Mid-Term Report

For the partial fulfilment of 6 month industrial training in 8th semester

At

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

(A Government of India enterprise)

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

Mr. Gagandeep Aul Amanpreet SIngh

H.O.D (ECE) 7019040564-L

8th Sem ECE-1

Amanpreet Singh 7019040564-L

Branch:- Electronics and communications

Sesssion:- 2oo6-2o1o

Training at:-

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

(A Government of India enterprise)

Official Address :- New Grain Market, G.T. Road

Moga (PUNJAB) 142001

Project Undertaken :- BROADBAND

LALA LAJPAT RAI

Institute Of Engineering & Technology

Near P.S Sadar Moga-Ferozpur GT road Moga

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Government of Punjab for providing me the
opportunity to undertake the industrial training at the organization and for allowing me to use all
their resourses during the course.

In the case of the present work, I feel that language is incapable of giving expression to my deep
gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr. Parminder Singh (S.D.E) for his Guidance, support and
constructive criticism throught out the course of this work.

I am also thankful to Mr. Swatantar (T.T.A.) for their valuable guidance and suggestion
providing me constant co-operation, moral support, for their caring nature and made me very
comfortable during this training period and all other staff of Broadband department .

Amanpreet Singh

B.Tech.

8th
Sem.

Roll No.-7019040564-L
BSNL is not only India’s Largest telecommunication company but also seventh largest in the
world. At present company is serving more than 33.6 million customers with its various
telephonic services. Company has nearly around the nation.

The Corporate Logo:

BSNL’s Logo consists of three graphic elements: two positive arrows around a circle. Here the
grey circle is suggestive of the globe ringed by the dynamic arrows of Blue and Red colors.

Suggestive of the dynamism of the corporation and its modernity. The arrow do not meet
symobolising the continuous movement of the corporation to the higher levels of service.

Together these elements from the BSNL logo signifying Round the globe connectivity and
innumerable possibilities.

VISION:BSNL would like to be high tech customer oriented company with emphasis on value
addition.

MISSION: to provide world class telecom services on demand using state of art technology for
our valued customers.
OBJECTIVES:-

 Raise telephone density to 7 by 2005 and to 15 by 2010.

 Provide Bandwidth on demand
 Build customer confidence through quality and reliable service.
 Provide world class telecom infrastructure.

Department of telecom (DOT) and Bharat Sanchar Limited (BSNL) are Government of India
Departments under the aegis of ministry of communication.

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is the telecom service provider of India.
 Introduction

In the modern life,telephone is the heart of life.in the industries,schools shop’s,houses

everywhere it has become the necessary need .in the old days there are manual telephone system
in which opertor’s operates the exchange.he made the link between subscribers and other persons
with keys. But now in these days manual system is almost given away and its place has takes
Electronics Exechange in which we use semiconductor devices.

The electronics exchange has many advantages:-

1.In automatic telephony higher grade of secrecy is maintained.due to observer of the operaters
who can overhead the conversion in them like in manual exchange.

2.The working of an automatic exchange is not affected by the illness or strike of the operators
or they are not requiring making convections at exchange .

3. The working of an automatic telephone system does not depend .for its efficiency on the
personal efficiency of the operators. The service offered by system is not affected by faviourism,
partiality of the operator towards the subscribers.

4. There is no possibility of calls being lost or wrong connection being made or metering being
done due to faults of the operator.

5. As no operator is required running cost is reduced.

 The different department of a telephone exchange are explained below:

Administrative department: here various administrative functions like employee database, new
recruitments, transfers of employees, policies and important decision are made.

Commercial department: Here various commercial activities like applying for a new telephone,
shifting of telephone, malicious call tracing etc. are made.

Planning department: It has two parts:

Exchange planning: It handles the setting up of new exchange after considering their need, their
technology, their capacity, the BHCA of the area etc.

Cable Planning : this handles the setting up of new cables according to the existing need using
the best available and making like where to dig and install the cables what equipment etc.

OCS: keeps up dated record of each and every phone line. Information about each phone is
loaded in both online computers as well as written manually in the registers. Load information
contains subscriber’s name and address, installation date, application date, mdf no. equipment
no. meter reading etc.

TRA department: Here the most important function is to meter the calls and to provide the
bimonthly telephone bills so enable the department to earn revenue for its service. If the database
in this department fails, all the existing records are lost. For this data is stored in magnetic disks
and tapes regularly.
 Exchange Layout

For easy maintenance Exchange can be divided into following parts:-

1. Main Distribution Frame

2. Switch Room
3. C-Dot Family
4. Power Plant Room
5. Battery Room
 Main Distribution frame (M.D.F.)

The subscriber’s lines enter an exchange through a number of large number of U/G cable, each
of which serves a different part of the exchange area On the other hand, all lines within exchange
are in strict numerical order. This odder within the exchange is cried out on a man distribution
frame.

