FC Manual (1 (1) (1) .1) - FC200V

Preface to the Book
The application manual for the financial calculator (FC200V) is being prepared with a view to
help in understanding the functional part of the calculator. In the process help from various
sources containing the mathematical and statistical formula have been taken, utmost care has
been taken not to copy the data from these sources.
The examples wherever necessary has been provided to understand the operational part of
the calculator.
The area of mathematics is very vast and understanding completely by one person is very
difficult. The sample book is designed to help all users to have the conceptual knowledge
coupled with practical aspect of the same.
Happy computing!
APPLICATION MANUAL
FINANCIAL CALCULATORS FC100V, FC200V
Specific Applications in addition to various other applications that can be performed by FC are
summarized below:
Simple Interest Calculation
Compound Interest calculation
Cash Flow Calculation
Amortization calculations
General and function calculation
Statistics calculations
Interest rate conversion calculations
Cost / selling price / margin calculations
Day or date calculation
Depreciation calculation
Bond (Annual/yield to maturity (YTM) calculations)
Break even point analysis

Simple Interest calculation
Explanation
Simple Interest calculations as performed mainly by banks and loan providers or person
lending or borrowing funds at simple rate of interest. The formula for calculation shall be as
follows:
SI = PV x n / 365 x I% PV= Principal

N = Number of interest periods
SFV= PV+SI I = Annual interest rate
SI = Simple Interest
SFV=Interest + principal
Example
An amount of 5000/- is borrowed at the rate of 9% per annum for 90 days, calculate the
simple interest.
Principal (PV) = INR 5000 5000x90/365x9/100
Interest (I %) = 9%
Days (n) = 90
SI = solve =110.95
SFV = solve =5110.95
Operation
Press key and using the cursor key enter the following data with exe key
SI= -110.958904 1
Simple Int.
Set : 365 or 360 days
Dys : 90 2
I% SFV=: -5110.958904
9
PV : 5000
SI : Solve 3
SFV SI= -110.958904
: Solve
ALL SFV=-5110.958904
: Solve
For calculating the simple interest bring the cursor key to SI and enter the solve key and the
answer appears as 1 above Press ESC key and bring the cursor by using the Key and enter the
Solve key and the answer appears as 2 and using the ESC key bring the cursor to ALL key and
press SOLVE key and the answer appears as 3 above.
Note: The days in a year can be adjusted as 360 days or 365 days depending upon the usage
to adjust press SMPL and then SET key and enter EXE key and chose the option of 360
or 365 days.
Compound Interest calculation
Explanation
Most of the banks and person dealing with funds use the word compounding interest annually,
semi-annually or quarterly etc. to understand better compound interest would mean
calculating the interest on interest also. The mathematical formula shall be as follow:
 C.I. = P , where C.I. = compound interest

 If the interest rates for the successive fixed periods are r 1%, r2%, r3% ..., then A
(amount) is given by
A=P ... ….., where A= amount & principal , P= principal
For example continue with the same example in previous sheet. If the period is 3 years then
CI would be
C.I. =5000 x {(1+ .09)³-1} = 1475.145

A =5000 + 1475.145 = 6475.145
Operation
Press CMPD key
Input the following using scroll and exe keys
Set : begin / end select End using scroll and exe key
N : press 3 and enter exe key
I% : press 9 and enter exe key
PV : press 5000 and enter exe key
PMT : leave blank or press 0 and enter exe key*
FV : Press solve key, see the answer appears as -6475.145
* Use of option PMT is explained in next page
Note: Using scroll key please enter the P/Y = 1 and C/Y = 1 as the same represents the
Installments per year and Compounding per year respectively. If the compounding is
semi annually then C/Y should be selected as 2 and for quarterly the same should be
selected as 4.
Note: Press ESC key to come back to previous screen
Note: To clear variables from the memory is to press SHIFT key and 9 key and EXE
key and chose the correct option to clear either setup, memory or all
variables from the memory
EMI calculation CMPD continues….
A very important tool for finance companies having the business of lending money and all
those also borrowing money and in the need to know that how much monthly installment need
to be paid for a particular loan.
Typically a person needs to know the present value of amount borrowed/lend and the interest
rate to be paid also the total number of installments to be used while returning the amount
borrowed. i.e.
PV = amount borrowed or lend i.e. INR 50000

I% = interest rate i.e. 12% p.a. i= I%/12/100 = 0.010
N = number of installments per year i.e. 15 years = 180 times
A typical way of calculating the EMI shall be taking the help of computer or a long sheet of
paper and lot of time in computing and yet not very sure about the way of doing. The formula
shall be as follows:
PV x i x (1+ i)ⁿ
=
(1+ i)ⁿ-1
180
= 50000 x 0.01 x (1.01)
180
(1.01) -1
= 600.08
EMI calculation without a calculator having the solving power like this is just impossible and
doing little simulations and variations in interest, principal etc, the working becomes very
tough, but the use of FC 200V is very simple, faster and economical, let’s see
Press CMPD key and using the scroll and exe key enter the following data
Set = End key

N = Press 180 and enter Exe key (15 years x 12 months)
I% = Press 12 and enter Exe key
PV = 50000 exe key
PMT = Solve key
FV = Press 0 and enter Exe key
P/Y =12 as the installments per year is 12 the duration of loan is 15 years
C/Y =12 as the compounding also is monthly so in a year 12 compounding
Scroll back to PMT key and enter solve key as the answer flashes -600.08.
Is it not quite amazing the result is produced in less than a minute as against probably one
hour?
Now we can use variation just like mortgage calculators available on the web and computer
spreadsheets e.g.
1. Calculate the PV if we know how much maximum EMI can be paid
Set = End key

