Multi Purpose Deep Tunnel (MPDT)

An Integrated Solution for Flood Control, Water Supply, Waste Water,

Traffic Congestion Management and Public Utilities Shaft in
the Jakarta Megapolitan City

Presented by DR. Ir. Firdaus Ali, MSc

May, 2007

Background (1)

y Flood threat is still a problem which has not been properly addressed by the government as well as the
community, meanwhile drought and scarcity of water are becoming imminent. Big floods in early 2002
and 2007 in the Jabodetabek region have caused total loss of USD 2.05 billions with loss of lives
reaching 159 persons. Global climate changes which affect the hydrological cycle in the form of
rainfall intensity and rainfall pattern together with land use conversion at the upstream and
downstream areas have caused increasing intensity and flood duration.

y At the same time, traffic congestion due to increasing number of motor vehicles has caused losses in
the form of increasing fuel consumption, air pollution, mental stress, and loss of business opportunity
and productive time of road users in the urban areas such as in the Jakarta Megapolitan City. The
total loss suffered is even reaching USD 1.93 billions/year.

y Other problems of urban water resources management are also becoming critical, among others
scarcity of raw water for drinking purpose, poor management of urban wastewater, excessive
abstraction of groundwater causing land subsidence and sea water intrusion.

y Meanwhile, land availability and its land acquisition for public infrastructure such as flood control
and additional road length in the urban area are becoming critical with its social and political
problems accompanying it.
 Background (2)
y Facing the future with all existing constraints, an integrated and innovation in addressing the
urban environmental problems have become more urgent. The concept and strategy of urban
infrastructure development in a vertical manner, above and below the ground, are one of the
solutions in facing limited available land in the urban area which would be the only option for the
future urban development.

y With regard to the above problems, particularly flood control measure, a number of concepts have
been proposed to the governments by various parties. To this extent, the people is still expecting a
breakthrough by the central and local government to ensure that similar disaster will not
occurring again in the future.

y Integration and sustainability in addressing the problem is hence a necessity. This is reflected in
the theme of World Water Day the 16th 2007 chosen by the Indonesian Government, entitled
”Integration in Coping with Flood and Scarcity of Water” which is taken from the global theme
”Coping with Water Scarcity.”

y Multi Purpose Deep Tunnel (MPDT) System which is proposed by the Jakarta Water Supply
Regulatory Body and submitted to the Central Government by the Provincial Government of
Jakarta is an integrated technology system comprising flood mitigation, provision of raw water for
drinking water, wastewater management, alleviating traffic congestion in the urban area and is
part of the sustainable effort to conserving groundwater in the Jakarta Megapolitan City which is
basically would not require land acquisition.

Background (3)
y Moreover, if it is integrated the MPDT could also be used for the installation of utility shaft, such
as gas pipe, electricity network, fiber optic, and telephone cable which will not cause any
disturbance during installation and maintenance.

y As it is integrated with sewerage system, the organic sludge produced by the MPDT system could
be further processed to produce biogas (CH4) as a source for electricity generator and bio-solid
in the form of organic fertilizer which could be used to cope with scarcity of manufactured
fertilizer.

y MPDT if its is implemented is basically is part of the integrated solution to overcoming flood risk,
traffic congestion, and urban water resources management in the medium as well as long term
solution, particularly in facing the future challenges.

y Since the benefits of MPDT are multi purpose, and the component of MPDT which could generate
revenue, the involvement of the private sector through Public Private Partnership scheme such as
implemented at the SMART Project in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) is a potential one that needs to be
further pursued in a planned manner.

y In order to review further the potential of development of MPDT in Jakarta, an in-depth

Feasibility Study needs to be undertaken. Since it will need considerable investment and relatively
high technology, the implementation of MPDT concept in Jakarta needs an in-depth review and
analysis from a number of aspects (technical, financial, ecology and sustainability).
 Background (4)

y Based on a preliminary estimation, the financing of the project similar to the one in Kuala Lumpur
and Singapore, the MPDT project will require about USD 1.8 billions, whereby the private sector
investment for the toll road, sewerage system, including water reclamation system and utility shaft
will be about 70% of the total cost.

