Benjamin Britten

Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten of Aldeburgh OM CH (22 November

1913 – 4 December 1976) was an English composer, conductor and pianist. He was
a central figure of 20th-century British classical music, with a range of works
including opera, other vocal music, orchestral and chamber pieces. His best-known
works include the opera Peter Grimes (1945), the War Requiem (1962) and the
orchestral showpiece The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1945).

Born in Suffolk, the son of a dentist, Britten showed talent from an early age. He
studied at the Royal College of Music in London and privately with the composer
Frank Bridge. Britten first came to public attention with the a cappella choral work
A Boy was Born in 1934. With the premiere of Peter Grimes in 1945, he leapt to
international fame. Over the next 28 years, he wrote 14 more operas, establishing
himself as one of the leading 20th-century composers in the genre. In addition to
large-scale operas for Sadler's Wells and Covent Garden, he wrote "chamber operas"
Britten in the mid-1960s, byHans
for small forces, suitable for performance in venues of modest size. Among the best
Wild
known of these is The Turn of the Screw (1954). Recurring themes in his operas
include the struggle of an outsider against a hostile society and the corruption of
innocence.

Britten's other works range from orchestral to choral, solo vocal, chamber and instrumental as well as film music. He took a great
interest in writing music for children and amateur performers, including the opera Noye's Fludde, a Missa Brevis, and the song
collection Friday Afternoons. He often composed with particular performers in mind. His most frequent and important muse was his
personal and professional partner, the tenor Peter Pears; others included Kathleen Ferrier, Jennifer Vyvyan, Janet Baker, Dennis
Brain, Julian Bream, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Mstislav Rostropovich. Britten was a celebrated pianist and conductor
, performing
many of his own works in concert and on record. He also performed and recorded works by others, such as Bach's Brandenburg
concertos, Mozart symphonies, and song cycles bySchubert and Schumann.

Together with Pears and the librettist and producer Eric Crozier, Britten founded the annual Aldeburgh Festival in 1948, and he was
responsible for the creation of Snape Maltings concert hall in 1967. In his last year, he was the first composer to be given a life
peerage.

Contents
Life and career
Early years
Education
Lowestoft
Public school and Royal College of Music
Early professional life
America 1939–42
Return to England
Aldeburgh; the 1950s
1960s
Last years
Personal life and character
 Controversies
Boys
Cause of death

Music
Influences
Operas
Song cycles
Other vocal works
Orchestral works
Chamber and instrumental works
Legacy
Pianist and conductor
Recordings
Honours, awards and commemorations
Centenary
Notes, references and sources
External links

Life and career

Early years
Britten was born in the fishing port of Lowestoft in Suffolk, on the east coast of
England on 22 November 1913,[1] the feast day of Saint Cecilia.[2] He was the
youngest of four children of Robert Victor Britten (1878–1934) and his wife Edith
Rhoda, née Hockey (1874–1937).[n 1] Robert Britten's youthful ambition to become
a farmer had been thwarted by lack of capital, and he had instead trained as a dentist,
a profession he practised successfully but without pleasure. While studying at
Charing Cross Hospital in London he met Edith Hockey, the daughter of a junior
Home Office official. They were married in September 1901 at St John's, Smith
Square, London.[4]
Britten's birthplace in Lowestoft,
The consensus among biographers of Britten is that his father was a loving but which was the Britten family home for
somewhat stern and remote parent.[5] Britten, according to his sister Beth, "got on over twenty years

well with him and shared his wry sense of humour, dedication to work and capacity
for taking pains".[6] Edith Britten was a talented amateur musician and secretary of
the Lowestoft Musical Society.[7] In the English provinces of the early 20th century, distinctions of social class were taken very
seriously. Britten described his family as "very ordinary middle class", but there were aspects of the Brittens that were not ordinary:
Edith's father was illegitimate, and her mother was an alcoholic; Robert Britten was an agnostic and refused to attend church on
Sundays.[8] Music was the principal means by which Edith Britten strove to maintain the family's social standing, inviting the pillars
[9]
of the local community to musical soirées at the house.

When Britten was three months old he contracted pneumonia and nearly died.[10] The illness left him with a damaged heart,[11] and
doctors warned his parents that he would probably never be able to lead a normal life.[12] He recovered more fully than expected, and
as a boy was a keen tennis player and cricketer.[13] To his mother's great delight he was an outstandingly musical child, unlike his
sisters, who inherited their father's indifference to music, while his brother, though musically talented, was interested only in
ragtime.[14] Edith gave the young Britten his first lessons in piano and notation. He made his first attempts at composition when he
was five.[15] He started piano lessons when he was seven years old, and three years later began to play the viola.[16] He was one of
later, a radio in the house.[9]
the last composers brought up on exclusively live music: his father refused to have a gramophone ,or
Education

Lowestoft
When he was seven Britten was sent to a dame school, run by the Misses Astle. The younger sister, Ethel, gave him piano lessons; in
later life he said that he remained grateful for the excellence of her teaching.[17] The following year he moved on to his prep school,
South Lodge, Lowestoft, as a day boy.[18] The headmaster, Thomas Sewell, was an old-fashioned disciplinarian; the young Britten
was outraged at the severe corporal punishments frequently handed out, and later he said that his lifelong pacifism probably had its
roots in his reaction to the regime at the school.[19] He himself rarely fell foul of Sewell, a mathematician, in which subject Britten
was a star pupil. The school had no musical tradition, and Britten continued to study the piano with Ethel Astle. From the age of ten
he took viola lessons from a friend of his mother, Audrey Alston, who had been a professional player before her marriage.[20] In his
spare time he composed prolifically. When his Simple Symphony, based on these juvenilia, was recorded in 1956, Britten wrote this
pen-portrait of his young self for the sleeve note:

Once upon a time there was a prep-school boy. ... He was quite an ordinary little boy ... he loved cricket, only quite
liked football (although he kicked a pretty "corner"); he adored mathematics, got on all right with history, was scared
by Latin Unseen; he behaved fairly well, only ragged the recognised amount, so that his contacts with the cane or the
slipper were happily rare (although one nocturnal expedition to stalk ghosts left its marks behind); he worked his way
up the school slowly and steadily, until at the age of thirteen he reached that pinnacle of importance and grandeur
never to be quite equalled in later days: the head of the Sixth, head-prefect, and Victor Ludorum. But – there was one
curious thing about this boy: he wrote music. His friends bore with it, his enemies kicked a bit but not for long (he
was quite tough), the staff couldn't object if his work and games didn't suffer. He wrote lots of it, reams and reams of
it.[21]

Audrey Alston encouraged Britten to go to symphony concerts in Norwich. At one of these,

during the triennial Norfolk and Norwich Festival in October 1924, he heard Frank Bridge's
orchestral poem The Sea, conducted by the composer. It was the first substantial piece of
modern music he had ever encountered, and he was, in his own phrase, "knocked sideways"
by it.[22][23] Audrey Alston was a friend of Bridge; when he returned to Norwich for the next
festival in 1927 she brought her not quite 14-year-old pupil to meet him. Bridge was
impressed with the boy, and after they had gone through some of Britten's compositions
together he invited him to come to London to take lessons from him.[24] Robert Britten,
supported by Thomas Sewell, doubted the wisdom of pursuing a composing career; a

Frank Bridge, Britten's compromise was agreed by which Britten would, as planned, go on to his public school the
teacher following year but would make regular day-trips to London to study composition with Bridge
and piano with his colleagueHarold Samuel.[25]

Bridge impressed on Britten the importance of scrupulous attention to the technical craft of composing[n 2] and the maxim that "you
should find yourself and be true to what you found."[27] The earliest substantial works Britten composed while studying with Bridge
are the String Quartet in F, completed in April 1928, and the Quatre Chansons Françaises, a song-cycle for high voice and orchestra.
Authorities differ on the extent of Bridge's influence on his pupil's technique. Humphrey Carpenter and Michael Oliver judge that
[28] Donald Mitchell considers that Bridge had an important influence
Britten's abilities as an orchestrator were essentially self-taught;
on the cycle.[27]

Public school and Royal College of Music

In September 1928 Britten went as a boarder to Gresham's School, in Holt, Norfolk. At the time he felt unhappy there, even writing
in his diary of contemplating suicide or running away:[29] he hated being separated from his family, most particularly from his
tar of it.[30][n 3] He
mother; he despised the music master; and he was shocked at the prevalence of bullying, though he was not the get
remained there for two years and in 1930, he won a composition scholarship at the
Royal College of Music (RCM) in London; his examiners were the composers John
Ireland and Ralph Vaughan Williams and the college's harmony and counterpoint
teacher, S P Waddington.[32]