N = 180 periods (15 years x 12 months)
I% = 12
PV = solve key
PMT = -600.08
FV =0
2. Calculate the maximum Rate of interest can be borne if EMI, period and PV is
known
Set = End key

N = 180 periods (15 years x 12 months)
I% = Solve key
PV = 50000
PMT = -600.08
FV =0
3. Calculate the Number of periods (i.e years) wherein loan can be repaid if PV, I%
and EMI is known
Set = End key

N = Solve key
I% = 12
PV = 50000
PMT = -600.08
FV =0
Just in simple way skip the term we want to know and enter the data in rest of the terms as
before, using the scroll key come back to the term we want to know and press solve key and
result is available.
Cash Flow Calculation
Explanation
The application mainly is used by analysis to appraise an investment proposal having a fixed
stream of cash inflow after a fixed period of cash outflow. Typically an investor need to know
the following to do the analysis i.e. cash outflow and cash inflow and certain financial tools to
help him to take the decision, the tools could be Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present
Value (NPV), Net Future Value (NFV) and Payback Period (PBP)
PBP The payback period is defined as the number of years required to recover a project’s
cost.
NPV The net present value (NPV) method discounts all cash flows at the project’s cost of
capital and then sums those cash flows.
Accept project if NPV > 0.
IRR The internal rate of return (IRR) is defined as the discount rate which forces a
project’s NPV to equal to zero.
Accept project if IRR > cost of capital.
A typical cash flow shall work out as follows
Cash Inflow
Cash Outflow
Example
An investment would outlay an expenditure of INR 100000 in the year0 and thereafter for the
next four years it generates the cash inflow at a consistent flow of 40000 per year.
The PBP shall work out to be like 100000/40000=2.50 years

The NPV shall be as follows:
Particulars cash In/Out Discounted Cash Flow @12%
Year 0 -100000 -100000 -100000.00
Year 1 40000 40000/ (1.12)¹ 35714.28
Year 2 40000 40000/ (1.12)² 31887.75
Year 3 40000 40000/ (1.12)³ 28471.21
Year 4 40000 40000/ (1.12)

25420.72
Net present value +21493.96
As you know, money devalues over time. The rate at which it does is commonly referred to as
the "discount rate". Therefore, let's say you have a payment/income profile as shown above
and we assume a discount rate of 12%. If you take the difference between the net present
value of the payments and the net present value of the returns, you get the net present value
of the investment. In the case shown above that turns out to be 121493.96-
100000=21493.96. (NPV)
IRR
If we equate the net present value to zero we get the internal rate of return, a rate which puts
cash outflow-discounted cash inflow equal to zero, the significance of IRR is that for example
the IRR for the above said case is 21.86% and if the money devalues at 22% then you make
nothing on your investment. So prudence say that you must make investment that fetches
you return greater than 22%.
The IRR can be derived only be trial and error method and a guessed cost of capital should be
estimated otherwise the trial and error method also takes long time and is irritating.
The common method used for IRR is
CFº+ CF₁ +CF₂ +CF₃ +CF₄ = 0

(1+r) (1+r) ² (1+r) ³ (1+r) ⁴
In the given case if we discount the cash flow by an estimated rate of capital of 21% shall
give us the NPV equal to +1617.64
Again using the trial method we forward the rate to 22% and see the NPV coming out to be
as -254.38 but the object is to bring the discounted cost of capital equal to Zero so by using
the trial and error method we use the following
Formula
1617.64
21% + ----------------- X 1
1617.64+254.38
= 21.86% (IRR)
We have seen how cumbersome procedure is used to calculate the IRR and NPV imagine a
person evaluating the 50-100 proposals a day shall get mad and crazy. The solution provided
by FC 200 V is quite simple and we just have to input the data as follows:
Operation
For calculating the NPV at the discounted rate of 12%
Press Cash Key and using the scroll and exe key input the data as follow
I% : input 12 enter exe key

Csh : Press exe key and input that cash out flow and cash inflow
Cash outflows should be represented as (-) and inflow as (+)
: using ESC key and scroll key press following
NPV : Press solve key and the result shall be +21493.97

IRR : Press solve key and the result shall be 21.86%
PBP : Press solve key and the result shall be 2.50 years*
NFV : Press solve key and the result shall be +60000*
*remember to remove the I%=12% / 21.86% otherwise the PBP shall be calculated on
DCF@12% and the result shall be 3.15 years / 3.99 years
Is it not very simple and clean way of computing complex things, yes thanks to FC 200V
Remember to be patient while solving IRR as calculator processes the data at the speed of _
Note: Data editor can input the maximum number of 80 variables in case of 1-var is selected
or 40 in case of 2- var is selected (i.e. X, Y or X and Freq ) and 26 in case of X, Y and
Freq is selected. To choose the option Press STAT Key and chose 1- Var press exe and
AC key and select again CASH key and in the case of more than one variable using the
same procedure above select other than 1-Var mode.
Interest rate conversion calculations
Explanation
The conversion of annual interest rate into effective interest rate is usually used when the
compounding per year is more than one. The conventional way of calculating EEF (effective
interest rate) is:
n
APR/100
EEF = 1+ -1 x 100 APR Annual percentage rate (%)
n EEF Effective interest rate (%)
N number of compounding
EEF/100 1/n
APR = 1+ -1 x n x 100
Example
Example of converting the annual rate is where an investor gets the return on an investment
other than annual basis then his first curiosity shall be to know what my effective annual
interest rate is. E.g.
Interest rate: 12% compounded semi annually, the EEF shall be 12.36% and if the EEF is 14%
then APR shall be 13.54%. Similarly if the compounding can be quarterly (4) or monthly (12)
and accordingly results can be obtained but how complex is to solve the power of 12.
Operation
Press CNVR key
Input the above data using scroll and exe key
N = Press 2 and enter Exe key