At RLU 37, MFD maintains 20.000 phone lines from different areas like sector 37, 41, 38.38
west, etc get terminated at this rack. Lines are grouped together in the from of thick cable,
according to the respective areas.

1. Facilities provided by M.D.F.

The M.D.F. provided for the following requirements:

1. A means for permanently terminating the external cables.

2. A means for mounting the protective devices connected to the incoming circuits

3. A means for cross connecting the external circuits to the appropriate internal circuits, and for
rearranging the cross connections as required by the circumstances.

4. A means for interconnecting external cable pairs used for circuits such as junctions and private
wires routed for convenience via the exchange concerned.

5. An interception point for use in connection with fault-locating tests.

2. MDF Components and Numbering Scheme:

It is fitted with a number of two types of blocks, known as “tag blocks”.

These blocks form two sides on this iron frame, namely

1. Line side

2. Exchange side.

At line subscriber lines or analog junction lines are terminated. Tag blocks are of hundred pair
capacity having 20 rows each of five pairs (or differ depending on the manufacturer). On the
backside of tag block, line side terminations are made and on its front side provision for jumper
wire terminations is made to connect with exchange side. The interconnection for each pair
between line side and front side terminations is made through Gas Discharge tube. A 100 Pair
tag block showing line side is shown in fig. it is also called vertical termination strip.

3. Numbering of Line Side:

The number of rows is given at the right hand side starting from 1 and pair no’s (start and end
no’s) in that row are given at the left hand side. On the side of the tag block numbered slots are
provided for inserting jumper wires for the particular pair. The position for a and b wire
terminations are also shown .At RLU 37 mdf frame has 10 rows and 20 columns of matrix made
of tag blocks. Each tag block contains 100 subscribers thus in all 200000 subscribers can be
maintained. General representation is:

Plastic rings are provided on MDF iron frame for proper routine of jumper wires to interconnect
exchange side and line side.
The verticals on which line side tag blocks are mounted are counted from the right hand side to
the left hand side from the line side. The tag blocks are connected from top to bottom. On the
line side one column of tag blocks contains 8 tag blocks (i.e 8 x100) 800 pairs.

In korne type tag blocks lines are connected as 10 x 10 matrix. In this tag blocks no protective
devices are provided on line side and exchange side and connection is formed by metallic
strips(internal). To isolate line and exchange side plastic wedge are provided. Whenever this
wedge is inserted in to the tag block, the metallic strip moves and connection with the exchange
side is broken. After removing the wedge the connection becomes normal.

4. Mounting of Fuses:

The fuse Unit assembly has provision to mount glass cartridges fuses. The fuse assembly
comprises of 16 fuses blocks in a matrix of 4 rows by 4 columns. The procedure followed in the
Mounting of the fuse is stated as:

The fuse is held manually at its two ends and brought near a pair of fuse terminals. Its end strips
are aligned with the terminals and then it is gently pushed in the recess and the fuse is held
tightly.
5. Jumpering:

Red and white paired jumper wires (twisted 0.5mm dia conductors) are used to jumper
line side terminations to the exchange side terminations. The procedure followed to terminate
jumper wires is described in this section.

The pair of contacts on the appropriate line side connector module, which requires to be
jumpered, is first identified. One end of the jumper wires is terminated, using the insertion tool
on the corresponding bottom row contacts, on either side of the printed number of the module.
The wire is then routed by the shorted routs, over the frame work to the required exchange side
connector module. And terminated in the similar way using insertion tool.

6. Fixing Protection Magazines:

For providing protection of lines against over voltage, arrester magazines supplied with the MDF
have to be equipped with 3-pole Gas Discharge Tubes (GDT) and clipped on top line side
connector modules.. The 3-pole gas Discharge Tubes is inserted into the 10 slots of a 10 pair
arrester magazine. The arrester magazine is held horizontally, such that the GDT, are facing the
installer and pushed gently till at is firmly fixed. This dose not disturb any exiting wiring. Thus
GDT is used protect the communication elements from damages from heavy lighting discharging
or induction of high voltages. The gas Discharge protector essential consist of two or three
tungenten electrodes sealed in a special glass envelope or ceramic envelope containing a mixture
of an inert gas, mainly neon gas.
7. Work Done at MDF:

This frame enables easy tracking of faults, if occurs.

For checking, I firstly determined the mdf number of respective phone line from record registers
or from computer software. Then with special receiver I checked for “dial tone”.

If dial tone exists then line leading to subscriber is faulty.

