Binaural beats
For other uses, see Binaural (disambiguation).
Binaural beats, or binaural tones, are auditory pro-
Binaural beats
cessing artifacts, or apparent sounds, caused by specific
physical stimuli. This effect was discovered in 1839 by
Heinrich Wilhelm Dove and earned greater public aware-
ness in the late 20th century based on claims coming from
the alternative medicine community that binaural beats
could help induce relaxation, meditation, creativity and
other desirable mental states. The effect on the brain-
waves depends on the difference in frequencies of each
tone: for example, if 300 Hz was played in one ear and
310 in the other, then the binaural beat would have a fre-
quency of 10 Hz.[1][2]
The brain produces a phenomenon resulting in low-
frequency pulsations in the amplitude and sound localiza-
tion of a perceived sound when two tones at slightly dif-
ferent frequencies are presented separately, one to each of
a subject’s ears, using stereo headphones. A beating tone
will be perceived, as if the two tones mixed naturally, out
of the brain. The frequencies of the tones must be below
1,000 hertz for the beating to be noticeable.[3] The dif-
ference between the two frequencies must be small (less
than or equal to 30 Hz) for the effect to occur; otherwise,
the two tones will be heard separately, and no beat will
be perceived.
Binaural beats are of interest to neurophysiologists inves-
tigating the sense of hearing.[4][5][6][7]
Binaural beats reportedly influence the brain in more sub-
tle ways through the entrainment of brainwaves[3][8][9]
and provide other health benefits such as control over
pain.[10][11]
1 Acoustical background
For sound localization, the human auditory system anal-
yses interaural time differences between both ears inside
small frequency ranges, called critical bands. For fre-
quencies below 1000 to 1500 Hz interaural time differ-
1
Interaural time differences (ITD) of binaural beats
ences are evaluated from interaural phase differences be-
tween both ear signals.[12] The perceived sound is also
evaluated from the analysis of both ear signals.
If different pure tones (sinusoidal signals with different
frequencies) are presented to each ear, there will be time-
dependent phase and time differences between both ears
(see figure). The perceived sound depends on the fre-
quency difference between both ear signals:
• If the frequency difference between the ear signals is
lower than a few hertz, the auditory system can fol-
low the changes in the interaural time differences.
As a result, an auditory event is perceived, which is
moving through the head. The perceived direction
corresponds to the instantaneous interaural time dif-
ference.
• For slightly bigger frequency differences between
the ear signals (more than 10 Hz), the auditory sys-
tem can no longer follow the changes in the interau-
ral parameters. A diffuse auditory event appears.
The sound corresponds to an overlay of both ear
signals, which means amplitude and loudness are
changing rapidly (see figure in the chapter above).
• For frequency differences between the ear signals
of above 30 Hz, the cocktail party effect begins to
work, and the auditory system is able to analyze the
presented ear signals in terms of two different sound
sources at two different locations, and two distinct
signals are perceived.
Binaural beats can also be experienced without head-
phones; they appear when playing two different pure
tones through loudspeakers. The sound perceived is quite
similar: with auditory events that move through the room,
at low-frequency differences, and diffuse sound at slightly
2 4 PHYSIOLOGY

bigger frequency differences. At bigger frequency differ- 3 Unverified claims

ences, apparent localized sound sources appear.[13] How-
ever, it is more effective to use headphones than loud-
speakers. There have been a number of claims regarding binaural
beats, among them that they may simulate the effect of
recreational drugs, help people memorize and learn, stop
smoking, help dieting, tackle erectile dysfunction and im-
prove athletic performance.
2 History An uncontrolled pilot study of eight individuals indicated
that binaural beats may have a relaxing effect. In absence
Heinrich Wilhelm Dove discovered binaural beats in of positive evidence for a specific effect, claimed effects
1839 and published his findings in the scientific journal may be attributed to the power of suggestion (the placebo
[16]
Repertorium der Physik.[14] While research about them effect).
continued after that, the subject remained something of a In a blind study (eight participants) of binaural beats’ ef-
scientific curiosity until 134 years later, with the publish- fects on meditation, 7 Hz frequencies were found to en-
ing of Gerald Oster’s article “Auditory Beats in the Brain” hance meditative focus while 15 Hz frequencies harmed
(Scientific American, 1973). Oster’s article identified and it.[17]
assembled the scattered islands of relevant research since
Dove, offering fresh insight (and new laboratory findings) A further study conducted at Goldsmiths, University of
London found that there was no main effect for the use of
to research on binaural beats.
binaural beats in order to alleviate cold pain. Musicians,
In particular, Oster saw binaural beats as a powerful tool however, demonstrated themselves to be better at coping
for cognitive and neurological research, addressing ques- with the pain, suggesting that it may be the sound itself
tions such as how animals locate sounds in their three- which is a distracting factor as opposed to any brainwave
dimensional environment, and also the remarkable ability influence.[11]
of animals to pick out and focus on specific sounds in a
sea of noise (which is known as the cocktail party effect).
Oster also considered binaural beats to be a potentially
useful medical diagnostic tool, not merely for finding and
assessing auditory impairments, but also for more gen-
eral neurological conditions. (Binaural beats involve dif-
ferent neurological pathways than ordinary auditory pro-
cessing.) For example, Oster found that a number of 4 Physiology
his subjects that could not perceive binaural beats suf-
fered from Parkinson’s disease. In one particular case,
Oster was able to follow the subject through a week-long The sensation of binaural beats is believed to originate
treatment of Parkinson’s disease; at the outset, the patient in the superior olivary nucleus, a part of the brain stem.
could not perceive binaural beats, but by the end of the They appear to be related to the brain’s ability to lo-
week of treatment, the patient was able to hear them. cate the sources of sounds in three dimensions and to
track moving sounds, which also involves inferior collicu-
In corroborating an earlier study, Oster also reported gen- lus (IC) neurons.[18] Regarding entrainment, the study of
der differences in the perception of beats. Specifically, rhythmicity provides insights into the understanding of
women seemed to experience two separate peaks in their temporal information processing in the human brain. Au-
ability to perceive binaural beats—peaks possibly corre- ditory rhythms rapidly entrain motor responses into sta-
lating with specific points in the menstrual cycle, onset of ble steady synchronization states below and above con-
menstruation and during the luteal phase. These data led scious perception thresholds. Activated regions include
Oster to wonder if binaural beats could be used as a tool primary sensorimotor and cingulate areas, bilateral op-
for measuring relative levels of estrogen.[3] ercular premotor areas, bilateral SII, ventral prefrontal
The effects of binaural beats on consciousness were first cortex, and, subcortically, anterior insula, putamen, and
examined by physicist Thomas Warren Campbell and thalamus. Within the cerebellum, vermal regions and an-
electrical engineer Dennis Mennerich, who under the di- terior hemispheres ipsilateral to the movement became
rection of Robert Monroe sought to reproduce a sub- significantly activated. Tracking temporal modulations
jective impression of 4 Hz oscillation that they associ- additionally activated predominantly right prefrontal, an-
ated with out-of-body experience.[15] On the strength of terior cingulate, and intraparietal regions as well as pos-
their findings, Monroe created the binaural-beat technol- terior cerebellar hemispheres.[19] A study of aphasic sub-
ogy self-development industry by forming The Monroe jects who had a severe stroke versus normal subjects
Institute, now a charitable binaural research and educa- showed that the aphasic subject could not hear the bin-
tion organization. aural beats, whereas the normal subjects could.[20]
5.2 Brain waves 3