Britten was at the RCM from 1930 to 1933, studying composition with Ireland and
piano with Arthur Benjamin. He won the Sullivan Prize for composition, the Cobbett
Prize for chamber music, and was twice winner of the Ernest Farrar Prize for
composition.[33] Despite these honours, he was not greatly impressed by the
establishment: he found his fellow-students "amateurish and folksy" and the staff
"inclined to suspect technical brilliance of being superficial and insincere".[34][n 4]
Early influences, clockwise from
Another Ireland pupil, the composer Humphrey Searle, said that Ireland could be "an
top left: Mahler, Ireland,
inspiring teacher to those on his own wavelength"; Britten was not, and learned little Shostakovich, Stravinsky
from him.[36] He continued to study privately with Bridge, although he later praised
Ireland for "nurs[ing] me very gently through a very, very difficult musical
adolescence".[37]

Britten also used his time in London to attend concerts and become better acquainted with the music of
Stravinsky, Shostakovich and,
most particularly, Mahler.[n 5] He intended postgraduate study in Vienna with Alban Berg, Arnold Schoenberg's student, but was
f.[39]
eventually dissuaded by his parents, on the advice of the RCM staf

The first of Britten's compositions to attract wide attention were composed while at the RCM: the Sinfonietta, Op. 1 (1932), and a set
of choral variations A Boy was Born, written in 1933 for the BBC Singers, who first performed it the following year.[40] In this same
period he wrote Friday Afternoons, a collection of 12 songs for the pupils of Clive House School, Prestatyn, where his brother was
headmaster.[41]

Early professional life

In February 1935, at Bridge's instigation, Britten was invited to a job interview by the BBC's director of music Adrian Boult and his
assistant Edward Clark.[42] Britten was not enthusiastic about the prospect of working full-time in the BBC music department and
was relieved when what came out of the interview was an invitation to write the score for a documentary film, The King's Stamp,
directed by Alberto Cavalcanti for the GPO Film Unit.[43]

Britten became a member of the film unit's small group of regular contributors, another of whom was
W. H. Auden. Together they worked on the documentary films Coal Face and Night Mail in 1935.[44]
They also collaborated on the song cycle Our Hunting Fathers (1936), radical both in politics and
musical treatment, and subsequently other works including Cabaret Songs, On This Island, Paul
Bunyan and Hymn to St. Cecilia.[45] Auden was a considerable influence on Britten, encouraging him to
widen his aesthetic, intellectual and political horizons, and also to come to terms with his
homosexuality. Auden was, as David Matthews puts it, "cheerfully and guiltlessly promiscuous";
[46]
Britten, puritanical and conventional by nature, was sexually repressed.

In the three years from 1935 to 1937 Britten wrote nearly 40 scores for the theatre, cinema and
radio.[47] Among the film music of the late 1930s Matthews singles out Night Mail and Love from a
W. H. Auden in Stranger (1937); from the theatre music he selects for mention The Ascent of F6 (1936), On the
1939
Frontier (1938) and Johnson Over Jordan (1939); and of the music for radio, King Arthur (1937) and
The Sword in the Stone (1939).[48]

In 1937 there were two events of huge importance in Britten's life: his mother died, and he met the tenor Peter Pears. Although
Britten was extraordinarily devoted to his mother and was devastated at her death, it also seems to have been something of a
liberation for him.[49] Only after that did he begin to engage in emotional relationships with people his own age or younger.[50] Later
in the year he got to know Pears while they were both helping to clear out the country cottage of a mutual friend who had died in an
air crash.[51] Pears quickly became Britten's musical inspiration and close (though for the moment platonic) friend. Britten's first
work for him was composed within weeks of their meeting, a setting of Emily Brontë's poem, "A thousand gleaming fires", for tenor
and strings.[52]

During 1937 Britten composed a Pacifist March to words by Ronald Duncan for the Peace Pledge Union, of which, as a pacifist, he
had become an active member; the work was not a success and was soon withdrawn.[53] The best known of his compositions from
this period is probably Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge for string orchestra, described by Matthews as the first of Britten's
works to become a popular classic.[54] It was a success in North America, with performances in Toronto, New York, Boston, Chicago
and San Francisco, under conductors includingJohn Barbirolli and Serge Koussevitzky.[55]

America 1939–42
In April 1939 Britten and Pears sailed to North America, going first to Canada and then to New York. They had several reasons for
leaving England, including the difficult position of pacifists in an increasingly bellicose Europe; the success that Frank Bridge had
enjoyed in the US; the departure of Auden and his friend Christopher Isherwood to the US from England three months previously;
hostile or belittling reviews of Britten's music in the English press; and under-rehearsed and inadequate performances.[27][56] Britten
and Pears consummated their relationship and from then until Britten's death they were partners in both their professional and
personal lives.[57] When the Second World War began, Britten and Pears turned for advice to the British embassy in Washington and
were told that they should remain in the US as artistic ambassadors.[55] Pears was inclined to disregard the advice and go back to
[58]
England; Britten also felt the urge to return, but accepted the embassy's counsel and persuaded Pears to do the same.

Already a friend of the composer Aaron Copland, Britten encountered his latest works Billy the Kid and An Outdoor Overture, both
of which influenced his own music.[59] In 1940 Britten composed Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo, the first of many song cycles for
Pears.[60] Britten's orchestral works from this period include the Violin Concerto and Sinfonia da Requiem. In 1941 Britten produced
his first music drama, Paul Bunyan, an operetta, to a libretto by Auden.[56] While in the US, Britten had his first encounter with
Balinese gamelan music, through transcriptions for piano duo made by the Canadian composer Colin McPhee. The two met in the
summer of 1939 and subsequently performed a number of McPhee's transcriptions for a recording.[61] This musical encounter bore
.[62]
fruit in several Balinese-inspired works later in Britten's career

Moving to the US did not relieve Britten of the nuisance of hostile criticism: although Olin Downes, the doyen of New York music
critics, and Irving Kolodin took to Britten's music, Virgil Thomson was, as the music scholar Suzanne Robinson puts it, consistently
"severe and spiteful". Thomson described Les Illuminations (1940) as "little more than a series of bromidic and facile 'effects' ...
pretentious, banal and utterly disappointing", and was equally unflattering about Pears's voice. Robinson surmises that Thomson was
motivated by "a mixture of spite, national pride, and professional jealousy".[55] Paul Bunyan met with wholesale critical
disapproval,[63] and the Sinfonia da Requiem (already rejected by its Japanese sponsors because of its overtly Christian nature)
received a mixed reception when Barbirolli and the New York Philharmonic premiered it in March 1941. The reputation of the work
[64]
was much enhanced when Koussevitzky took it up shortly afterwards.

Return to England
In 1942 Britten read the work of the poet George Crabbe for the first time.[65] The Borough, set on the Suffolk coast close to Britten's
homeland, awakened in him such longings for England that he knew he must return. He also knew that he must write an opera based
on Crabbe's poem about the fisherman Peter Grimes.[55] Before Britten left the US, Koussevitzky, always generous in encouraging
new talent, offered him a $1,000 commission to write the opera.[55][n 6] Britten and Pears returned to England in April 1942. During
the long transatlantic sea crossing Britten completed the choral works A Ceremony of Carols and Hymn to St Cecilia. The latter was
his last large-scale collaboration with Auden. Britten had grown away from him, and Auden became one of the composer's so-called
"corpses" – former intimates from whom he completely cut off contact once they had outlived their usefulness to him or offended
him in some way.[68]
Having arrived in Britain, Britten and Pears applied for recognition as conscientious
objectors; Britten was initially allowed only non-combatant service in the military,
but on appeal he gained unconditional exemption.[69] After the death of his mother
in 1937 he had used money she bequeathed him to buy the Old Mill in Snape,
Suffolk which became his country home. He spent much of his time there in 1944
working on the opera Peter Grimes. Pears joined Sadler's Wells Opera Company,
whose artistic director, the singer Joan Cross, announced her intention to re-open the
company's home base in London with Britten's opera, casting herself and Pears in
the leading roles.[n 7] There were complaints from company members about
supposed favouritism and the "cacophony" of Britten's score, as well as some ill-
suppressed homophobic remarks.[71] Peter Grimes opened in June 1945 and was
hailed by public and critics;[72] its box-office takings matched or exceeded those for
La bohème and Madame Butterfly, which were staged during the same season.[73]
The opera administrator Lord Harewood called it "the first genuinely successful
British opera, Gilbert and Sullivan apart, since Purcell."[74] Dismayed by the in-
fighting among the company, Cross, Britten and Pears severed their ties with
Sadler's Wells in December 1945, going on to found what was to become the
English Opera Group.[75]
Page from "Peter Grimes" in 1812
A month after the opening of Peter Grimes, Britten and Yehudi Menuhin went to edition of Crabbe's The Borough
Germany to give recitals to concentration camp survivors.[76] What they saw, at
Belsen most of all, so shocked Britten that he refused to talk about it until towards
the end of his life, when he told Pears that it had coloured everything he had written since.[77] Colin Matthews comments that the
next two works Britten composed after his return, the song-cycle The Holy Sonnets of John Donne and the Second String Quartet,
contrast strongly with earlier, lighter-hearted works such as Les Illuminations.[78] Britten recovered his joie de vivre for The Young
Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1945), written for an educational film, Instruments of the Orchestra, directed by Muir Mathieson
and featuring the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Malcolm Sargent.[79] It became, and remained, his most often played
and popular work.[80]