But, if dial tone is not present this means line has fault from exchange side also.
 Switch Room

a. Equipment:-

The C-Dot DSS MAX switch room consists of BM and CM cabinets mounted I standard
suites. These cabinets are fastened to the switch room ironwork and interconnected by
cables. The cabinets are organized in groups of four cabinets each. Each such group is
called a Half Suite. Two Half Suites make one full Suite. All Exchange configurations
can be organized as a number of half suites or full suites. SBM Exchange is organized as
a maximum of three cabinets put in one row. Initially there may be some exchange with a
two cabinet suite i.e. a quarter suite.

b. Dimensions:-

To allow free movement of personal and access to equipment the following standard suite
arrangement are followed:

Distance between two suites-1000 mm

Distance between front suite and wall-1000 mm

Minimum Distance between back suite and wall-1600mm

Minimum Distance between suite end and wall (on the power –side end 2000mm on the
other side-1000mm)
 The C-DOT DSS Family

XL
(32 BM’s)

General

C_DOT DSS MAX (Digital Switching Main Automatic Exchange) is a universal digital switch.
Which can be configured for different application as local, transit or integrated , local and transit
switch. High traffic/load handling capacity up to 8,00,000 BHCA with termination capacity of
40,000 lines as Local Exchange or 15,000 trunks as trunk automatic exchange The C_DOT DSS
family is ideally placed to meet the different requirement of any integrated digital network.

The design of C-DOT DSS MAX has envisaged a family concept. The advantages of family
concept are standardized components, commonality in Hardware, installation and field support
for all Products. The equipment practices provide modular packaging common cards and
advanced components has been used in the system hardware in the order to reduce the number
and type of cards. Standards cards, frames, cabinets and distribution frames are used which
facilities flexible system growth Interconnection technology has been standardized at all levels of
equipment packaging. These entire feature, together with buggerized design, make C-DOT DSS
MAX easy to maintain and highly reliable.
In C-DOT-DSS MAX, two types of configuration are envisaged at Central Module Level
depending on the number of Base Modules connected to it. The first one is MAX-L (Main
Automatic Exchange—Large) which support a maximum of 16 Base Modules(BM) and the other
is MAX-XL (Main Automatic Exchange-Extra Large) Which support a maximum of 32 Base
Modules(BM-XL).

Basic Building Blocks Of C-DOT

 BM – Base module

 CM – Central module

 AM - Administrative module

 IOM – Input output module

System Architecture of C-DOT

Base Module

 Basic unit of system because subscriber lines are terminated here.

 Trunk and subscriber lines are interfaced.

 Each BM can interface 2040 terminations..

 In C-DOT, BM can be maximum upto 32.

Central Module

 Having message and space switching .

 Provides inter-module communication .

 Performs voice and data switching between base modules and BM & AM.

 Provides clock and synchronization .

Administrative Module

 Performs :-
  1. System level resources.

 2. Processing function.

 3. Administrative & maintenance

 4. It supports IOM and ADP.

 In SBM, BPU acts as a AM.

Input Output Module (IOM)

 IOM has two IOP’s i.e. duplicated I/O processor.

 IOP is general purpose computer.

 Used as front-end processors.

 Handles all inputs and outputs functions.

 Connected to AP/BP via HDLC link .

 IOP has secondary storage device like disk drives , cartridge tape drive , floppy etc.

Remote Switch Unit (RSU)

 A BM can be made RSU via 2 Mbps digital link (or HDLC).

 Max. 16 PCM are between main exchange and RSU.

 RSU’s whole control is done by main exchange.

 If any PCM link fails , RSU works in Standalone Mode of operation.

 In Standalone Mode , call can’t be processed by subscriber , but subscriber is connected

to appropriate tones & announcement from main exchange.

 Local & incoming terminating calls in RSU are

Power Plant Room

Need of Power Plant

The telecom system requires 48 volts dc power supply to operate.
In telecom system, dc uninterrupted power supply is required.
If the main fails, the battery is needed for backup.

Main Parts of Power plant

1. Float Rectifier

1. Battery Charger

1. Switching Cubical

Float Rectifier

It Requires:

 Input voltage =3 phase,440 V with

20% variations.
 Output voltage= 51.5 V with 5% to
105% variations.

 Frequency = 48 Hz to 52 Hz.

Float Rectifier has:

Step down transformer for converting 440v to approx. 80v.

2. SCR or diodes for rectification.

3. Choke filter for filtering purpose.

4. Regulator for regulation in order to get uninterrupted power supply.

Practically, two or more float rectifiers are used.One is kept as main float rectifier and others are
optional or auxiliary float rectifiers,that means these are used to share the load when main
rectifier is overloaded or faulty . It is called as float rectifier because it is connected in parallel to
the battery set.

