in both poetry and
prose and find out why he uses both.
What does the dialogue tell you about
the speakers’ feelings, motives,
characters and attitudes. (Derogatory
language reveals the division between
the Christians and the Jews.)
When you do your third reading of the
play, as I hope you will, try to focus on
the words, terms, descriptions of the two
leading characters so that you can
understand why Antonio is seen as good
and Shylock as evil. Imagine yourself as
a member of the audience. The play
begins and we meet a man, one Antonio.
He is sad. Naturally, you would wish to
know the cause of this mood. His
companions on the stage cannot learn
why he is sad from him and offer
reasons but you, like the others in the
theatre, are left in suspense and your
sympathy aroused. Later you meet
Shylock. Bassanio has gone to borrow
money from him. Shylock is in a
contemplative frame of mind; ending
each of his first three sentences with
‘well’ and then seeming to decide to take
the bond because Antonio will be
‘bound’.
What, however, would have struck you
is that the money-lender is a Jew and
your animosity would have increased
when he said in response to an
invitation to have dinner with Antonio
and Bassanio:
Yes, to smell pork, to eat of the
habitation which your prophet the
Nazarite conjured the devil into: I will
buy with you, sell with you, talk with
you, walk with you and so following: but
I will not eat with you, drink with you,
nor pray with you.
PLEASE SEE MERCHANT, PAGE 25

MERCHANT continued from page 24
This disrespect would have enraged an Elizabethan gathering. Their sympathies
would have been with Antonio from the opening scene and they would have disliked
Shylock, not only on racial grounds but also because he was a usurer. (In those days
many persons had to borrow from and had great difficulty repaying usurers.)You
have to remember that properties (furniture etc.) and stage directions would have
been minimal, so the spoken word carried great weight.
Do continue your reading and discussion of this literary work and have fun as you
dramatise and role play. God bless!
Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
Leadership
styles
YVONNE HARVEY
Contributor
I READERS. It is my pleasure to
H present this week’s lesson.
The syllabus shows that at the end
of the lesson, you should be able to:
(1) Outline the essential
characteristics of a good leader
(2) Differentiate among the various
leadership styles
Let us begin by looking at a few
concepts.
LEADER
A leader is one who is able to employ
the most appropriate strategies for getting
the work done in order to meet the goals
of the organization. Some people are
‘born’ leaders, others can learn the art,
while many can never do so.
LEADERSHIP
Leadership is the motivating of people
towards the goals of the organisation.
LEADERSHIP STYLE
Leadership style refers to the way in
which a person leads.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD LEADER
m Intelligence. Sound reasoning in
decision making
m Judgement. Decisions must be
made on the basis of careful review of
all the facts. Also includes character
judgement.
m Initiative. Be able to act in
situations that were not planned.
m Dependability. Followers must be
able to depend on those entrusted
with leadership to complete tasks
efficiently and on time.
m Honesty
Gains respect and inspire others to do
things that normally they would not do.
m Courage
To be bold, not afraid or timid.
m Confidence
Self-confidence of the leader often
inspires confidence in others.
m Understanding
To recognise the feelings of others.
Praise the success of those they lead,
but be careful to encourage rather
than condemn those who fail.
m Aggression
To be forceful. However, aggression
must have a limit, otherwise it will be
counter-productive (people will
produce less instead of more) in that
followers may be alienated and then
the efficiency of the organisation may
suffer.
m Flexible
Adjust to difficult situations.
m Foresight. Ability to foresee things
and plan for the future.
LEADERSHIP STYLES
Authoritative/Autocratic
A strict leader who normally is the
sole decision maker in the business.
This type of leader decides single
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 1-7, 2011
Entertainer, I-Octane was in fine form when he performed at Pepsi Rebel Salute. Here he gets
congratulations from Pepsi Head of Markeitng, Carlo Redwood during the show at Port Kaiser on
Saturday night January 15th.
handedly what to do and it is done,
disregarding whatever others may think.
Thus, the autocratic leader is the
absolute authority on all matters. He
believes that he/she is an expert on all
matters. Subordinates are motivated by
the ‘big stick’ method; that is, the
subordinate that does not obey will be
punished by lack of promotion,
demotion, suspension or dismissal.
Problems are invariably the problems of
the leader.
This is an effective type of leadership
as the work is completed just as the
leader specified and usually on time. It is
however, inefficient, since the employee’s
input and initiative is discouraged and,
therefore, bad inter-personal
relationships occur, with the result of
rapid turnover in the organisation.
Laissez-faire/Free Reign
The leader stands back and lets his
subordinates plan their own work and
take their own decisions as far as
possible. The manager gives little or no
direction to workers. Employees are
given broad directions on tasks to be
accomplished and are left to find their
yl:principles of business
own methods, make their own decisions
and draw up plans to achieve objectives.
This style is normally practised in
creative productions and services such
as graphic departments of advertising
agencies.
A variety of ideas are placed in
production input. However, employees
may become too dormant and inefficient
if left too much on their own.
Democratic/Participative
Most popular with workers. Those
likely to be affected by a decision are
consulted before the decision is made.
The leader reserves the right not to
accept the majority view. Those lower
down become involved and interested in
the policy.
This tends to slow down decision
making and is expensive in staff time.