I% = Press 12 and enter exe key
EEF = press solve key and the result is 12.36%
Other way could be press i% =14 and press APR key the result shall be 13.54% as described
above.
Cost / selling price / margin calculations
Explanation
Cost and their relation with the selling price is very well known, the difference is known as
margin which could be profit or loss. The formula for calculation shall be as follows:
CST = SEL * (1-MRG/100)

CST= cost
SEL= selling price
MRG=margin
SEL = CST/ (1-MRG/100)
MRG = (1- (CST/SEL))*100
Operation
Select COST Key
By inputting any two values the third value can be calculated, by using the following way, it
can be done:
CST = Press 1200 and enter exe key Note: By inputting any two variables third
SEL = Press 1500 and enter exe key variable can be calculated, typically
MRG= press solve key answer shall be 20% margin is the selling price less cost
and divided by selling price as the
%age of sale price, conversely many
people use the cost as the base price for generating the %age of value addition to the
cost.
Amortization calculations
Explanation
Amortization means "the systemic payment plan -- such as a monthly payment -- so that your
loan is paid off over the specified loan period."
So an amortized loan is for one specific amount that is to be paid off by a certain date, usually
in equal monthly installments. Your car loan and home loan fit that definition. Your credit card
account doesn't because it's a revolving loan with no fixed payoff date.
A part of the payment goes toward the interest cost and the remainder of the payment goes
toward the principal amount -- the amount borrowed,"
Interest is computed on the current amount owed "and thus will become progressively smaller
as the ending balance of the loan reduces."
In simple meaning when you borrow money the first repayment of loan installment, the
interest is on the full amount of loan but as you continue to pay back the principal amount
keeps on reducing so is the interest amount.
But if you want to know the breakup of any EMI or installment into Principal and Interest it
shall be a quite difficult task for common man.
Let us understand the concept of amortization in simple amortization calculator. The concept
of PMT, interest, FV, BAL, INT, PRN, ∑INT, ∑ PRN ETC can be understood with an easy
example.
Example
In the given case the PV = 10000 and interest rate is 2% and the PMT working out to be
286.43 over a period of 3 years i.e. N=36 months, please note the Amortization table helps
you to calculate the interest and principal on any of the installment specified. The requirement
is to know the PMT = EMI = -286.43 (remember EMI can be calculated by CMPD key),
PV=principal = 10000 and Interest = i%=2. You can calculate between any month to any
month i.e. PM1 to PM2, remember that PM2 needs to be greater than PM1.
Loan Calculator
Enter Values Loan Summary

Scheduled
Loan Amount $10,000.00 Payment $ 286.43
Scheduled
Annual Interest Number of
Rate 2.00 % Payments 36
Loan Period Actual Number
in Years 3 of Payments 36
Number of
Payments Total Early
Per Year 12 Payments $ -
Start Date
of Loan 01/04/2004 Total Interest $ 311.33
Optional
Extra
Payments
Lender
Name: Anil Chaudhry
Pm
tNo Payment Beginning Scheduled Extra Total Ending
. Date Balance Payment Payment Payment Principal Interest Balance
1 01/05/2004 $ 10,000.00 $ 286.43 $ - $ 286.43 $ 269.76 $ 16.67 $ 9,730.24