Britten's next opera, The Rape of Lucretia, was presented at the first post-war Glyndebourne Festival in 1946. It was then taken on
tour to provincial cities under the banner of the "Glyndebourne English Opera Company", an uneasy alliance of Britten and his
associates with John Christie, the autocratic proprietor of Glyndebourne.[81] The tour lost money heavily, and Christie announced that
he would underwrite no more tours.[82] Britten and his associates set up the English Opera Group; the librettist Eric Crozier and the
designer John Piper joined Britten as artistic directors. The group's express purpose was to produce and commission new English
operas and other works, presenting them throughout the country.[83] Britten wrote the comic opera Albert Herring for the group in
1947; while on tour in the new work Pears came up with the idea of mounting a festival in the small Suffolk seaside town of
Aldeburgh, where Britten had moved from Snape earlier in the year, and which became his principal place of residence for the rest of
his life.[84]

Aldeburgh; the 1950s

The Aldeburgh Festival was launched in June 1948, with Britten, Pears and Crozier directing it.[85] Albert Herring played at the
Jubilee Hall, and Britten's new cantata for tenor, chorus and orchestra, Saint Nicolas, was presented in the parish church.[86] The
festival was an immediate success and became an annual event that has continued into the 21st century.[87] New works by Britten
featured in almost every festival until his death in 1976, including the premieres of his operas A Midsummer Night's Dream at the
Jubilee Hall in 1960 andDeath in Venice at Snape Maltings Concert Hall in 1973.[88]

Unlike many leading English composers, Britten was not known as a teacher,[n 8] but in 1949 he accepted his only private pupil,
Arthur Oldham, who studied with him for three years. Oldham made himself useful, acting as musical assistant and arranging
Variations on a Theme by Frank Bridge for full orchestra for the Frederick Ashton ballet Le Rêve de Léonor (1949),[92] but he later
[93]
described the teacher–pupil relationship as "beneficial five per cent to [Britten] and ninety-five per cent to me!"
Throughout the 1950s Britten continued to write operas. Billy Budd (1951) was well received
at its Covent Garden premiere and was regarded by reviewers as an advance on Peter
Grimes.[94] Gloriana (1953), written to mark the coronation of Elizabeth II, had a cool
reception at the gala premiere in the presence of the Queen and the British Establishment en
masse. The downbeat story of Elizabeth I in her decline, and Britten's score – reportedly
thought by members of the premiere's audience "too modern" for such a gala[95] – did not
overcome what Matthews calls the "ingrained philistinism" of the ruling classes.[96][n 9]

Although Gloriana did well at the box office, there were no further productions in Britain for
another 13 years.[97] It was later recognised as one of Britten's finer operas.[98] The Turn of
the Screw the following year was an unqualified success;[99] together with Peter Grimes it
became, and at 2013 remained, one of the two most frequently performed of Britten's
operas.[100]
John Piper's Benjamin
In the 1950s the "fervently anti-homosexual" Home Secretary, Sir David Maxwell Fyfe,[101] Britten memorial window in
urged the police to enforce the Victorian laws making homosexual acts illegal.[102][n 10] the Church of St Peter and
St Paul, Aldeburgh.
Britten and Pears came under scrutiny; Britten was visited by police officers in 1953 and was
so perturbed that he discussed with his assistant Imogen Holst the possibility that Pears might
[103]
have to enter a sham marriage (with whom is unclear). In the end nothing was done.

An increasingly important influence on Britten was the music of the East, an interest that was fostered by a tour there with Pears in
1956, when Britten once again encountered the music of the Balinese gamelan[104] and saw for the first time Japanese Noh plays,
[105] These eastern influences were seen and heard in the ballet
which he called "some of the most wonderful drama I have ever seen."
The Prince of the Pagodas (1957) and later in two of the three semi-operatic "Parables for Church Performance": Curlew River
(1964) and The Prodigal Son (1968).[106]

1960s
By the 1960s, the Aldeburgh Festival was outgrowing its customary venues, and plans to build a new concert hall in Aldeburgh were
not progressing. When redundant Victorian maltings buildings in the village of Snape, six miles inland, became available for hire,
Britten realised that the largest of them could be converted into a concert hall and opera house. The 830-seat Snape Maltings hall was
opened by the Queen at the start of the twentieth Aldeburgh Festival on 2 June 1967; it was immediately hailed as one of the best
concert halls in the country.[107] The hall was destroyed by fire in 1969, but Britten was determined that it would be rebuilt in time
[108]
for the following year's festival, which it was. The Queen again attended the opening performance in 1970.

The Maltings gave the festival a venue that could comfortably house large orchestral works
and operas. Britten conducted the first performance outside Russia of Shostakovich's
Fourteenth Symphony at Snape in 1970.[109] Shostakovich, a friend since 1960, dedicated the
symphony to Britten;[110] he was himself the dedicatee of The Prodigal Son.[111] Two other
Russian musicians who were close to Britten and regularly performed at the festival were the
pianist Sviatoslav Richter and the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich. Britten composed his cello
suites, Cello Symphony and Cello Sonata for Rostropovich, who premiered them at the
Aldeburgh Festival.[112]

One of the best known of Britten's works, the War Requiem, was premiered in 1962. He had
been asked four years earlier to write a work for the consecration of the new Coventry
Cathedral, a modernist building designed by Basil Spence. The old cathedral had been left in
ruins by an air-raid on the city in 1940 in which hundreds of people died.[113] Britten decided
Mstislav Rostropovich and
that his work would commemorate the dead of both World Wars in a large-scale score for
Britten, 1964
soloists, chorus, chamber ensemble and orchestra. His text interspersed the traditional
Requiem Mass with poems by Wilfred Owen. Matthews writes, "With the War Requiem Britten reached the apex of his reputation: it
was almost universally hailed as a masterpiece."[114] Shostakovich told Rostropovich that he believed it to be "the greatest work of
the twentieth century".[115]

In 1967 the BBC commissioned Britten to write an opera specially for television. Owen Wingrave was based, like The Turn of the
Screw, on a ghost story by Henry James.[56] By the 1960s Britten found composition much slower than in his prolific youth; he told
the 28-year-old composer Nicholas Maw, "Get as much done now as you can, because it gets much, much more difficult as you grow
older."[116] He did not complete the score of the new opera until August 1970.[56] Owen Wingrave was first broadcast in Britain in
May 1971, when it was also televised in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland, the US and Yugoslavia.[117]

Last years
In September 1970 Britten asked Myfanwy Piper, who had adapted the two Henry James stories for him, to turn another prose story
into a libretto. This was Thomas Mann's novella Death in Venice, a subject he had been considering for some time.[118] At an early
stage in composition Britten was told by his doctors that a heart operation was essential if he was to live for more than two years. He
was determined to finish the opera and worked urgently to complete it before going into hospital for surgery.[119] His long-term
colleague Colin Graham wrote:

Perhaps of all his works, this one went deepest into Britten's own soul: there are extraordinary cross-currents of
affinity between himself, his own state of health and mind, Thomas Mann, Aschenbach (Mann's dying protagonist),
and Peter Pears, who must have had to tear himself in three in order to reconstitute himself as the principal
character.[119]

After the completion of the opera Britten went into the National Heart Hospitaland was operated on in May 1973 to replace a failing
heart valve. The replacement was successful, but he suffered a slight stroke, affecting his right hand. This brought his career as a
performer to an end.[56] While in hospital Britten became friendly with a senior nursing sister, Rita Thomson; she moved to
Aldeburgh in 1974 and looked after him until hisdeath.[120]

Britten's last works include theSuite on English Folk Tunes "A Time There Was" (1974); the Third String Quartet (1975), which drew
on material from Death in Venice; and the dramatic cantataPhaedra (1975), written for Janet Baker.[121]