However, employees are comfortable in
the working environment because of the
interchange of ideas and variety of
opinion. This style tends, therefore, to be
efficient.
Charismatic
A charismatic leader is one who is
able to lead simply by reason of his or
her outstanding personality or character.
The leader adopts a high level of
persuasion and is able to convince
subordinates to carry out tasks. This
type of leader is relatively rare, but can
be very successful in motivating others
to do things to support him or her.
A leader may combine any of these
styles as circumstances dictate. No
single leadership style is best for all
occasions (explain). It is generally
assumed, however, that the democratic
style is best to yield long-term efficiency
and productivity.
NOTE
See Principles of Business for CXC
B.M.C. Abiraj, pg. 59 to 64. Note
especially the advantages and
disadvantages of the various leadership
styles.
Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High
School. Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
25
yl:chemistry
Organic chemistry review
FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL
Contributor
W E WILL continue to prepare for the upcoming examinations by
pactising questions.
1. Olive oil contains oleic acid which is unsaturated.
(a) (i) By naming the reagent and the observation, describe a simple
test to confirm that olive oil contains an acid.
(ii) Explain what is meant by unsaturated.
(iii) How would you confirm that oleic acid is unsaturated? Name
reagent and observation.
ANSWERS
1. Acids generally react with carbonates. To prove that the olive oil
contains an acid, it can be reacted with sodium carbonate.
Observation:
Effervescence, gas given off is carbon dioxide which turns lime
water milky.
Comment:
Although oleic acid is a weak acid it will undergo reactions that are
characteristic of acids such as reaction with metals and carbonates.
(ii) An unsaturated compound is one which contains multiple
bonds, for example double and triple bonds
(iii) Unsaturated compounds undergo addition reactions in the
presence of bromine in tetrachloromethane and when acidified
potassium manganate (VII) reagent is added.
When bromine is added to an unsaturated compound, the bromine
becomes decolourised as the bromine is added to the compound
changing double bonds to single bonds (saturated). Acidified
potassium manganate (VII) also changes from a purple to a
colourless solution when added to an unsaturated compound.
2. Cracking involves the breakdown of large hydrocarbon molecules
From left: Fiona Fennell, Kimberley Williamson-Smith, Lutas Naraysingh, Denise Byfield-Dixon,Tiffany Brown, Dorraine Samuels and Dr Orville Taylor strike a pose at last year’s RJR
outside broadcast in aid of their charity, Christmas Cuddles Yaadie Style.
26
into smaller ones.
(i) Give the conditions needed for cracking hydrocarbons.
(ii) Explain how cracking can help to match the demand for a
fraction with its supply.
(iii) A hydrocarbon, C12H26, is cracked to give only two products.
One of the products is butane. What is the molecular formula of the
other product?
ANSWERS
Comment:
The lighter fractions of crude oil, for example, liquefied petroleum
gases (LPG), petrol and gasolene are the more useful fractions and
the ones required in larger amounts than the heavier fractions. To
convert the heavier fractions to the more useful and needed
fractions, the process of cracking is carried out. This can be done in
two ways: thermal cracking (heat) and catalytic cracking (using a
suitable catalyst).
(i) Conditions needed for cracking are heating and using a suitable
catalyst
(ii) Heavier fractions such as heavy oils and bitumen which forms a
major component of crude oil and is in large supply, can be ‘cracked’
to give lighter fractions such as gasolene and petrol which are in
greater demand.
(iii) C12H26 ====== C4H10 + C8H16 The other product is octene.
Attempt these questions as part of your revision.
1. There are three organic compounds A, B and C. Each contains
two carbon atoms.
A, a gaseous compound, readily decolourises a solution of bromine
in tetrachloromethane.
B, a colourless pungent liquid reacts with magnesium to give a
colourless gas which gives a squeaky ‘pop’ with a lighted splint. It
also reacts with aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate to give a
colourless gas which turns lime water ‘milky’.
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 1-7, 2011
(part 3)
C, a colourless liquid, reacts with sodium to give a neutral gas
which is flammable. When C is heated with ethanoic acid, a liquid
with a pleasant odour is formed.
Using the information given above, for each compound:
(i) Deduce the structural formula.
(ii) Write a balanced equation for each reaction.
(iii) Explain the reactions described above.
(b) Compound C can be converted to Compound A and also to
Compound B. Describe how these two reactions can take place.
2. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are the three main constituents
of food. They can all be hydrolysed, either by aqueous acid or alkali.
(a) What is formed by:
(i) the acid hydrolysis of carbohydrates
(ii) the alkaline hydrolysis of fats
(b) What is the name of the class of compound formed when
proteins are hydrolysed?
(c) Poly(ethene) and nylon are synthetic polymers. Nylon can be
hydrolysed because it contains the same linkage as proteins.
(i) Name this linkage
(ii) Poly(ethene) cannot be hydrolysed. Give one environmental
problem that this lack of hydrolysis may cause.
(d) Wines which contain ethanol, C2H5OH, may have a sour taste of
vinegar after long storage.
(i) Give the name and draw the structure of the acid which causes
this sour taste.
(ii) Explain how this acid is formed from the ethanol.
Francine Taylor-Campbell teaches at Jamaica College. Send questions and
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com