2 01/06/2004 9,730.24 286.43 - 286.43 270.21 16.22 9,460.03
3 01/07/2004 9,460.03 286.43 - 286.43 270.66 15.77 9,189.37
4 01/08/2004 9,189.37 286.43 - 286.43 271.11 15.32 8,918.26
5 01/09/2004 8,918.26 286.43 - 286.43 271.56 14.86 8,646.70
6 01/10/2004 8,646.70 286.43 - 286.43 272.01 14.41 8,374.69
7 01/11/2004 8,374.69 286.43 - 286.43 272.47 13.96 8,102.22
8 01/12/2004 8,102.22 286.43 - 286.43 272.92 13.50 7,829.30
9 01/01/2005 7,829.30 286.43 - 286.43 273.38 13.05 7,555.92
10 01/02/2005 7,555.92 286.43 - 286.43 273.83 12.59 7,282.09
11 01/03/2005 7,282.09 286.43 - 286.43 274.29 12.14 7,007.80
12 01/04/2005 7,007.80 286.43 - 286.43 274.75 11.68 6,733.05
13 01/05/2005 6,733.05 286.43 - 286.43 275.20 11.22 6,457.85
14 01/06/2005 6,457.85 286.43 - 286.43 275.66 10.76 6,182.18
15 01/07/2005 6,182.18 286.43 - 286.43 276.12 10.30 5,906.06
16 01/08/2005 5,906.06 286.43 - 286.43 276.58 9.84 5,629.48
17 01/09/2005 5,629.48 286.43 - 286.43 277.04 9.38 5,352.44
18 01/10/2005 5,352.44 286.43 - 286.43 277.51 8.92 5,074.93
19 01/11/2005 5,074.93 286.43 - 286.43 277.97 8.46 4,796.96
20 01/12/2005 4,796.96 286.43 - 286.43 278.43 7.99 4,518.53
21 01/01/2006 4,518.53 286.43 - 286.43 278.89 7.53 4,239.64
22 01/02/2006 4,239.64 286.43 - 286.43 279.36 7.07 3,960.28
23 01/03/2006 3,960.28 286.43 - 286.43 279.83 6.60 3,680.45
24 01/04/2006 3,680.45 286.43 - 286.43 280.29 6.13 3,400.16
25 01/05/2006 3,400.16 286.43 - 286.43 280.76 5.67 3,119.40
26 01/06/2006 3,119.40 286.43 - 286.43 281.23 5.20 2,838.18
27 01/07/2006 2,838.18 286.43 - 286.43 281.70 4.73 2,556.48
28 01/08/2006 2,556.48 286.43 - 286.43 282.16 4.26 2,274.32
29 01/09/2006 2,274.32 286.43 - 286.43 282.64 3.79 1,991.68
30 01/10/2006 1,991.68 286.43 - 286.43 283.11 3.32 1,708.57
31 01/11/2006 1,708.57 286.43 - 286.43 283.58 2.85 1,425.00
32 01/12/2006 1,425.00 286.43 - 286.43 284.05 2.37 1,140.95
33 01/01/2007 1,140.95 286.43 - 286.43 284.52 1.90 856.42
34 01/02/2007 856.42 286.43 - 286.43 285.00 1.43 571.42
35 01/03/2007 571.42 286.43 - 286.43 285.47 0.95 285.95
36 01/04/2007 285.95 286.43 - 285.95 285.47 0.48 0.00
Operation
Finding the breakup of any PMT for any month shall be difficult task, however the same shall
be quite easy in FC200, see the steps
Press AMRT key
Set : End key

PM1 : Enter 1 press exe; you may enter any particular month
PM2 : Enter 25 Press exe; you may enter any particular month, but should be greater than PM1
N : 36 press exe; (3 years and 12 months in a year)
I% : 2 press exe; the interest %
PV : 10000 press exe; the principal amount
PMT : enter -286.43 press exe; the PMT can be worked out by using CMPD key
FV : 0 press exe; should be left blank
P/Y : 12 press exe; payments in a year
C/Y : 12 press exe; compounding in a year
BAL : SOLVE key : Answer shall be 3119.29₁
INT : SOLVE Key : Answer shall be -16.666₂
PRN : SOLVE Key : Answer shall be -269.76₃
∑INT : SOLVE key : Answer shall be -280.04₄
∑PRN : SOLVE Key : Answer shall be -6880.70₅
1. The answer pertains to the principal balance after 25 th installment, please refer the
table
2. The answer pertains to the interest component in the first installment (PM1) please
refer the table
3. The answer pertains to the principal component in the first installment (PM1) please
refer the table
4. The answer pertains to the total interest paid from 1 st to 25th installment please refer
the table
5. The answer pertains to the total principal paid from 1 st to 25th installment please refer
the table
The simulation from any installment to any installment is possible, quite simple way.
Note : for going back to default input screen use ESC key
Day or date calculation
Explanation
The day’s mode helps you to calculate the number of days from any specific date to any
specific date.
The following simulation is possible
If days and d1 is known then d2 can be calculated

If days and d2 is known then d1 can be calculated
If d1 and d2 is known then days can be calculated
d1 is the first date and d2 is the date after the d1
D1 D2
Days
Before entering the data following options are available
The option of setting the day as 360 or 365 is available

Mode of entering the date as DMY or MDY, the same can be selected in setup key
Operation
Let us see the practical aspect of the same
Press DAYS key and using the scroll key enter the following
Set : 365
D1 : 30072004 i.e. July 30, 2004
D2 : 17052005 i.e. May 17, 2005
Dys : press SOLVE key and the answer shall be 291 days
By leaving any one variable blank and filling the other two variables, we can find the
third variable.
The option of date format can be chosen either DDMMYYYY or MMDDYYYY from the
setup screen.
Depreciation calculation
Explanation
With the help of FC200 we can calculate the following four popular method of
calculating the depreciation on fixed assets:
Depreciation means wear and tear of the assets due to its usage.
Straight Line Method (SL)

Fixed Percentage Method (FP)
Sum of Years Digit Method (SYD)
Declining Method or written Down Value Method (WDV)
Straight Line Method= (P-S)/n P= Principal Value

S=Salvage value if any
N=Number of years
Fixed Percentage Method = (P-S) x FP P= Principal Value

S=Salvage value if any
N=Number of years
Sum of years Digit Method
First Year = N (P-S)

Sum-of –years
Second Year = N-1 (P-S)

Sum-of –years
Third Year = N-2 (P-S)

Sum-of –years
.
.
Last Year = 1 (P-S)

Sum-of –years
For our example, N=5 and the sum of years is 1+2+3+4+5=15
Declining method or WDV
Depreciation in First year = (P) x Depreciation rate
Second year and onwards= (Net book value) x Depreciation rate
Net book Value = (P-S-Accumulated depreciation)
Depreciation rate =
Operation
The following setting values should be done (hypothetical values)
Press DEPR key and using the scroll key and EXE key press following values
N = 6 (life of assets in terms of years)