Scope of Problems
y Flood from upstream, urban storm drainage system & sea water tide (note :
global warming issues);
y Wastewater from Domestic Sources, Commercial & Industrial Areas.
Presently, Jakarta sewerage system serves about 3% of the Jakarta area;
y Clean water for Water Stress Area (especially at northern part of Jakarta);
y Electric power generation from gas methane and organic fertilizer from bio-
solid;
y Shallow and Deep Ground Water will be “conserved”, if piped water supply
service provision is improved and its regulations are effectively enforced
including its supervision/control.
 Major problems requiring an
Integrated solution (1)
1. Flood control infrastructures and urban drainage, have not yet been fully
integrated, e.g.:
y Cengkareng Flood Drain and drainage area in West Jakarta.
y The proposed East Flood Way and drainage area in East Jakarta.

2. Integrated Urban Water Resources Management (IUWRM) has not been

accommodated with the upstream area on Ciliwung – Cisadane Water Basin,
e.g.:
y Degradation of upstream area of Ciliwung River;
y Decreasing number of natural ponds in Ja-karta and upstream area.
y Absence of flood retention at the upstream of Ciliwung River.

3. Wastewater management system in Jakarta presently serves about + 3 % of the

area and increasing incidence of water borne disease;

Major problems requiring an

Integrated solution (2)

4. Northern part of Jakarta which has not been fully served by piped clean water
supply;

5. Implementation of flood control measures is constrained by land acquisition

problem (e.g. East Flood Way) and resettlement of squatters along the Ciliwung
River bank (+ 70,000 HH);

6. Increasing of ground water abstraction due to inadequate supply of piped city

water. This causes land subsidence and sea water intrusion.
 This Technological Innovation is called:
Multi Purpose Deep Tunnel (MPDT)
with the following benefit:
1) Controlling peak flood;
2) Improving urban environ-mental sanitation comprising wastewater and at the
same time improving through Water Reclamation Plants (WRPs), to be used for:
y Meeting the need of clean water especially for the Northern part of
Jakarta;
y Improving water quality in water bodies;
y Producing electric power (methane gas) and organic fertilizer.
3) Reducing ground water pumping due to improved city piped water service a.o.
supply of raw water becoming more reliable;
4) Constructing of tunnel and ground reservoir need no land acquisition;
5) Utilizing the tunnel as toll roadway as in SMART project (KL) and utility shaft,
as in TARP project (Chicago).

MPDT Concept for DKI Jakarta (1)

TMA. Banjir
BKB
TMA. Normal
TMA. Kemarau
 Proposed Application of MPDT
Se a Outfall

W aduk Pluit

W RP

Se a Outfall
W aduk Grogol

Po mp a Cideng

W aduk M elati

PA. K aret

PA. M anggarai

IP A P ejompong an W a duk Setiabudi

Wa duk Pluit He ad wor k

Holding Basin

WR
P

Timur
Barat
Pusat
Egres
s
Airpo
rt

Egre
W a duk ss
Grogol Roxy
Po mpa
Cideng
Egress Tanah Abang

W a duk
PA Karet
M elati PA
M anggarai

Wa duk Setiabudi
I PA Pejompongan
Jalan Tol
Baleka mbang - Manggarai

Holding Basin
MPDT Zona Pusat He ad work

MPDT Concept for DKI Jakarta (2)