In June 1976, the last year of his life, Britten accepted a life peerage – the first composer so honoured – becoming Baron Britten, of
Aldeburgh in the County of Suffolk.[122][n 11] After the 1976 Aldeburgh Festival, Britten and Pears travelled to Norway, where
Britten began writing Praise We Great Men, for voices and orchestra based on a poem by Edith Sitwell.[125] He returned to
Aldeburgh in August, and wrote Welcome Ode for children's choir and orchestra.[126] In November, Britten realised that he could no
longer compose.[127] On his 63rd birthday, 22 November, at his request Rita Thomson organised a champagne party and invited his
friends and his sisters Barbara and Beth, to say their goodbyes to the dying composer.[128] When Rostropovich made his farewell
visit a few days later, Britten gave him what he had written ofPraise We Great Men.[128]

Britten died of congestive heart failure on 4 December 1976. His

funeral service was held at Aldeburgh Parish Church three days “ I heard of his death ... and took a long
walk in total silence through gently
later,[128] and he was buried in its churchyard, with a gravestone carved
falling snow across a frozen lake,
by Reynolds Stone.[129] The authorities at Westminster Abbey had which corresponded exactly to the
offered burial there, but Britten had made it clear that he wished his inexpressible sense of numbness at
grave to be side by side with that, in due course, of Pears.[130] A such a loss. The world is colder and
lonelier without the presence of our
memorial service was held at the Abbey on 10 March 1977, at which
supreme creator of music. ”
the congregation was headed by Queen Elizabeth The Queen
Peter Maxwell Davies, 1977[116]
Mother.[131]
Personal life and character
Despite his large number of works on Christian themes, Britten has sometimes been thought of as agnostic.[132] Pears said that when
they met in 1937 he was not sure whether or not Britten would have described himself as a Christian.[133] In the 1960s Britten called
Bishop of Woolwich in Honest to God.[134]
himself a dedicated Christian, though sympathetic to the radical views propounded by the
Politically, Britten was on the left. He told Pears that he always voted either Liberal or Labour and could not imagine ever voting
Conservative, but he was never a member of any party,except the Peace Pledge Union.[135]

Physically, Britten was never robust. He walked and swam regularly and kept himself as fit as he could, but Carpenter in his 1992
biography mentions 20 illnesses, a few of them minor but most fairly serious, suffered over the years by Britten before his final heart
complaint developed.[136] Emotionally, according to some commentators, Britten never completely grew up, retaining in his outlook
something of a child's view of the world.[56][137] He was not always confident that he was the genius others declared him to be, and
though he was hypercritical of his own works, he was acutely [138]
, even aggressively sensitive to criticism from anybody else.

Britten was, as he acknowledged, notorious for dumping friends and colleagues who either offended him or ceased to be of use – his
"corpses".[139] The conductor Sir Charles Mackerras believed that the term was invented by Lord Harewood. Both Mackerras and
Harewood joined the list of corpses, the former for joking that the number of boys in Noye's Fludde must have been a delight to the
composer, and the latter for an extramarital affair and subsequent divorce from Lady Harewood, which shocked the puritanical
Britten.[140] Among other corpses were his librettists Montagu Slater and Eric Crozier. The latter said in 1949, "He has sometimes
told me, jokingly, that one day I would join the ranks of his 'corpses' and I have always recognized that any ordinary person must
soon outlive his usefulness to such a great creative artist as Ben."[139] Dame Janet Baker said in 1981, "I think he was quite entitled
to take what he wanted from others ... He did not want to hurt anyone, but the task in hand was more important than anything or
anybody."[141] Matthews feels that this aspect of Britten has been exaggerated, and he observes that the composer sustained many
deep friendships to the end of his life.[142]

Controversies

Boys
Throughout his adult life, Britten had a particular rapport with children and enjoyed close friendships with several boys, particularly
those in their early teens.[n 12] The first such friendship was with Piers Dunkerley, 13 years old in 1934 when Britten was aged
20.[145] Other boys Britten befriended were the young David Hemmings and Michael Crawford, both of whom sang treble roles in
his works in the 1950s.[146] Hemmings later said, "In all of the time that I spent with him he never abused that trust", and Crawford
wrote "I cannot say enough about the kindness of that great man ... he had a wonderful patience and affinity with young people. He
[27][n 13]
loved music, and loved youngsters caring about music."

It was long suspected by several of Britten's close associates that there was something exceptional about his attraction to teenage
boys: Auden referred to Britten's "attraction to thin-as-a-board juveniles ... to the sexless and innocent",[148] and Pears once wrote to
Britten: "remember there are lovely things in the world still – children, boys, sunshine, the sea, Mozart, you and me".[149] In public,
the matter was little discussed during Britten's lifetime and much discussed after it.[n 14] Carpenter's 1992 biography closely
examined the evidence, as do later studies of Britten, most particularly John Bridcut's Britten's Children (2006), which concentrates
on Britten’s friendships and relationships with various children and adolescents. Some commentators have continued to question
Britten's conduct, sometimes very sharply.[151] Carpenter and Bridcut conclude that he held any sexual impulses under firm control
[152]
and kept the relationships affectionate – including bed-sharing, kissing and skinny dipping – but strictly platonic.

Cause of death
A more recent controversy was the statement in a 2013 biography of Britten by Paul Kildea that the composer's heart failure was due
to undetected syphilis, which Kildea speculates was a result of Pears's promiscuity while the two were living in New York.[153] In
response, Britten's consultant cardiologist said that, like all the hospital's similar cases, Britten was routinely screened for syphilis
before the operation, with negative results.[154] He described as "complete rubbish" Kildea's allegation that the surgeon who operated
[155]
on Britten in 1973 would or even could have covered up a syphilitic condition.[155]
Kildea continued to maintain, "When all the composer's symptoms are considered
there can be only one cause".[156] In The Times, Richard Morrison praised the rest of
Kildea's book, and hoped that its reputation would not be "tarnished by one
sensational speculation ... some second-hand hearsay ... presenting unsubstantiated
gossip as fact".[157]

Music
Britten's grave in St. Peter and St
Paul's Church, Aldeburgh, Suffolk
Influences
Britten's early musical life was dominated by the classical masters; his mother's
ambition was for him to become the "Fourth B" – after Bach, Beethoven and Brahms.[158] Britten was later to assert that his initial
development as a composer was stifled by reverence for these masters: "Between the ages of thirteen and sixteen I knew every note
of Beethoven and Brahms. I remember receiving the full score of Fidelio for my fourteenth birthday ... But I think in a sense I never
forgave them for having led me astray in my own particular thinking and natural inclinations".[159] He developed a particular
animosity towards Brahms, whose piano music he had once held in great esteem; in 1952 he confided that he played through all
[56]
Brahms's music from time to time, "to see if I am right about him; I usually find that I underestimated last time how bad it was!"

Through his association with Frank Bridge, Britten's musical horizons expanded.[24] He discovered the music of Debussy and Ravel
which, Matthews writes, "gave him a model for an orchestral sound".[160] Bridge also led Britten to the music of Schoenberg and
Berg; the latter's death in 1935 affected Britten deeply. A letter at that time reveals his thoughts on the contemporary music scene:
"The real musicians are so few & far between, aren't they? Apart from the Bergs, Stravinskys, Schoenbergs & Bridges one is a bit
stumped for names, isn't one?" – adding, as an afterthought: "Shostakovitch – perhaps – possibly".[56] By this time Britten had
developed a lasting hostility towards the English pastoral school represented by Vaughan Williams and Ireland, whose work he
compared unfavourably with the "brilliant folk-song arrangements of Percy Grainger"; Grainger became the inspiration of many of
Britten's later folk arrangements.[161] Britten was also impressed by Delius, and thought Brigg Fair "delicious" when he heard it in
1931.[162] Also in that year he heard Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, which he found "bewildering and terrifying", yet at the same
time "incredibly marvellous and arresting". The same composer's Symphony of Psalms, and Petrushka were lauded in similar
terms.[56] However, he and Stravinsky later developed a mutual antipathy informed by jealousy and mistrust
.[163]

Besides his growing attachments to the works of 20th century masters, Britten – along with his contemporary Michael Tippett – was
devoted to the English music of the late 17th and early 18th centuries, in particular the work of Purcell.[164] In defining his mission
as a composer of opera, Britten wrote: "One of my chief aims is to try to restore to the musical setting of the English Language a
brilliance, freedom and vitality that have been curiously rare since the death of Purcell".[165] Among the closest of Britten's kindred
composer spirits – even more so than Purcell – was Mahler, whose Fourth Symphony Britten heard in September 1930. At that time
Mahler's music was little regarded and rarely played in English concert halls.[166] Britten later wrote of how the scoring of this work
impressed him: "... entirely clean and transparent ... the material was remarkable, and the melodic shapes highly original, with such
rhythmic and harmonic tension from beginning to end".[38] He soon discovered other Mahler works, in particular Das Lied von der
Erde; he wrote to a friend about the concluding "Abschied" of Das Lied: "It is cruel, you know, that music should be so
beautiful".[167][n 15] Apart from Mahler's general influence on Britten's compositional style, the incorporation by Britten of popular
.[169]
tunes (as, for example, inDeath in Venice) is a direct inheritance from the older composer

