GRAMMAR

A. TENSES

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future

Verbs : Verbs : Verbs : root words

Singular : -s, -es, -ies Regular : -d, -ed. - ied * will / shall ( verb )
( He, She, It ) Irregular : vowels shall – I , We

Plural : root words changed, word changed, will – I, He, She, It,
( I, You, We, They) remain root words You, They

Time Phrase : Time Phrase : Time Phrase :

every day, always, just now, this morning, later, soon, tonight,
often, sometimes, yesterday, last night, last tomorrow, next week,
usually, never week, a few days ago in future

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

Singular: is + Verb “ing” Singular: was+Verb “ing” will be/has/have/bad

( He, She, It ) (I, He, She, It ) been + Verb “ing”
Plural: are + Verb “ing” Plural: were + Verb “ing” (He, She, It, You,
( I, You, We, They) (You, We, They) They) OR shall be +
(I am + verb 'ing') Verb “ing” ( I, We )
Time Phrase : Time Phrase : Time Phrase :
now, at the moment ~ when, ~ while, ~ as later, tonight, etc

Perfect Tenses
B. IRREGULAR VERBS

Base Form of Verb Past Tense Past Participle

awake awoke awoken

be was/were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bid bid bid
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
build built built
burn burned burnt
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
Base Form of Verb Past Tense Past Participle

cost cost cost

cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
drive drove driven
drink drank drunk
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
Base Form of Verb Past Tense Past Participle

grow grew grown

hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
Base Form of Verb Past Tense Past Participle

meet met met

pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
show showed showed/shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
Base Form of Verb Past Tense Past Participle

stand stood stood

swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
 C. PREPOSITIONS

Prep. Usage Example

 days of the week on Monday

on
 date on 12 July 2012

 months / seasons in August / in winter

 time of day in the morning
in
 year in 2006
 after a certain period of time (when?) in an hour

 for night / noon at night / at noon

at  for weekend at the weekend
 a certain point of time(when?) at half past nine

for  over a certain period of time (past till now) -for 2 years

 room, building, street, town, country -in the kitchen, in London

 book, paper etc. -in the book
in
 car, taxi -in the car, in a taxi
 picture, world -in the picture, in the world
-at the door, at the station
 meaning next to, by an object
-at the table
 for table
at -at a concert, at the party
 for events
-at the cinema, at school, at
 place where you are to do something typical
work

 attached -the picture on the wall

 for a place with a river -London lies on the Thames.
 being on a surface -on the table
on  for a certain side (left, right) -on the left
 for a floor in a house -on the first floor
 for public transport -on the bus, on a plane
 for television, radio -on TV, on the radio

 walking or riding -on foot, on horseback

on
 entering a public transport vehicle -get on the bus

in entering a car / Taxi -get in the car

 rise or fall of something -prices have risen by 10

by  travelling (other than walking or horse percent
riding) by car, by bus
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D. PRONOUNS

Personal Pronouns

Person Number
Singular Plural
st
1 Person I (my, me) we (our, us)
2nd Person you (your, you) you (your, you)
3rd Person he (his, him)
she (her, her) they (their, them)
it (its, it)

Reflexive Pronouns

Person Number
Singular Plural
st
1 Person myself ourselves
2nd Person yourself yourselves
3rd Person himself
herself themselves
itself

Demonstrative Pronouns

Proximity Number
Singular Plural
Near This These
Distant That Those

Indefinite Pronouns

Quantifiers enough, few, fewer, less, little, many,

much, several, more, most
Universals all, both, each,
every (everybody, everything, everyone),
one (two, three….)
Partitives any (anybody, anything, anyone),
either, neither, none (nobody, nothing, no
one),
one (two, three….),
some (somebody, something, someone)
E. AUXILIARY VERBS (DO, DOES, DID)
F. THERE IS/THERE ARE
G. PLURAL NOUNS
H. POSESSIVE ADJECTIVES