y Application of MPDT starts by dividing the Jakarta area into 3 zones, namely West,
Central, and East respectively (as shown in the attached map).
y MPDT serves as a “complementary” to the “flood control” option, meaning the entire
commitment of the Central Government and Municipalities must be implemented in an
integrated manner.
y Central Zone is the proposed priority area for the application of MPDT as a pilot project.
Central MPDT is situated below the Ciliwung River and West Flood through Way starting
from MT. Haryono-West Flood Way with a total length of + 22 km and diameter + 12
meter.
y Direct benefit from peak flood control (Q100=100 m3/second), is that the storm water will
not be discharged into the central of Jakarta which was the current practice as an
‘emergency outlet’, since the capacity of the Ciliwung River and West Flood Way are not
adequate. Other routes of MPDT could be situated under the East Flood Way and
Cengkareng Drain (West).
y Also, MPDT could be utilized for toll road tunnel with ingress at Manggarai and egress at
Tanah Abang and Roxy leading to down town area and egress to the airport, hence it will
facilitate the traffic flow from southern part of Jakarta to Kota and Airport. The upper
inside part of MPDT could be used for utility shaft such as telecommunication, water
supply, gas, and electricity
 Ciliwung River Basin
SATUAN WILAYAH SUNGAI
JAVA SEA CILIWUNG-CISADANE
KETERANGAN :
U
CISADANE RIVER IMPROVEMENT
Garis Batas Wil. Sungai
Ciliwung - Cisadane
a n

Batas Daerah Aliran Sungai

uri

CENGKARENG DRAIN NORMALIZATION

Cid

K. Tahang
Jalan raya

Cimanceuri WEST FLOOD WAY NORMALIZATION Jalan Kereta Api

ab
ar
Cir
Sungai

Cileule
tta

Cakung Drain
- Ha

Cengkareng Drain
us arno

al
m
Suk irport
Saluran Drainasi

Ka

K. Blencong
at
K.

Bar
A JAKARTA

K. Marunda
ke

al
Se TANGERANG

an
ra Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta Raya

K
ng

jir

si
K. Sekretaris

K. Beka
Ban
tol
ke Balaraja C Program Pengendalian Banjir
Me .B
m

( Alternatif I )
eu

rak .L

K. Buaran
as

K. Grogol
Cip

Sal. Meruya

g
Ciledug

K. Sepak

an
ahab
K. Cideng
ne

nter
BEKASI

Cilem
da
Curug

K. Su
Cisa

K. Jatikramat
+ 6.01
Cikarang

K.

K. Cakung
K. Mampang
K. Krukut
W et

K. Cipinang
+ 16.46
Ranca

an
Sumur
KARAWANG
Cidurian

Ciputat Pondok Gede

K. Pesanggrahan
Serpong

Cibeet
35,5 Km + 6
Cim
ke Serang ance
uri g
an

Ciliwung

dang
ar
Cik ke

ke
Cik
K. Ang

Cisa
am

ngsi
Jam
pe

Cileu
k
Cibeureum

Cimanggis Tol
ke Cik

ur
Cimatuk

Cileungsi am

u Tim
DEPOK Cibeet pek

Kali Bar
Cibarusa
Parung

urs
Curug

as
Cike
+ 3 Ho
Jonggol
Gunung Putri

Citarum
32 Km

Waduk
ke Rangkasbitung
Jatiluhur

BOGOR
Empang + 243.33
+ 240.97

Katulampa

Planned of Ciawi Dam

ke Cianjur PROYEK PENGELOLAAN SUMBER AIR
6
DAN PENGENDALIAN BANJIR CILIWUNG-
0 2 4 8 10 12 km
CISADANE
Gn. Pangrango

sws 08.11.2001

To Sea Outfall

Pluit Storage
Reservoir

WRP

Egress
Airport

Egress
Grogol Dam
Roxy

Cideng Pumping
Station
Egress Tanah Abang
Melati
Karet Sluice Attenuation
Gate Pond Manggarai
Sluice Gate

Setiabudi Pond
Pejompongan WTP
Toll Road
Balekambang - Manggarai

Holding Basin
Headworks
MPDT Central Zone
 MPDT Concept for Central Zone (Ciliwung, Cideng, Krukut)
Java Sea

Sea Outfall (Pumped + Non Return Valve )