Operas
The Britten-Pears Foundation considers the composer's operas "perhaps the most substantial and important part of his compositional
legacy."[170] Britten's operas are firmly established in the international repertoire: according to Operabase, they are performed
worldwide more than those of any other composer born in the 20th century,[171] and only Puccini and Richard Strauss come ahead of
[172]
him if the list is extended to all operas composed after 1900.
The early operetta Paul Bunyan stands apart from Britten's later operatic works. Philip Brett, in Grove's article on Britten, calls it "a
patronizing attempt by W H Auden to evoke the spirit of a nation not his own in which Britten was a somewhat dazzled
accomplice".[56] The American public liked it, but the critics did not,
[n 16] and it fell into neglect until interest revived near the end of

the composer's life.[56]

Britten's subsequent operas range from large-scale works written for full-strength
opera companies, to chamber operas for performance by small touring opera
ensembles or in churches and schools. In the large-scale category are Peter Grimes
(1945), Billy Budd (1951), Gloriana (1953), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960)
and Death in Venice (1973). Of the remaining operas, The Rape of Lucretia (1946),
Albert Herring (1947), The Little Sweep (1949) and The Turn of the Screw (1954)
were written for small opera companies.Noye's Fludde (1958), Curlew River (1964),
The Burning Fiery Furnace (1966) and The Prodigal Son (1968) were for church
performance, and had their premieres at St Bartholomew's Church, Orford. The
Peter Pears as the General inOwen
secular The Golden Vanity was intended to be performed in schools. Owen Wingrave, 1971
Wingrave, written for television, was first presented live by the Royal Opera at
[56]
Covent Garden in 1973, two years after its broadcast premiere.

Music critics have frequently commented on the recurring theme in Britten's operas from Peter Grimes onward of the isolated
individual at odds with a hostile society.[174] The extent to which this reflected Britten's perception of himself, pacifist and
homosexual, in the England of the 1930s, 40s and 50s is debated.[175] Another recurrent theme is the corruption of innocence, most
sharply seen in The Turn of the Screw.[176]

Over the 28 years between Peter Grimes and Death in Venice Britten's musical style changed, as he introduced elements of atonalism
– though remaining essentially a tonal composer – and of eastern music, particularly gamelan sounds but also eastern harmonies.[56]
In A Midsummer Night's Dream the orchestral scoring varies to fit the nature of each set of characters: "the bright, percussive sounds
of harps, keyboards and percussion for the fairy world, warm strings and wind for the pairs of lovers, and lower woodwind and brass
for the mechanicals".[177] In Death in Venice Britten turns Tadzio and his family into silent dancers, "accompanied by the colourful,
[178]
glittering sounds of tuned percussion to emphasize their remoteness."

As early as 1948 the music analyst Hans Keller, summarising Britten's impact on 20th-century opera to that date, compared his
contribution to that of Mozart in the 18th century: "Mozart may in some respects be regarded as a founder (a 'second founder') of
opera. The same can already be said today, as far as the modern British – perhaps not only British – field goes, of Britten".[179] In
addition to his own original operas, Britten, together with Imogen Holst, extensively revised Purcell's Dido and Aeneas (1951) and
The Fairy-Queen (1967). These "realisations" brought Purcell, who was then neglected, to a wider public, but have themselves been
neglected since the dominance of the trend to authentic performance practice.[180] His 1948 revision of The Beggar's Opera amounts
to a wholesale recomposition, retaining the original melodies but giving them new, highly sophisticated orchestral
accompaniments.[181]

Song cycles
Throughout his career Britten was drawn to the song cycle form. In 1928, when he was 14, he composed an orchestral cycle, Quatre
chansons françaises, setting words by Victor Hugo and Paul Verlaine. Brett comments that though the work is much influenced by
Wagner on the one hand and French mannerisms on the other, "the diatonic nursery-like tune for the sad boy with the consumptive
mother in 'L'enfance' is entirely characteristic".[56] After he came under Auden's influence Britten composed Our Hunting Fathers
(1936), ostensibly a protest against fox-hunting but which also alludes allegorically to the contemporary political state of Europe. The
work has never been popular; in 1948 the critic Colin Mason lamented its neglect and called it one of Britten's greatest works. In
Mason's view the cycle is "as exciting as Les Illuminations, and offers many interesting and enjoyable foretastes of the best moments
of his later works."[182]
 The first of Britten's song cycles to gain widespread popularity was Les Illuminations
(1940), for high voice (originally soprano, later more often sung by tenors)[n 17] with
string orchestra accompaniment, setting words by Arthur Rimbaud. Britten's music
reflects the eroticism in Rimbaud's poems; Copland commented of the section "Antique"
.[56] "Antique" was dedicated
that he did not know how Britten dared to write the melody
to "K.H.W.S.", or Wulff Scherchen, Britten's first romantic interest. Matthews judges the
piece the crowning masterpiece of Britten's early years.[183] By the time of Britten's
next cycle, Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo(1942) for tenor and piano, Pears had become
his partner and muse; in Matthews's phrase, Britten wrote the cycle as "his declaration of
love for Peter".[183] It too finds the sensuality of the verses it sets, though in its structure
Poets whose words Britten set it resembles a conventional 19th-century song cycle. Mason draws a distinction between
included (clockwise from top l) this and Britten's earlier cycles, because here each song is self-contained, and has no
Blake, Rimbaud, Owen and thematic connection with any of the others.[182]
Verlaine
The Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings (1943) sets verses by a variety of poets, all on
the theme of night-time. Though Britten described the cycle as "not important stuff, but
quite pleasant, I think", it was immediately greeted as a masterpiece, and together with Peter Grimes it established him as one of the
leading composers of his day.[27] Mason calls it "a beautifully unified work on utterly dissimilar poems, held together by the most
superficial but most effective, and therefore most suitable symphonic method. Some of the music is pure word-painting, some of it
mood-painting, of the subtlest kind."[184] Two years later, after witnessing the horrors of Belsen, Britten composed The Holy Sonnets
of John Donne, a work whose bleakness was not matched until his final tenor and piano cycle a quarter of a century later. Britten's
technique in this cycle ranges from atonality in the first song to firm tonality later, with a resolute B major chord at the climax of
"Death, be not proud".[76]

Nocturne (1958) is the last of the orchestral cycles. As in the Serenade, Britten set words by a range of poets, who here include
Shakespeare, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, Tennyson and Wilfred Owen.[56] The whole cycle is darker in tone than the Serenade, with
pre-echoes of the War Requiem.[185] All the songs have subtly different orchestrations, with a prominent obbligato part for a different
instrument in each.[185] Among Britten's later song cycles with piano accompaniment is the Songs and Proverbs of William Blake,
composed for the baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. This presents all its poems in a continuous stream of music; Brett writes that it
"interleaves a ritornello-like setting of the seven proverbs with seven songs that paint an increasingly sombre picture of human
existence."[56] A Pushkin cycle, The Poet's Echo (1965), was written for Galina Vishnevskaya, and shows a more robust and
extrovert side of the composer.[56] Though written ostensibly in the tradition of European song cycles, it draws atmospherically on
the polyphony of south-east Asian music.[27] Who Are These Children? (1969), setting 12 verses by William Soutar, is among the
grimmest of Britten's cycles. After he could no longer play the piano, Britten composed a cycle of Robert Burns settings, A Birthday
Hansel (1976), for voice and harp.[56]

Other vocal works

Nicholas Maw said of Britten's vocal music: "His feeling for poetry (not only English) and the inflexions of language make him, I
think, the greatest musical realizer of English".[116] One of the best-known works in which Britten set poetry was the War Requiem
(1962). It intersperses the Latin requiem mass, sung by soprano and chorus, with settings of works by the First World War poet
Wilfred Owen, sung by tenor and baritone. At the end the two elements are combined, as the last line of Owen's "Strange meeting"
mingles with the In paradisum of the mass. Matthews describes the conclusion of the work as "a great wave of benediction [which]
recalls the end of the Sinfonia da Requiem, and its similar ebbing away into the sea that symbolises both reconciliation and
death."[186] Other works for voices and orchestra include the Missa Brevis and the Cantata academica (both 1959) on religious
themes, and the late cantataPhaedra (1975), a story of fated love and death modelled onHandel's Italian cantatas.[187]