I% = 25 (fixed rate of depreciation incase of Fixed percentage method)
= 200 (depreciation factor in case of Declining Method)
PV = 12000 (Cost of the assets)
FV = 0 (residual value if any)
‘j = 1 (year for which the depreciation is being calculated)
YR1 = 12 (number of months in the first year)*
*In the initial year of buying the assets it is quite possible that depreciation is allowed
only for part of the year in that case required number of months need to be entered.
You need to input I% only if you use FP or DB method of depreciation
SL = SOLVE Key
SL = 2000
RDV = 10000
‘j =1
RDV means the value after

depreciation
FP = SOLVE Key SYD = SOLVE Key
FP = 3000 SYD = 3428.57

RDV = 9000 RDV = 8571.42
‘j =1 ‘j =1
RDV means the value after RDV means the value after
depreciation depreciation
DB = SOLVE Key
DB = 4000
RDV = 8000
‘j =1
RDV means the value after

depreciation
Don’t forget to change the I%=as
factor instead of Fixed percentage
With the help of FC200V the calculation for any year’s depreciation is possible also the
factor for
Break even point analysis
Explanation
This is a very common term used often by Finance Manager or Production Manager, a
point of sales or a point of quantities to sell where the company would break even or
to ore specifically company would neither gain nor lose. The profit at such sales would
become Nil or 0%.
This tool is very important for Managers as it suggest that company to break even
must sell at least N number of quantities.
Let’s see the calculation of Break even (quantities)
Break even (quantities) =Fixed Cost / (Selling Price – Variable Cost )

(Unit) (Unit)
Break Even (Values) = Break even (quantities) x Selling price

(Unit)
For calculating the BE we need selling price per unit (PRC), variable cost per unit
(VCU), Fixed Cost (FC)
Using the FC200V
Press BEVN key and using the scroll key enter the following values
Press exe key at BEV and input the following Hypothetical data
Set : PRF / Quantities using exe key use appropriate options
PRF / ratio press exe key using again exe key select ant of the
following
1. PRF
2. r% or
B-even press exe key and using again exe key select any of
the following
1. quantities (QBE)
2. Sales (SBE)
Operation
Using Exe key enter following
PRC = 100
VCU = 75
FC = 12000
PRF/ R%= 0*
*In case the company wants to know how much quantities need to be sold for
achieving the profit (PRF) of say 10000, then after selecting PRF above enter the PRF /
r% as 10000 and then QBE and SBE can be calculated for a profit target of 10000
* the option can be used if company wants to know that how much quantities need to
be sold for achieving the profit % of say 10%, then after selecting r% above enter the
PRF / r% as 10 and then QBE and SBE can be calculated for a profit target of 10%.
Margin of Safety (MOS)
Margin of safety denotes that how much sales can be dropped before attaining the
losses. For example if sales are 120000 and SBE is 48000 then MOS shall be 0.60.
That denotes that sales from the present levels can be dropped by 60% before
company starts incurring losses.
Continuing from the last hypothetical figures where the SBE was 48000 and suppose
the actual sales are 120000 that means the actual sales are more than the Break even
sales of 48000. I.e. Margin of safety is 60%
Press Exe key on MOS
Input the sales SAL : 120000
SBE : 48000
MOS : 0.60
By inputting any two values
third value can be calculated
DEGREE OF OPERATING LEVERAGE (DOL)
The extent to which a business uses fixed costs (compared to variable costs) in its
operations is referred to as "operating leverage." The greater the use of operating
leverage (fixed costs, often associated with fixed assets), the larger the increase in
profits as sales rise and the larger the increase in loss as sales fall.
= Sales less Variable cost / sales less total cost
Degree of operating
leverage can be Press Exe key on DOL calculated if
we know the total sales, total

Input the sales SAL : 120000
variable cost and the total
VC : 90000
fixed cost.
FC : 10000
DOL press solve key : 1.5
DEGREE OF FINANCIAL LEVERAGE (DFL)
The degree of financial leverage (DFL) is defined as the percentage change in

earnings per share [EPS] that results from a given percentage change in earnings
before interest and taxes (EBIT), and is calculated as follows:
DFL = Percentage change in EPS divided by Percentage change in EBIT
This calculation produces an index number which if, for example, is 1.43, means that a
100 percent increase in EBIT would result in a 143 percent increase in earnings per
share
In simple terms the DFL means the impact of Interest expenses on the earnings of the
company
Press Exe key on DFL
EIT (earnings before Interest) :120000
ITR (Interest) : 9000
DFL press solve key : 1.081
DEGREE OF COMBINED
LEVERAGE (DCL)
Combined leverage is the product of operating leverage and financial leverage.

That is: DTL=DOL*DFL
Where: DTL=degree of total leverage.
DOL=degree of operating leverage.
DFL=degree of financial leverage.
Application of total leverage
1. Degree of total leverage measures the percentage change in EPS that results from
a change in one percent in output.
2. It assists in measuring the firm’s total risk.
Press Exe key on DCL
SAL (total sales) :120000
VC (Variable cost) : 90000
FC (Fixed Cost) : 10000
ITR (Interest) : 9000
DCL press Solve : 2.7272

Statistical analysis
Before understanding the concept of Standard deviation, we must understand the
term Mean and Variance
Mean as a common meaning denotes the center and arithmetically represents the
average of the given population or sample data
Variance is a parameter that measures how dispersed a random variable’s probability

distribution is. For two random variables the one on the left is more dispersed than the
one on the right. It has a higher variance. In more common terminology we can say
that it measures the variability from the mean.
Variance can be of two types:
 Population variance
 Sample Variance
High vs. Low Variance
Example of Population variance
The population variance is the mean squared deviation from the population mean:
Here is an example of the variance formula in action.