Egress Airport Existing Pump

River/ Bed
River Bed West/ West
FloodFlood
WayWay / Surface
/ Surface Pluit Reservoir
Area : 80 Ha
(Half part is for WWTP/ Advanced Activated Sludge)
Sewage
UtilityUtility
ShaftShaft
Pipes
Drainage Network
Fully Pressurized Flow + 15 m
Full Pressurized Flow + 15 m Egress Roxy
(100 m3/s) during 7 hour
(100 m3/s) during 7 hour
with R100 + 12 m
with R100 + 12 m
(emergency outlet)
(emergency outlet)

Wastewater Egress Tanah Abang

Wastewater
Melati Attenuation Pond
+ 12 m
+ 12 m (Area : 3.5 Ha)
Ciliwung Kota
Length : + 22 Km Karet Outlet Q=0
LengthDiameter : +Km
: + 22 12 m
Sluice Gate
Volume
Diameter : +m2.5 million
: + 12 m3
Filling Time : + 2.5
Volume : +million
7 hour m3
Filling Time : + 7 hour BKB Manggarai

WTP Pejompongan Sluice Gate

Setiabudi Pond
(Area : 4.35 Ha) Planned of MPDT
Toll Road
(Below Ciliwung River and West Flood Way)
Ingress Balekambang- Manggarai
Through MPDT
Through DTRS

h
h Headwork MT Haryono

Safe Level
Safety Level - Diversion Weir
(at “Normalized” Kali - Offtake Structure
(at “Normalized” Kali Ciliwung and
Ciliwung and BKB)
BKB) - Holding Pond (+ 4 Ha)

Flood Q100
Manggarai Sluice Gate= t
Flood Q100
750 m3/s t
Manggarai Sluice Gate= 750 m3/s Peak Period

Q DTRS (max) at peak Flood = 100 m3/s

Peak Period
(the flow is usually discharged into the existing urban drainage
system
Q to down town area at alert3 level !)
MPDT (max) at Peak Flood = 100 m /s

(the flow is usually discharged into the existing urban drainage

system to downtown area at Alert Level 1) CILIWUNG RIVER

MT Haryono

MPDT

Bell Mouth
Intake

Holding Basin
+ 4 Ha

Diversion Weir
Saluran Inlet

Off Take

Head works

Headwork MT Haryono + Holding Basin

 Through MPDT

Safety Level
(at “Normalized” Kali Ciliwung and
BKB)

Flood Q100

Manggarai Sluice Gate= 750 m3/s t

Peak Period

Q MPDT (max) at Peak Flood = 100 m3/s

(the flow is usually discharged into the existing urban drainage
system to downtown area at Alert Level 1)

River Bed / West Flood Way / Surface

Utility Shaft

Fully Pressurized Flow + 15 m

3
(100 m /s) during 7 hour
with R100 + 12 m
(emergency outlet)

Wastewater

+ 12 m

Length : + 22 Km
Diameter : + 12 m
Volume : + 2.5 million m3
Filling Time : + 7 hour
 The Slurry Shield Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)

The Slurry Shield TBM consists of four

main parts
• Rotary Cutter Head with tungsten
cutter discs – used for excavation of rocks
• Bulkhead, where the pressured
bentonite slurry shield is formed – to
provide stability during the tunnel
excavation
• Hydraulic Rams – to propel the
machine forward and to keep the tunnel in
its right alignment
• Tunnel Lining Erector – to install the pre-
cast concrete lining of tunnel

HEALTH & SAFETY MEASUREMENT

Internal Diameter
11.83 m
Heat Detection Cable

Concrete wall
Thickness 1.03 m

Exhaust Fan

Carbon Detection
Panel
Air
Upper deck
Emergency Way Ventilation

Air Ventilation System

Emergency Exit
Hydrant Route

CCTV
Lower deck (every 200 m)

Outside Diameter Waste Water

13.26 m

MPDT Health & Safety System Emergency Route

 Safety Features

y Automatic water tight, flood gates in every ingress and egress of toll road
gate.
y Sixteen ventilation shafts divide the tunnel, at 1 km distance. Powerfull air
ventilation continously flow fresh air to maintain water quality inside
tunnel. To safeguard the ventilation system during flood, the system is made
of several shafts, each contains exhaust and air injector. The fan for
ventilation is constructed outside the tunnel and can be used as smoke
control in case of fire.
y Ventilation shaft can also function as emergency exit out of the tunnel.
y Cross path is constructed every 250 meter.
y Smoke gates are constructed to kept the environment free of smoke.
y Electricity panel is to be keep dry, free from submersion.
y Fire fighters, telecomunications, and surveillance devices are available
every 1 km.