Smaller-scale works for accompanied voice include the five Canticles, composed between 1947 and 1974. They are written for a
variety of voices (tenor in all five; counter-tenor or alto in II and IV and baritone in IV) and accompaniments (piano in I to IV
, horn in
III and harp in V).[188] The first is a setting ofFrancis Quarles's 17th century poem "A Divine Rapture",[189] and according to Britten
was modelled on Purcell's Divine Hymns.[190] Matthews describes it as one of the composer's most serene works, which "ends in a
mood of untroubled happiness that would soon become rare in Britten's music".[189] The second Canticle was written in 1952,
between Billy Budd and Gloriana, on the theme of Abraham's obedience to Divine Authority in the proffered sacrifice of his son
Isaac.[191] [n 18] "Canticle III" from 1954 is a setting of Edith Sitwell's wartime poem "Still Falls the Rain", composed just after The
Turn of the Screw with which it is structurally and stylistically associated. The twelve-note cycle in the first five bars of the piano part
of the Canticle introduced a feature that became thereafter a regular part of Britten's compositional technique.[193] The fourth
Canticle, premiered in 1971 is based on T. S. Eliot's poem "Journey of the Magi". It is musically close to The Burning Fiery Furnace
of 1966; Matthews refers to it as a "companion piece" to the earlier work.[194] The final Canticle was another Eliot setting, his
juvenile poem "Death of Saint Narcissus". Although Britten had little idea of what the poem was about,[195] the musicologist Arnold
Whittall finds the text "almost frighteningly apt ... for a composer conscious of his own sickness".[196] Matthews sees Narcissus as
[197]
"another figure from [Britten's] magic world of dreams and ideal beauty".

Orchestral works
The Britten scholar Donald Mitchell has written, "It is easy, because of the scope, stature, and sheer volume of the operas, and the
wealth of vocal music of all kinds, to pay insufficient attention to the many works Britten wrote in other, specifically non-vocal
genres."[27] Maw said of Britten, "He is one of the 20th century's great orchestral composers ... His orchestration has an individuality,
incisiveness and integration with the musical material only achieved by the greatest composers."[116] Among Britten's best-known
orchestral works are the Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge (1937), the Sinfonia da Requiem (1940), the Four Sea Interludes
(1945) and The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1945). The Variations, an affectionate tribute to Britten's teacher, range from
comic parodies of Italian operatic clichés and Viennese waltzes to a strutting march, reflecting the rise of militarism in Europe, and a
Mahlerian funeral march; the piece ends with an exuberant fugal finale.[198] The Sinfonia moves from an opening Lacrymosa filled
with fear and lamentation to a fierce Dies irae and then to a final Requiem aeternam, described by the critic Herbert Glass as "the
most uneasy 'eternal rest' possible".[199] Mason considers the Sinfonia a failure: "less entertaining than usual, because its object is not
principally to entertain but to express symphonically. It fails because it is neither picturesquely nor formally symphonic".[182] The
Sea Interludes, adapted by Britten from the full score of Peter Grimes, make a concert suite depicting the sea and the Borough in
which the opera is set; the character of the music is strongly contrasted between "Dawn", "Sunday Morning", "Moonlight" and
"Storm". The commentator Howard Posner observes that there is not a bar in the interludes, no matter how beautiful, that is free of
foreboding.[200] The Young Person's Guide, based on a theme by Purcell, showcases the orchestra's individual sections and groups,
and gained widespread popularity from the outset.[201][202] Christopher Headington calls the work "exuberant and uncomplicated
music, scored with clarity and vigour [that] fits well into Britten's oeuvre."[201] David Matthews calls it "a brilliant educational
exercise."[202][n 19]

Unlike his English predecessors such as Elgar and Vaughan Williams, and composers from mainland Europe whom he admired,
including Mahler and Shostakovich, Britten was not a classical symphonist. His youthful jeux d'esprit the Simple Symphony (1934) is
in conventional symphonic structure, observing sonata form and the traditional four-movement pattern, but of his mature works his
Spring Symphony (1949) is more a song cycle than a true symphony,[56] and the concertante Cello Symphony (1963) is an attempt to
balance the traditional concerto and symphony. During its four movements the Cello Symphony moves from a deeply pessimistic
opening to a finale of radiant happiness rare for Britten by this point.[204] The composer considered it "the finest thing I've
written".[205]

The Piano Concerto (1938) was at first criticised for being too light-hearted and virtuoso. In 1945 Britten revised it, replacing a
skittish third movement with a more sombrepassacaglia that, in Matthews's view, gives the work more depth, and makes the apparent
triumph of the finale more ambivalent.[206] The Violin Concerto (1940) has virtuoso elements, but they are balanced by lyrical and
elegiac passages, "undoubtedly reflecting Britten's growing concern with the escalation of world hostilities."[207] Neither concerto is
among Britten's most popular works, but in the 21st century the Violin Concerto has been performed more frequently than before,
both in the concert hall and on record.[207]

Britten's incidental music for theatre, film and radio, much of it unpublished, was the subject of an essay by William Mann, published
in 1952 in the first detailed critical assessment of Britten's music to that date.[208] Of these pieces the music for a radio play, The
Rescue, by Edward Sackville-West, is praised by the musicologist Lewis Foreman as "of such stature and individual character as to
be worth a regular place alongside [Britten's] other dramatic scores."[209] Mann finds in this score pre-echoes of the second act of
Billy Budd,[210] while Foreman observes that Britten "appears to have made passing allusions to The Rescue in his final opera, Death
in Venice.[209]

Chamber and instrumental works

Britten's close friendship with Rostropovich inspired the Cello Sonata (1961) and three suites for solo cello (1964–71).[211] String
quartets featured throughout Britten's composing career, from a student work in 1928 to his Third String Quartet (1975). The second
Quartet, from 1945, was written in homage to Purcell; Mason considered it Britten's most important instrumental work to that
date.[184] Referring to this work, Keller writes of the ease with which Britten, relatively early in his compositional career, solves "the
modern sonata problem – the achievement of symmetry and unity within an extended ternary circle based on more than one subject".
Keller likens the innovatory skill of the Quartet to that of Walton's Viola Concerto.[212] The third Quartet was Britten's last major
work; the critic Colin Anderson said of it in 2007, "one of Britten's greatest achievements, one with interesting allusions to Bartók
and Shostakovich, and written with an economy that opens out a depth of emotion that can be quite chilling."[213] The Gemini
Variations (1965), for flute, violin and piano duet, were based on a theme of Zoltán Kodály and written as a virtuoso piece for the 13-
year-old Jeney twins, musical prodigies whom Britten had met in Budapest in the previous year.[214] For Osian Ellis, Britten wrote
[215]
the Suite for Harp (1969), whichJoan Chissell in The Times described as "a little masterpiece of concentrated fancy".

Legacy
Britten's fellow-composers had divided views about him. To Tippett he was "simply
the most musical person I have ever met", with an "incredible" technical
mastery;[216] some contemporaries, however, were less effusive. In Tippett's view
Walton and others were convinced that Britten and Pears were leaders of a
homosexual conspiracy in music,[n 20] a belief Tippett dismisses as ridiculous,
inspired by jealousy at Britten's postwar successes.[218] Leonard Bernstein
considered Britten "a man at odds with the world", and said of his music: "[I]f you
hear it, not just listen to it superficially, you become aware of something very
dark".[219] The tenor Robert Tear, who was closely associated with Britten in the Snape Maltings concert hall, a main
latter part of the composer's career, made a similar point: "There was a great, huge venue of the Aldeburgh Festival,
abyss in his soul ... He got into the valley of the shadow of death and couldn't get founded by Britten, Pears and
out".[220] Crozier

In the decade after Britten's death, his standing as a composer in Britain was to some
ippett.[221] The film-maker Tony Palmer thought that Tippett's temporary ascendancy
extent overshadowed by that of the still-living T
might have been a question of the two composers' contrasting personalities: Tippett had more warmth and had made fewer enemies.
In any event this was a short-lived phenomenon; Tippett adherents such as the composer Robert Saxton soon rediscovered their
enthusiasm for Britten, whose audience steadily increased during the final years of the 20th century.[220] Britten has had few
imitators; Brett describes him as "inimitable, possessed of ... a voice and sound too dangerous to imitate".[56] Nevertheless, after his
death Britten was lauded by the younger generation of English composers to whom, in the words of Oliver Knussen, he became "a
phenomenal father-figure".[220] Brett believes that he affected every subsequent British composer to some extent: "He is a key figure
in the growth of British musical culture in the second half of the 20th century, and his effect on everything from opera to the
[56]
revitalization of music education is hard to overestimate."