Types of Battery

1.Conventional type
 Conventional Type:-

 These types of batteries can’t be charged simultaneously with connecting load.

 These are of:-
a) lead acid type battery
b) nickel-iron-alkaline
c) Nickel-cadmium alkaline

Drawback of conventional type

1. Low efficiency

2. Short life span

3. Requires maintenance

4. Suffers from some losses of electrolyte after discharging.

2.VRLA Battery
VRLA – Voltage Regulated Lead Acid Battery

* VRLA is totally sealed and negligible self discharge.

* VRLA can be charged in float mode.
* The least voltage cell is made PILOT CELL (i.e. reference cell).
* High efficiency
* Larger life span

Battery Charger
A battery charger is a device used to put energy into a secondary cell by forcing an electric
current thro it.

The charge current depends upon the technology and capacity of battery being charged.

It has following functions-

• To initial charge a battery set.

• To normal charge a battery set at 10 hour rate.

Types of Battery Charging

There are 5 types through which battery will be charge.

1.Initial Charge – By manufacturer while testing.

2.Fresh Charge – First charging after initial charge.

3.Float charge – Charging of battery while connecting parallel to the rectifier in case of ac
main‘on’.

4.Boost Charge – Charging of each cell upto 2.37V.

5.Equalization Charge – To charge up weak cell of the battery.

Services Provided by BSNL

Besides basic telephony, BSNL also provided various other services to facilitate the subscribers.
These are as follows:

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) has emerged as a powerful tool worldwide for and
image transmission network. An ISDN subscriber can establish two simultaneous independent
calls on existing pair of wires of the telephone line where as only one call is possible at present
on telephone connection. Calls in ISDN can be of any type like speech, data, image etc.

WAKE UP SERVICE

A call to the subscriber is initiated automatically at a time. The subscriber who is having this
facility dials 116 and the wake up time in Hours and minutes (Hours 00 to 23 & Minutes 00 to
59) sequentially.

CALL TRANSFER

A subscriber with this facility can transfer his incoming call to any other number of the local
network.

CALL WAITING

When A is in conversation with B and subscriber C calls A, A receives a tone lasting for 3
seconds informing him that someone else is trying his number. For accepting the call, he presses
the hook switch button. Receives dial tone and dials 1 to be connected to C and still hold the
initial call if A wants to return to B he presses the hook switch button and dials
1 to return to B and clear C

2 to return to B and hold C

DETAILED BILLING

This facility is given to subscribers requiring detailed billing viz.

 For international call only

 For international & national; STD calls
 For all types of calls including local calls
CLI: (Calling line identification) service provides number of the calling party to whom it is
contacting.

CF: (Call Forwarding) A subscriber with facility can transfer his incoming calls to any number
of the local network.

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) Room

Equipment:-

The OMC room houses mainly the peripheral equipment such as:

 Alarm Display Panel(ADP)

 Operator Maintenance Alarm(OMA) Panel
 Indicator Panel for Fire-Detection
 Printer
 OOD Terminals
 Operator and line Test Position

Power:-

-48v DC to ADP is supplied via the switch ROOM.

Dimension:-

For an exchange of Capacity 5000 ports or more the dimensions of the OMC room
approx.5000mmx7000mm.

Input Output Processor (IOP) Room

Equipment:-

The IOP Room houses the two IOPs, one or more video display terminals and a printer for the
use of the system administrator. Rest of the terminals and printer are kept in the OMC Room.

Dimensions:-

For an exchange of 5000 ports and more, the dimensions of the IOP room are 2500 mm x 7000
mm, while for smaller exchange both the IOP room can be put together in a room of dimensions
3000 mm x 7200 mm. these dimensions are for an exchange of up to 2000 ports.

Power:-

Two inverter of 1 KVA each are required for IOP/OMC rooms to provide uninterrupted power to
the VDUs and printers.

Battery Room
General:-

This room houses a 2 x 24 cell array of batteries working in parallel with the rectifiers. It is
mandatory that the battery room be located next to the power plant room.

Dimensions:-

The dimensions of the battery room are 7110mm x 11470 mm and it houses two sets of batteries.

Air-Conditioning

Air-conditioning does not required any upward through of air through the bottom of cabinets. Air
supply grill for throwing conditioned air may be conveniently located on the sides or on the falls
ceiling, if provided heat load of the exchange due to occupancy and lighting load in the switch
room & OMC room is also considered for air-conditioning provisions.

For a typical four full suite configuration ,m the heat load is as follows:-

Occupancy - 10

Equipment dissipation - 35Kw

Lighting Load - 1 w/sq.ft.

Air conditioning provision are required to provide adequate temperature and relative humidity
control as per the specified switch room conditions.