2
σ = Population Variance
µ = Mean
Example of Sample variance
In practice population variance cannot be computed directly because the entire population
is not ordinarily observed. An analogous measure of variability may be determined with
sample data. This referred to as sample variance
Sample variance can be calculated in the similar way as Population variance except that
the divisional factor is one number less than the total numbers i.e N
 (x i  x)
s 
2 i 1
n 1
2
S = Sample variance = (  1)2
X = Sample mean data
Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is the positive square root of the variance:
Population standard deviation:   2
Sample standard deviation:  1  (  1) 2
Let us take the an example having one variable and calculate above said
Press Setup key and using the scroll key STAT: On/Off key Select On by
pressing EXE
1- 1- Var
Press STAT key and select : exe type
2- A + B X
: exe
3- _ + cX2
: exe
4- In X
: exe
5- e^X
: exe
6- a + b^X
: exe
7- a +X^B
: exe
8- 1/X
: exe
Example for 1- Var (single variable)
Press Stat and chose option from type 1-var by pressing exe key and enter the
following data using cursor and exe key
X freq
1 10 1
2 12 1
3 14 1
4 16 1
5 18 1
6 20 1
7 18 1
8 16 1
9 14 1
10 12 1
Press AC key and Shift S-Menu and by selecting the appropriate digit following options
available
1. Type 2. Data
3. Edit 4. Sum
5. Var 6. MinMax
Press 1 we get the table __ above

Press 2 we get the option of more data entry
Press 3 we get the option of editing the data
Press 4 we get the option of 1. ∑ x2 2. ∑ x
Press 1 and below screen appears
Sum of variable ∑ x
∑ x2 ∑ x2
Press Exe
0 2340
Please note for all calculation Press AC key and Shift – S-menu key and then
press the required option
Press 2 and below screen appears
∑x ∑x
0 150
Press exe
Press AC-Shift-S-Menu and option 5, we get the following screen
RGB 204,255,153
1: n 2: X
3: Xσn 4: xσn-1
Press 1:
n n
Press exe Press exe
0 10
Press AC – Shift – S-Menu- 5- 2
Press exe 15
0
Press AC – Shift – S-Menu- 5- option 3
Xσn Xσn
0 Press exe 3
Press AC – Shift – S-Menu- 5- option 4
Xσn-1 Xσn-1
0 Press exe 3.162277
Press AC – Shift – S-Menu- 6- we get options of 1: minX and maxX
Press 1
minX minX
0 Press exe 10
Press AC – Shift – S-Menu- 6- we get options of 2
maxX maxX
0 Press exe 20
In case of two variables the frequency column is used for another variable and the calculation
is based on the following formula and the formula shall be based on the following shortcut of
variance and Standard Deviation.
= ∑ X - (∑ X)/n
******
Commands when linear regression calculation (A+ BX) is selected
When linear regression calculation is selected the calculation is performed by the following
model is selected i.e. a + b X and the calculation are done based on the following:
Using FC200V following calculation is possible
Steps in case of 1-variable Formula Details

Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 1 n Number of variables
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 2 Mean of the variables (x data)
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 2 ∑X Sum of the variables (x data)
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 1 ∑X Sum of squares of variables ( x data)
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 3 Xσ Population standard deviation (x data)
n
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 4 Xσn-1 Sample standard deviation (x data)
Shift (S-menu) 6-MinMax 1 minX Minimum of x values
Shift (S-menu) 6-MinMax 2 maxX Maximum of x values
Steps in case of more than 1 Formula Details

variable, in addition to above
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 4 ∑y Mean of the variables ( y data)
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 3 ∑y Sum of squares of variables ( y data)
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 5 ∑ xy Sum of products of x data and y data
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 7 ∑Xy Sum of x2
data X y data
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 6 ∑X Sum of cubes of x data
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 8 ∑X Sum of bi
-squares of x data
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 5 Ӯ Mean of variables (y data)
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 6 yσn Population standard deviation (y data)
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 7 yσn-1 Sample standard deviation (y data)
Shift (S-menu) 6-MinMax 3 minY Minimum if y
values
Shift (S-menu) 6-MinMax 4 maxY Maximum of y values
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 1 A Regression coefficient constant term A
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 2 B Regression coefficient term b

Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 3 ‘r Correlation coefficient r
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 4 Estimated value of
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 5 Ŷ Estimated value of

Ŷ
Ŷ
Example in the case of A+BX
X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Y 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Steps in case of 1-variable Formula Result
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 1 n 8
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 2 5.5
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 2 ∑x 44
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 1 ∑X 284
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 3 Xσ 2.291287

n
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 4 Xσn-1 2.449489
Shift (S-menu) 6-MinMax 1 minX 2
Shift (S-menu) 6-MinMax 2 maxX 9
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 4 ∑y 124
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 3 ∑y 1964
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 5 ∑ xy 724
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 7 ∑Xy 4864
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 5 Ӯ 15.5
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 6 yσn 2.291287
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 7 yσn-1 2.449489
Shift (S-menu) 6-MinMax 3 minY 12
Shift (S-menu) 6-MinMax 4 maxY 19
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 1 A 10
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 2 B 1
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 3 ‘r 1
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 4 Estimated value y=3 =-7
Estimated value x=3

Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 5 Ŷ Ŷ=13
Commands when other types of Regression calculation(s) are selected
1. Quadratic Regression (_CX), Model equation y= A+BX+CX
2. Logarithmic Regression (In X), model equation y= A+BInX
BX
3. Exponential Regression (e^X), model equation y= Ae
4. Power Regression (A*X^B), model equation y= AX B
5. Inverse Regression (1/X), Model equation y= A+B/X

Example in case of quadratic regression equation
X 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Y 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 19
COMMANDS Formula Result
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 1 N 8
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 2 9

n
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 1 A 1.75
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 2 B 0.70833333
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 3 C 0.02083333
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 4 If Y=3 then = 1.68154169
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 5 If Y=3 then

2 2= -5.6815416
If X=2 then
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 6 Ŷ Ŷ = 3.25
Example in the case of Logarithmic Regression (In X), model equation y= A+BInX
X 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Y 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 19

n
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 1 A -4.106502688
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 2 B 7.111677003

Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 3 r 0.9370197279
If x=3 then
BX
Example in the case of Exponential Regression (e^X), model equation y= Ae
X 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Y 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 19

n
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 1 A 2.964238069
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 2 B 0.1218549797

Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 3 R 0.9778589787
= 0.098414231
If x=3 then
Example in the case of ab Exponential Power Regression (A*b^x), model equation
X
y= AB
X 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Y 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 19

n
Shift (S-menu) 6-MinMax 1 MinX 2
Shift (S-menu) 6-MinMax 2 MaxX 16
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 7 ∑yX 11696
Shift (S-menu) 4-sum 6 ∑X 10368
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 6 Yσn 4.993746089
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 1 A 2.964238069
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 2 B 1.129590276
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 3 R 0.9778589787
= 0.098414231
If x=3 then
B
Example in the case of Power Regression (A*x^b), model equation y= AX
X 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Y 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 19

Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 1 N 8
n
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 5 Ӯ 10
.25
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 1 A 1.550191285
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 2 B 0.8643765905
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 3 R 0.9959314857
If x=3 then
Example in the case of Inverse Regression (1/X), Model equation y= A+B/X
X 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Y 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 19

Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 1 ‘n 8
n
Shift (S-menu) 5-Var 4 Xσn-1 4.
898979486
68
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 1 A 15.2498118
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 2 B -29.43384607
Shift (S-menu) 7-Reg 3 r -0.8098270919

= 2.402799859
If x=3 then
Bond (Annualized Yield or Yield to Maturity)
The customary way of calculating the yield on Bonds purchased from the market is to typically
finding the Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
To understand Bond we must understand the complete terminology of the Bonds, e.g.
Coupon Rate = CPN = rate of interest payable on the face value of the Bonds
Purchase price = PRC = Price at which these bonds are available in the market
Redemption value = RDV = Price at which maturity value is paid back to bondholders
Term = n = Period of the bond, it can be either Fixed or can be derived from two dates
Yield = YLD = the effective rate of interest or YTM.
Example
A bond sold in the market at discount of 5% (face value-100, coupon rate-4%) and has a term
period of 5 years. Find out its effective return?
An investor to this Bond shall enjoy following benefits
Period Cash flow
Year 0 -95
Year 1 04
Year 2 04
Year 3 04
Year 4 04
Year 5 104* (*Investor would get the Principal amount also in addition to Interest)
Equate the present value of all Cash flows to Zero and using the trial and error method find
out its Yield, using a discount factor of 5%, we get following
CF0(5%, 1st year)+CF1(5%, 2nd Year)+CF2(5%, 3rd Year)+CF3(5%, 4th year)+CF5(5%, 5th Year)=0
= (-95*0.9523)+(4*0.90702)+(4*0.86384)+(4*0.82270)+(104*0.78353)
=1.39
Similarly using the Discount factor at 5.25% we get the net present value as -0.374649
To be more precise the YTM shall be 5.16% where the discounted cash flows shall be nearly
equal to Zero.
Operation: Press BOND key and using scroll and exe key enter the following data:
Bond Calc
Set: Annual / Term*
N= 5: Press exe
RDV=100: press exe
CPN= 4: Press exe
PRC=-95: press exe YLD=5.159986152
YLD=Solve key
 The interest option can be selected either Annual or Semi annual and also the
period of bond can be either fixed or term
 Fixed period bonds shall give the option of putting two different dates as
purchase date and maturity date
 Term period bond give the option of only putting the number of years as the
life of the bond
If the Coupon rate is 4% and the Redemption price if 100 and to get the Yield of 8% what
should be the purchase price of the bond in the market?
Bond Calc
Set: Annual / Term*
N= 5: Press exe
RDV=100: press exe
CPN= 4: Press exe PRC= -84.02915985
PRC=Solve Key INT= 0
YLD=8: Press exe CST= =-84.02915985
The purchase price shall be 84.03 in the market to get the yield of 8% in the bond the Interest
accrued on such bond shall be zero and the purchase price including interest shall be 84.03
only
Defining the setup keys
The initial setup for various key is as per following table and to change the settings value the
procedure defined in the next pages shall be followed:
1. Payment Mode: Used in CMPD and AMRT Modes, the calculation of interest is
dependant on the payment mode i.e. in advance (begin) or after the completion of
month (end), for choosing the correct option following is the procedure:
Press Setup key and using scroll key select the following menu
Payment
Payment: End Exe Choose 1 Payment: Begin
1. Begin
2. End
2. Date Mode: Used in SMPL, DAYS and BOND Modes, the days in the year can be 365 or
360 days depending upon the usage and practice, the same can changed as followed
Date Mode
Date Mode: 365 Exe 1 360 Choose 1 Date Mode: 360
2 365
3. DN: Used in CMPD mode, these settings specifies whether Simple Interest (SI) or
Compound Interest (CI) is to be used for partial months to change the settings
DN
DN: CI Exe 1: CI Choose 2 DN: SI
2: SI
4. Periods: Used in BOND mode , Year: Annual or Semi annual coupons payment per
year, the bond can have the payment of interest either annually or semi annually. The
settings can be configured as follows:
Periods/year
Periods/Y: Annu Exe 1 Annual Choose 2 Date Mode: 365
2 Semi
5. Bond date: used in BOND mode only, Date in case of Bonds purchased the same can
be either having a fixed term or two dates can specified, i.e. Date of purchase and the
date of maturity. The initial settings can be modified as follows:
Bond date: Date Exe Bond Date Choose2 Bond Date: Term
3 Date
4 Term
6. Date Input: MDY: used in case of DAYS and BOND mode only, the dates can be input
either of the following way, Month/Day/Year (MDY) or Date/Month/Year (DMY), the
initial settings of MDY can be modified as follows:
Date Input
Date Input: MDY Exe 1 MDY Choose2 Date Mode: 365
2 DMY
7. PRF/Ratio: PRF, used in the case BEVN mode only, Profit or profit percentage can be
specified, the initial settings can be modified as follows:
Exe PRF / Ratio Chose2 PRF/Ratio: r%