Whittall believes that one reason for Britten's enduring popularity is the "progressive conservatism" of his music. He generally
avoided the avant garde, and did not challenge the conventions in the way that contemporaries such as Tippett did.[222] Perhaps, says
Brett, "the tide that swept away serialism, atonality and most forms of musical modernism and brought in neo-Romanticism,
minimalism and other modes of expression involved with tonality carried with it renewed interest in composers who had been out of
step with the times".[56] Britten defined his mission as a composer in very simple terms: composers should aim at "pleasing people
today as seriously as we can".[223]
Pianist and conductor
Britten, though a reluctant conductor and a nervous pianist, was greatly sought after in both capacities.[224] The piano accompanist
Gerald Moore wrote in his memoirs about playing at all the main music festivals except for Aldeburgh, because "as the presiding
genius there is the greatest accompanist in the world, my services are not needed".[225][n 21] Britten's recital partnership with Pears
was his best-known collaboration, but he also accompanied Kathleen Ferrier, Rostropovich, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, James
Bowman and John Shirley-Quirk, among others.[227] Though usually too nervous to play piano solos, Britten often performed piano
duets with Clifford Curzon or Richter, and chamber music with the Amadeus Quartet.[227] The composers whose works, other than
his own, he most often played were Mozart and Schubert; the latter, in Murray Perahia's view, was Britten's greatest idol.[228] As a
boy and young man, Britten had intensely admired Brahms, but his admiration waned to nothing, and Brahms seldom featured in his
repertory.[n 22]

Singers and players admired Britten's conducting, and David Webster rated it highly enough to offer him the musical directorship of
the Covent Garden Opera in 1952.[n 23] Britten declined; he was not confident of his ability as a conductor and was reluctant to spend
too much time performing rather than composing.[232] As a conductor, Britten's repertory included Purcell, Bach, Haydn, Mozart and
Schubert, and occasional less characteristic choices including Schumann's Scenes from Goethe's Faust; Elgar's The Dream of
Gerontius and Introduction and Allegro; Holst's Egdon Heath and short pieces by Percy Grainger.[227][233]

Recordings
Britten, like Elgar and Walton before him, was signed up by a major British recording company,[n 24] and performed a considerable
proportion of his output on disc. For the Decca Record Companyhe made some monaural records in the 1940s and 1950s, followed,
with the enthusiastic support of the Decca producer John Culshaw, by numerous stereophonic versions of his works.[227] Culshaw
wrote, "The happiest hours I have spent in any studio were with Ben, for the basic reason that it did not seem that we were trying to
[236][n 25]
make records or video tapes; we were just trying to make music."

In May 1943 Britten made his debut in the Decca studios, accompanying Sophie Wyss in five of his arrangements of French folk
songs. The following January he and Pears recorded together, in Britten's arrangements of British folk songs, and the following day,
in duet with Curzon he recorded his Introduction and Rondo alla burlesca and Mazurka elegiaca. In May 1944 he conducted the
Boyd Neel string orchestra, Dennis Brain and Pears in the first recording of the Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings, which has
frequently been reissued, most recently on CD.[227]

Britten's first operatic recording was The Turn of the Screw, made in January 1955 with the original English Opera Group forces. In
1957 he conducted The Prince of the Pagodas in an early stereo recording, supervised by Culshaw.[227] Decca's first major
commercial success with Britten came the following year, with Peter Grimes, which has, at 2013, never been out of the catalogues
since its first release.[227] From 1958 Britten conducted Decca recordings of many of his operas and vocal and orchestral works,
including the Nocturne (1959), the Spring Symphony (1960) and the War Requiem (1963).[227] The last sold in unexpectedly large
numbers for a classical set, and thereafter Decca unstintingly made resources available to Culshaw and his successors for Britten
recordings.[238] Sets followed of Albert Herring (1964), the Sinfonia da Requiem (1964), Curlew River (1965), A Midsummer Night's
Dream (1966), The Burning Fiery Furnace (1967), Billy Budd (1967) and many of the other major works.[227] In 2013, to mark the
anniversary of Britten's birth, Decca released a set of 65 CDs and one DVD, "Benjamin Britten – Complete Works".[n 26] Most of the
recordings were from Decca's back catalogue, but in the interests of comprehensiveness a substantial number of tracks were licensed
from 20 other companies includingEMI, Virgin Classics, Naxos, Warner and NMC.[239]

As a pianist and conductor in other composers' music, Britten made many recordings for Decca. Among his studio collaborations
with Pears are sets of Schubert's Winterreise and Die schöne Müllerin, Schumann's Dichterliebe, and songs by Haydn, Mozart,
Bridge, Ireland, Holst, Tippett and Richard Rodney Bennett.[227] Other soloists whom Britten accompanied on record were Ferrier,
Rostropovich and Vishnevskaya. As a conductor he recorded a wide range of composers, from Purcell to Grainger. Among his best-
known Decca recordings are Purcell's The Fairy-Queen, Bach's Brandenburg concertos, Cantata 151, Cantata 102 and St John
Passion, Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius and Mozart's last two symphonies.[227]
Honours, awards and commemorations
State honours awarded to Britten included Companion of Honour (Britain) in
1953;[240] Commander of the Royal Order of the Polar Star (Sweden) in 1962; the
Order of Merit (Britain) in 1965;[241] and a life peerage (Britain) in July 1976.[122]
He received honorary degrees and fellowships from 19 conservatories and
universities in Europe and America. His awards included the Hanseatic Goethe Prize
(1961); the Aspen Award, Colorado (1964); the Royal Philharmonic Society's Gold
Medal (1964); the Wihuri Sibelius Prize (1965); the Mahler Medal (Bruckner and
Mahler Society of America, 1967); the Léonie Sonning Music Prize (Denmark,
1968); the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize (1974); and the Ravel Prize (1974).[242]
Prizes for individual works included UNESCO's International Rostrum of
Composers 1961 for A Midsummer Night's Dream; and Grammy Awards in 1963
137 Cromwell Road blue plaque
and 1977 for the War Requiem.[243]

The Red House, Aldeburgh, where Britten and Pears lived and worked together from
1957 until Britten's death in 1976, is now the home of the Britten-Pears Foundation, established to promote their musical legacy.[244]
In Britten's centenary year his studio at the Red House was restored to the way it was in the 1950s and opened to the public. The
converted hayloft was designed and built by H T Cadbury Brown in 1958 and was described by Britten as a "magnificent work".[245]
In June 2013 Dame Janet Baker officially opened the Britten-Pears archive in a new building in the grounds of the Red House.[246]
The Benjamin Britten Music Academy in Lowestoft, founded in the composer's honour, was completed in 1979; it is an 11-18 co-
[247]
educational day school, with ties to the Britten-Pears Foundation.

A memorial stone to Britten was unveiled in the north choir aisle of Westminster
Abbey in 1978.[248] There are memorial plaques to him at three of his London
homes: 173 Cromwell Road,[249] 45a St John's Wood High Street,[250] and 8
Halliford Street in Islington.[251] In April 2013 Britten was honoured by the Royal
Mail in the UK, as one of ten people selected as subjects for the "Great Britons"
commemorative postage stampissue.[252]

Other creative artists have celebrated Britten. In 1970 Walton composed

Scallop by Maggi Hambling is a
sculpture dedicated to Benjamin
Britten on the beach atAldeburgh.
The edge of the shell is pierced with
the words "I hear those voices that
will not be drowned" fromPeter
Grimes.
Jennings.[255]
Improvisations on an Impromptu of Benjamin Britten, based on a theme from
Britten's Piano Concerto.[253] Works commemorating Britten include Cantus in
Memoriam Benjamin Britten an orchestral piece written in 1977 by Arvo Pärt, and
Sally Beamish's Variations on a Theme of Benjamin Britten, based on the second Sea
Interlude from Peter Grimes; she composed the work to mark Britten's
centenary.[254] Alan Bennett depicts Britten in a 2009 play The Habit of Art, set
while Britten is composing Death in Venice and centred on a fictional meeting
between Britten and Auden. Britten was played in the premiere production by Alex

Tony Palmer made three documentary films about Britten: Benjamin Britten & his Festival (1967);[256] A Time There Was
(1979);[257] and Nocturne (2013).[258]

Elected member of theRoyal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgiumin 1955.[259]

Centenary
In September 2012, to mark the composer's forthcoming centenary, the Britten-Pears Foundation launched "Britten 100", a
collaboration of leading organisations in the performing arts, publishing, broadcasting, film, academia and heritage.[260] Among the
events were the release of a feature film Benjamin Britten – Peace and Conflict,[261] and a centenary exhibition at the British
Library.[262] The Royal Mint issued a 50-pence piece, to mark the centenary – the first time a composer has featured on a British
coin.[263]