Development Cost

1. MPDT : USD 1,319 Millions

y Government : USD 550 Millions
y Private Sector : USD 769 Millions
1. Toll Road : USD 659 Millions
2. Waste Water Main Trunk : USD 55 Millions
3. Utility shaft : USD 55 Millions

2. Waste Water System : USD 467 Millions

y Private Sector : USD 467 Millions
1. Secondary &Tertiary
2. Water Reclamation Plant /WRP
(Recycle)
Total : USD 1,786 Millions

Note:
ƒ Private Investment : USD 1,236 Millions ( 70% )
ƒ Government Investment : USD 550 Millions ( 30% )

(1 USD = IDR 9.100)

 Generated Revenue per year

1. Toll Road
350 X USD 0.44 Millions = USD 154 Millions

2. Waste Water = USD 83 Millions

- Waste Water Service Charges : USD 29 Millions
sources : JWDP, 2000
- Water Production
311,000 m3/day x 365 x USD 0.35/m3 : USD 40 Millions
- Electricity : USD 2 Millions
- Fertilizer : USD 12 Millions

3. Utility Shaft = USD 7 Millions

Total Revenue per year = USD 244 Millions

Operation & Maintenance (O&M) Cost per year

1. Private Sector = USD 47.7 Millions

a. Toll Road : 20% x USD 154 Millions= USD 30.8 Millions
b. Waste Water : 20% x USD 83 Millions= USD 16.6 Millions
c. Utility Shaft : 5% x USD 7 Millions= USD 0.3 Millions

2. Government = USD 5.5 Millions

Estimated : 1% x USD 550 Millions

Total O&M Cost per year = USD 53.2 Millions

 IRR (Internal Rate of Return) of Private Sector

N = 40 years (in million USD)

Initial Investment (I) IRR n (th) Revenue O&M
TOLL ROAD 659.3 18.65% 40 153.8 20% 30.8
SEWERAGE & WATER SUPPLY 522.0 12.63% 40 83.1 20% 16.6
UTILITY SHAFT 54.9 11.24% 40 6.6 5% 0.3

Total : 1,236.3 243.6 47.7

N = 30 years (in million USD)

Initial Investment (I) IRR n (th) Revenue O&M
TOLL ROAD 659.3 18.55% 30 153.8 20% 30.8
SEWERAGE & WATER SUPPLY 522.0 12.36% 30 83.1 20% 16.6
UTILITY SHAFT 54.9 10.89% 30 6.6 5% 0.3

Total : 1,236.3 243.6 47.7

1 USD = IDR 9,100

Flood Damages Prevention (FDP) Government

1. Public investment = USD 550 Millions

2. Flood Damages Prevention (FDP)

0,5 x 1/3 x USD 2,05 Millions = USD 342 Millions (for 5 year)
or approx. USD 68 Millions (per year )
 Institutional Model for MPDT Management

PUBLIC
UTILITY
BOARD

URBAN DRAINAGE
SOLID OTHER UTILITIES:
SYSTEM
- PLN
WATER SUPPLY WASTEWATER WASTE TOLL ROAD &
- GAS
(PAM DKI) (PD PAL) (DINAS (BPJT) FLOOD CONTROL
- TELEPHONE
KEBERSIHAN) BANJIR
- CABLES, DATA
(DPU)

Best Practices : Singapore

 Best Practices : Malaysia

Best Practices : Chicago-AS

Thank you