Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

University Institute of Superior Technology of the East

State. Anzoátegui

Teacher: Student:

Anderson Vargas Patricia López

26.449.862

Barcelona, 2018.
 Introduction

The objective of this essay is to reflect on the forms of corruption from an economic
point of view and investigate the possible situations that lead individuals to act in a
corrupt manner and to societies to tolerate and even encourage these practices.
Certainly, the corruption also has ethical, political and social implications and can
be analyzed from those perspectives.

Corruption is one of the most important problems that affect not only our society,
but the whole world. In recent years, efforts to detect and control it have been
greater.

Corruption can be defined as a harmful, vast, diverse and global phenomenon

whose agents belong to the public sector as well as to private companies. It does
not refer to the simple looting of State assets. Corruption includes the offering and
receiving of bribes, bribes; the misappropriation and negligent allocation of funds
and public expenditures; undervaluation or price overvaluation; political or financial
scandals; electoral fraud; the payment to journalists, the purchase of information in
mass media or the infiltration of agents to obtain information and concomitant
benefits; the influence peddling and other transgressions; the illegal financing of
political parties; the use of public force in support of dubious judicial decisions;
biased judgments of judges; improper favors or exaggerated salaries of friends,
despite their disability
Corruption in Latin America, where many bureaucrats have commercialized its
administrative powers, is not different from the one existing in Europe, where some
public officials get large commissions in public works projects and defense
contracts.

However, the problems and the solutions will be different according to deal with a
society in which there are only isolated cases of corruption or a society in which
corruption is widespread. Corruption in Canada does not is equal to Mexico's, not
only because of a degree issue but also of different causes and effects. Hence the
use of the same word for two completely different situations generate confusion. To
avoid this there is to distinguish between cases where corruption is marginal and
cases in which corruption is widespread. Corruption, like the disease, It is found in
all parts of the world. However there are times, organizations or countries with
epidemics and others with a controlled situation. In some countries like Argentina,
Venezuela and in most nations in the process of development, the epidemic is the
natural situation.

Politics, money and power have always been mixed. Even in countries that seem
to be more democratic and civilized, the private interests of some people and
corporations manage to penetrate government decisions.

Economic power has always manipulated much of the political power, but of
course, it does not work the same everywhere. Some countries are characterized
by strong democratic institutions that control decision-making. Unfortunately in
other countries decisions are made at will by those who have money and power.

Among the causes that cause or encourage corruption and that are commonly
mentioned are find:

 Excess of procedures and requirements

 Excessive regulations to develop productive activities
 Discretion in the application of rules, procedures or requirements
 Low salaries of public personnel
 Legislation of responsibilities of weak and poorly applied public servants
 Lack of ethical values among some public servants and citizens
 Absence of a national registry of public servants disabled due to incurring
acts of corruption.
 Insufficient citizen participation in activities of control and evaluation of the
Public Management

On the other hand, the consequences of corruption are widely known, among

some stand out:

  Encourages the consolidation of corruption structures and networks
 Erodes the credibility and legitimacy of governments
 Revitalizes a culture of corruption and contributes to its proliferation
 Allows the approval and operation of laws, programs and policies, without
support or popular legitimacy
 Prevents scarce public resources from contributing to development and
social welfare

Venezuela is a country in a humanitarian crisis because corruption is the

system in all aspects of the situation and the international community should
try to be more solid by promoting some reform.

The indicators published by the Transparency International organization

identify high corruption rates in most of the planet: as observed in its
recently published Index of Perception of Corruption report, more than two
thirds of the globe are framed in the categories between 0 - 50 points (dark
orange and red colors), with zero being the highest level of corruption and
100 least corrupt. Latin America is not the exception.

Latin America does not manage to leave the red area of the index on the
perception of corruption
In the table of 180 nations, the worst ranked index is Venezuela in the 169th place
with a score of 18. Haiti, Nicaragua and Guatemala are among the worst rated on
the perception of corruption.

Other countries such as Paraguay, Mexico, Honduras and Ecuador obtained a

score between 29 and 32, far removed from the best qualified in the entire
American continent: Canada, with 82 points in transparency and an honorable
eighth place in the world ranking.

Political will about the fight against corruption suffers from important variations
between countries and this could partly explain the stagnation of the region.
Countries that consider this issue as a priority and act with an effective legislative
apparatus, based "through consensus and political participation", manage to
improve their scores quickly.

Meanwhile, countries that do not consider this issue a priority get worse every
year, reveals the analysis.

What can we do to stop corruption?

Create a body that is responsible for the education and awareness of people in
relation to the importance of selecting a government to solve the problems of the
country as a whole, not a personal problem. Raising awareness among public
servants that the State is going to serve has not been used. And that this same
organization is in charge of creating honesty, transparency and the importance of
strengthening ethical-moral values in the mentality of the people; Make him the
idea that if there is no corruption you can reduce poverty.

Put into operation in all its parts the social security system, which guarantees
social protection, in such a way that public and private servants do not try to
guarantee their futures and that of their families by committing acts of corruption.

Create an autonomous body that is responsible for the recruitment, evaluation and
hiring of public servants. This body must design the requirements and terms of
reference for each public position from the highest to the lowest. This body must
also be responsible for evaluating the quality of work and honesty in the
performance of the service provided by the hired server from time to time. This
evaluation must carry with it the incentive or punishment of the quality of work and
honesty in the service provided. In the incentive should be included the
permanence for the good service provided and in the punishment until the
retirement of the position that occupies (depending on the severity of the fault).

That the State be organized in such a way that it reduces itself, that it only
functions as a regulating and supervising entity, not as a company.
The payment for the services provided is in accordance with the needs (that can
cover it) and the type of work they perform (amount, responsibility and hierarchy
that occupies) either in the public or private sector.
 Conclusions

Corruption in the State is the greatest scourge and greatest enemy of our
democracy, one of the main causes of poverty and the poorest quality of life of all,
but especially of the most needy.

Corruption is a political, social and economic phenomenon that society perceives

as illicit enrichment that has been inherited since creation itself.

The causes and consequences of administrative corruption are innumerable as

diverse as humanity itself, it is a problem of an economic, administrative, legal and
management nature and its consequences can be of an unsuspected gravity as
they reduce the credibility of our political systems.

Some governments in the beginning have pretended, have intentions to face with
hardness the scourge of corruption and ended up surrounded by the same evil.

Every year more than 36 billion pesos of the public treasury are lost due to corrupt
procedures of government officials.