Centenary performances of theWar Requiem were given at eighteen locations in Britain. Opera productions included Owen Wingrave
at Aldeburgh, Billy Budd at Glyndebourne, Death in Venice by English National Opera, Gloriana by The Royal Opera, and Peter
Grimes, Death in Venice and A Midsummer Night's Dream by Opera North.[264] Peter Grimes was performed on the beach at
Aldeburgh, opening the 2013 Aldeburgh Festival in June 2013, with Steuart Bedford conducting and singers from the Chorus of
Opera North and the Chorus of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama,[265] described by The Guardian as "a remarkable, and
surely unrepeatable achievement."[266]

Internationally, the anniversary was marked by performances of the War Requiem, Peter Grimes and other works in four continents.
In the US the centennial events were described as "coast to coast," with a Britten festival at Carnegie Hall, and performances at the
New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan Opera and Los Angeles Opera.[267]

Notes, references and sources

Notes

1. Britten's siblings were (Edith) Barbara (1902–82), Robert Harry Marsh ("Bobby", 1907–87), and (Charlotte) Elizabeth
("Beth", 1909–89).[3]
2. Britten later gave an example of the detailed skill instilled in him by Bridge: "I came up with a series major
of
sevenths on the violin. Bridge was against this, saying that the instrument didn't vibrate properly with this interval: it
should be divided between two instruments".[26]
3. When it came to leaving Gresham's, Britten found it a wrench, confessing: "I am terribly sorry to leave such boys as
[31] In his later years, Britten helped secure a place at the
these. [...] I didn't think I should be so sorry to leave."
school for David Hemmings,[31]
4. This academic mistrust of Britten's technical skills persisted. In 1994 the critic Derrick Puf
fett wrote that in the 1960s
Britten was still regarded with suspicion on account of his technical expertise; Puffett quoted remarks by the
Professor of Music at Oxford in the 1960s,Sir Jack Westrup, to the effect that Britten was to be distrustedfor his
"superficial effects", whereas Tippett was considered "awkward and technically unskilled ubt somehow authentic."[35]
5. Britten later wrote about his youthful discovery of Mahler that he had been told that the composer was "long-winded
and formless ... a romantic self-indulgent, who was so infatuated with his ideas that he could never stop. Either he
couldn't score at all, or he could only score like W
agner, using enormous orchestras with so much going on that you
couldn't hear anything clearly. Above all, he was not original. In other words, nothing for a young student!" Britten
judged, on the contrary, "His influence on contemporary writing ... could only be beneficial. His style is free from
excessive personal mannerisms, and his scores are models of how the modern virtuoso orchestra should be used,
nothing being left to chance and every note sounding." [38]

6. Koussevitzky's generosity later extended to waiving his rights to mount the first production, allowing Britten and his
Sadler's Wells associates the chance to do so. The opera's first performance under Koussevitzky's aegis was at the
Tanglewood Music Festivalin 1947, conducted by the youngLeonard Bernstein.[66] Bernstein retained a love of the
work, and he conducted the orchestral "Sea Interludes" from the opera at his final concert, given inanglewood
T in
[67]
1990, shortly before his death.
7. Sadler's Wells Theatre in Islington, London, was requisitioned by the government in 1942 as a refuge for people
made homeless by air-raids; the Sadler's Wells opera company toured the British provinces, returning to its home
base in June 1945.[70]
8. Sullivan, Parry, Stanford, Elgar, Vaughan Williams, Holst and Tippett were among the leading British composers of
[89] Those who, like Britten, were not known for teaching
their time who held posts at conservatoires or universities.
included Delius[90] and Walton.[91]
9. The critic Andrew Porter wrote at the time: "The audience naturally contained many people distinguished in political
and social spheres rather than noted for their appreciation of twentieth-century music, and Gloriana was not well
received at its first hearing. The usual philistine charges brought against it, as against so much contemporary music
('no tunes – ugly, discordant sounds', and therest), are beneath consideration. On the other hand, those who found
Gloriana ill-suited to the occasion may be allowed to have some right on their side." [95]
10. The principal law against homosexual acts was theCriminal Law Amendment Act 1885, in which Section 11 made
any kind of sexual activity between men illegal for the first time. It was not repealed until the passage of the
Sexual
Offences Act 1967
11. Some writers have supposed that Britten was earlier of fered and had declined aknighthood,[123] but his name is not
included in the official list issued in 2012 by the Cabinet Office naming everyone (except those still living at the time
of publication) who had declined an honour between 1950 and 1999. [124]

12. The writer John Bridcut sees significance in evidence that Britten mentally regarded himself as perpetually 13 years
old. Bridcut views this as manifest both in the Letts diaries Britten bought and used well into his adult life, in which he
wrote several statistics relevant to himself when that age,[143] and in his remark to Imogen Holst, "I'm still

thirteen".[144]

13. In the early 1940s, while living in North America, Britten shared a room with 13 year old Bobby Rothman when
staying with the Rothman family: "many an evening we used to spend ... a lot of time just really talking he in the bed
next to me ... His fondness for me was something that was beyond my normal social connections, and I was a little
overwhelmed that someone should be so fond of me ... I can still remember us talking late at night one time, and
finding when it was really time to call it quits and go to sleep ... he said, 'Bobby
, would you mind terribly if, before we
fell asleep, I came over and gave you a hug and a kiss?' It was just one of those touching moments ... And I've got to
say I really did not know what to do except say , 'no, no I don't mind', and he gently got up and gave me a gentle hug
and kiss and said goodnight."[147]
14. The journalist Martin Kettle wrote in 2012 that although there is no evidence of wrongful conduct, it is important that
allegations of paedophilia should be openly discussed, both to avoid covering up criminal behaviour and to avoid
.[150]
oversimplifying the complexity of Britten's sexuality and creativity
15. In 1938, Britten attended what was only the second British performance of
Mahler's Eighth Symphony, the
"Symphony of a Thousand", withSir Henry Wood and the BBC Symphony Orchestra. Britten declared himself
"tremendously impressed" by the music, though he thought the performance "execrable".[168]

16. The critics' outrage at the presumption of Auden and Britten in writing an American work mirrored the hostile
response of London critics six years earlier whenJerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein presented Three Sisters, a
musical set in England.[173]
17. Matthews comments that the work is "so much more sensuous when sung by the soprano voice for which the songs
were conceived".[183]
18. The piece was much admired by Tippett as "one of the wonderful things in Britten's music", an opinion with which
Britten apparently concurred.[192]
19. The piece is formally sub-titled "Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Henry Purcell"; Britten greatly disliked the
[203]
BBC's practice of referring to the work by the grander sub-title in preference to his preferred title.
20. Steuart Wilson, a retired singer who held a succession of posts as a musical administrator
, launched an outspoken
campaign in 1955 against "homosexuality in British music" and was quoted as saying: "The influence of perverts in
the world of music has grown beyond all measure. If it is not curbed soon, Covent Garden and other precious
musical heritages could suffer irreparable harm."[217]
21. In 2006 Gramophone magazine invited eminent present-day accompanists to name their "professional's
[226]
professional": the joint winners were Britten and Moore.
[229]
22. Britten once said, "It's not bad Brahms I mind, it's good Brahms I can't stand".
23. So writes John Bridcut,[230] but Webster's biographer, Montague Haltrecht, recounts that no formal offer of the post
was made to Britten. According to Haltrecht, Lord Harewood and other Covent Garden board members wanted
Britten for the post, but Webster believed that it was above all as a composer that Britten could bring glory to Covent
Garden.[231]
24. Elgar was an exclusiveHMV artist;[234] Walton, after a brief spell with Decca, mademost of his recordings for
Columbia.[235]
25. Imogen Holst remembered Britten's recording sessions dif
ferently: "He used to find recording sessions more
exhausting than anything else, and dreaded the days when he had to stop writing a new opera in order to record the
one before last."[237]
26. The set comprises all the composer's works with opus numbers and all works commercially recorded by 2013 (many
fragments and juvenilia have not been published or recorded). The set includes Britten's folksong arrangements, but
excludes his Purcell realisations.[239]
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External links
Benjamin Britten at Encyclopædia Britannica
Britten-Pears Foundation
Britten 100 (Britten-Pears Foundation's website for the Britten centenary)
Aldeburgh Music (The organisation founded by Benjamin Britten in 1948, originally as Aldeburgh Festival: the living
legacy of Britten's vision for a festival and creative campus)
"Discovering Britten". BBC Radio 3.
Gresham College: "Britten and Bridge", lecture and performance investigating the relation between the two
composers, 5 February 2008 (available for download as text, audio or video file)
Britten Thematic Catalogue, Britten Project
Boosey & Hawkes (Britten's publishers up to 1963): biographies, work lists and descriptions, recordings,
performance schedules
Faber Music (Publisher set up by Britten for his works after 1963): biography, work lists, recordings, performance
schedules
MusicWeb International. Benjamin Britten (1913–1976), by Rob Barnett
National Portrait Gallery. Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten (1913–1976), 109 portraits.

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