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D.V. Griffiths
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“……in earthwork engineering the designer has to
deal with bodies of earth with a complex structure
and the properties of the material may vary from
point to point.”
K. Terzaghi
Prefce to the Inaugural Edition of
Géotechnique (1948)
Qult
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Outline
3. Concluding Remarks
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1. Slope Stability Analysis by Finite Elements
• Gravity loads are applied to the mesh. soil is given simple
elastic-perfectly plastic
stress-strain model
σ′ "plastic" (φ ′, c′ )
Coulomb
"elastic" ( E ′,υ ′ )
ε
• Compute elastic stresses and check for elements violating Coulomb
τ
M<0 φ′
(illegal) M=0
=τ σ ′ tan φ ′ + c′
M>0
c′ (elastic)
σ 3′ σ 1′ σ′ 6
M≈
< 00 • Element with elastic stresses
violating Coulomb (M < 0)
c′ tan φ ′ FS=1.27
c′f = φ ′f arctan
0.05
SRF SRF 0.10
δmax0.15
At failure FS ≈ SRF 0.20
0.25
0.30
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“Seeking out failure”
FS=1.27
• Slope fails “naturally” through zones where the shear strength is unable to resist the
shear stresses.
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Another example with a 2-layer undrained slope.
cu = 60 FS = 1.12
cu = 95
cu = 60
FS = 1.16
cu = 100
2) Risk Assessment in Geotechnical Engineering
FS=1 FS=1
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Definition of RISK
Probability of Failure Baecher (1982)
weighted by the
Consequences of Failure
UNACCEPTABLE?
What is ACCEPTABLE?
acceptable
risk?
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A Risk Assessment study starts with a Probabilistic Analysis
“reliability”
“reliability (index)”
H
1.5H ru = 0
φ=′ 23°
Example 1 c′ FS = 1.5
= 0.048
γH
Solution from charts, e.g. Michalowski (2002),
φ=′ 32°
Example 2 c′ FS = 2.0
= 0.048
γH
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Following a probabilistic analysis we may get more information
on the statistical distribution of the Factor of Safety in these Examples.
for Example 1:
=µ FS 1.5,
= σ FS 0.18
µ FS = 1.5
area under curve = 1 σ FS = 0.18
µ FS = 2
σ FS = 0.5
FS=1
area under curve = 1
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µ FS = 1.5
Probability of Failure is given
by the area where FS < 1.0
µ FS = 2
φ′ c′
γB
qult = c′N c + qN q + Nγ e.g. Terzaghi’s
bearing capacity
2 equation
qult
qult
qall =
FS 17
Geotechnical Analysis: The Probabilistic Approach
Bearing capacity P
Strip footing
γB
qult = c′N c + qN q + Nγ Terzaghi’s
2 bearing capacity
equation
1. Expert Panel
• Event Trees
3. Monte-Carlo
• Single random variable approach (SRV)
• Random Finite Element Method (RFEM)
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Level 1: Event Trees (e.g. USBR)
FS = 1
FORM will find
the most likely
values of c′ and tan φ ′ NOT FAILURE
to cause failure. “Most Likely
FS>1
i.e. the values closest Failure Point”
to the top of the hill. FAILURE
FS<1
tan φ ′
NO FAILURE
FS>1
“Most Likely
Failure Point”
FAILURE
FS<1
c′
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FORM computes pf as the volume under the hill on the failure side of the straight line
DataSolverSolve
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Level 3: Monte-Carlo (Single Random Variable)
c′ ′= µµc′ ++(Xµσ
tan φ= tan φ ′ X (
c′ c−
ρ c′)( µ 1 φ−′ −ρ tan
′ + Y tan 2
σ φ ′)
)
tan φ ′
etc.
Check
Check Check
ρc′,tan φ ′
µc′ andµσtanc′φ ′ and σ tan φ ′ 27
Compute bearing capacity of each Monte-Carlo simulation
nf
p f = n f ntot
ntot
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tan φ ′ tan φ ′
c′ c′
tan φ ′ tan φ ′
c′ c′
The more positive the correlation between c′ and tanφ ′, the higher the p f
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Level 3: The Random Finite Element Method (RFEM)
spatial
correlation
length
Seepage
Bearing Capacity
Qult
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Earth Pressures Slope Stability
Laterally
Loaded
Piles
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3) Concluding Remarks
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