PRF/Ratio: PRF 1 PRF
2 R%
8. B-Even : Quantity, used in the case BEVN mode only and the break even can be
calculated either in term of quantity or Sales amount, the initial settings of quantity can
be modified as follows:
B-Even: Quantity Exe B- Even Chose2 B-Even: Sales

1 Quantity
2 Sales
9. Digit Separator : used in all modes and is an option used for making the digit appearing
as
123456 Superscript mode 123’456

123456 Subscript mode 123,456
123456 Separator Off 123456
10 Angle, Fix, Sci and Norm modes are used in all modes and the calculations and are easy
to understand and modify the initial settings.
11. Stat: on ,used is STAT mode only and is an application which is used when the
statistical calculations are to be performed then the stat mode can be turned on or off
by following the following procedure
STAT
STAT: On Exe 1. On Choose2 STAT: Off
2. Off

FC Manual (1 (1) (1) .1) - FC200V

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FC Manual (1 (1) (1) .1) - FC200V

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Preface to the Book

Simple Interest Calculation

Compound Interest calculation

Cash Flow Calculation

General and function calculation

Interest rate conversion calculations

Cost / selling price / margin calculations

Day or date calculation

Bond (Annual/yield to maturity (YTM) calculations)

Break even point analysis

SI = PV x n / 365 x I% PV= Principal

 C.I. = P , where C.I. = compound interest

A=P ... ….., where A= amount & principal , P= principal

C.I. =5000 x {(1+ .09)³-1} = 1475.145

* Use of option PMT is explained in next page

Note: Press ESC key to come back to previous screen

PV = amount borrowed or lend i.e. INR 50000

Set = End key

1. Calculate the PV if we know how much maximum EMI can be paid

Set = End key

Set = End key

Set = End key

Accept project if NPV > 0.

Accept project if IRR > cost of capital.

A typical cash flow shall work out as follows

The PBP shall work out to be like 100000/40000=2.50 years

Particulars cash In/Out Discounted Cash Flow @12%

Year 0 -100000 -100000 -100000.00

Year 1 40000 40000/ (1.12)¹ 35714.28

Year 2 40000 40000/ (1.12)² 31887.75

Year 3 40000 40000/ (1.12)³ 28471.21

Year 4 40000 40000/ (1.12)

Net present value +21493.96

The common method used for IRR is

CFº+ CF₁ +CF₂ +CF₃ +CF₄ = 0

For calculating the NPV at the discounted rate of 12%

I% : input 12 enter exe key

NPV : Press solve key and the result shall be +21493.97

Press CNVR key

Input the above data using scroll and exe key

N = Press 2 and enter Exe key

EEF = press solve key and the result is 12.36%

CST = SEL * (1-MRG/100)

SEL = CST/ (1-MRG/100)

MRG = (1- (CST/SEL))*100

Select COST Key

Enter Values Loan Summary

1 01/05/2004 $ 10,000.00 $ 286.43 $ - $ 286.43 $ 269.76 $ 16.67 $ 9,730.24

Press AMRT key

Set : End key

The following simulation is possible

If days and d1 is known then d2 can be calculated

d1 is the first date and d2 is the date after the d1

Before entering the data following options are available

The option of setting the day as 360 or 365 is available

Straight Line Method (SL)

Straight Line Method= (P-S)/n P= Principal Value

Fixed Percentage Method = (P-S) x FP P= Principal Value

Sum of years Digit Method

First Year = N (P-S)

Second Year = N-1 (P-S)

Third Year = N-2 (P-S)

Last Year = 1 (P-S)