5 Hypothetical effects on brain 5.2 Brain waves

function
Main article: Electroencephalography

For more details on this topic, see brainwave entrainment. (The precise boundaries between ranges vary among def-
initions, and there is no universally accepted standard.)
The dominant frequency determines one’s current state.
For example, if in someone’s brain, alpha waves are dom-
inating, they are in the alpha state (this happens when one
5.1 Overview is relaxed but awake). However, other frequencies will
also be present, albeit with smaller amplitudes.
Binaural beats may influence functions of the brain in
The brain entraining is more effective if the entraining
ways besides those related to hearing. This phenomenon
frequency is close to the user’s starting dominant fre-
is called “frequency following response”. The concept
quency . Therefore, it is suggested to start with a fre-
is that if one receives a stimulus with a frequency in
quency near to one’s current dominant frequency (likely
the range of brain waves, the predominant brainwave
to be about 20 Hz or less for a waking person) and then
frequency is said to be likely to move towards the fre-
slowly decrease or increase it towards the desired fre-
quency of the stimulus (a process called entrainment).[21]
quency.
In addition, binaural beats have been credibly docu-
mented to relate to both spatial perception and stereo Some people find pure sine waves unpleasant, so a pink
auditory recognition, and, according to the frequency noise or another background (e.g., natural sounds such as
following response, activation of various sites in the river noises) can also be mixed with them. In addition to
brain.[22][23][24][25][26] that, as long as the beat is audible, increasing the volume
should not necessarily improve the effectiveness; there-
The stimulus does not have to be aural; it can also be
fore, using a low volume is usually suggested. One theory
visual[27] or a combination of aural and visual[28] (one
is to reduce the volume so low that the beating should not
such example would be Dreamachine).
even be clearly audible, but this does not seem to be the
Perceived human hearing is limited to the range of fre- case (see the next paragraph).
quencies from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, but the frequencies
of human brain waves are below about 40 Hz. To ac-
count for this lack of perception, binaural beat frequen-
5.3 Other uses
cies are used. Beat frequencies of 40 Hz have been pro-
duced in the brain with binaural sound and measured
experimentally.[29] In addition to lowering the brain frequency to relax the lis-
tener, there are other controversial, alleged effects of bin-
When the perceived beat frequency corresponds to the aural beats. For example, that by using specific frequen-
delta, theta, alpha, beta, or gamma range of brainwave cies, an individual can stimulate certain glands to produce
frequencies, the brainwaves entrain to or move towards desired hormones. Beta-endorphin has been modulated
the beat frequency.[30] For example, if a 315 Hz sine in studies using alpha-theta brain wave training,[35] and
wave is played into the right ear and a 325 Hz one into dopamine with binaural beats.[1] Some have attempted
the left ear, the brain is entrained towards the beat fre- to use them to induce lucid dreaming, but the role of
quency 10 Hz, in the alpha range. Since alpha range is alpha-wave activity in lucid dreaming is subject to on-
associated with relaxation, this has a relaxing effect, or going research.[36][37][38]
if in the beta range, more alertness. An experiment with
binaural sound stimulation using beat frequencies in the Alpha-theta brainwave training has also[35][39][40]
been used suc-
beta range on some participants and the delta/theta range cessfully for the treatment of addictions.
on other participants found better vigilance performance It has been used for the recovery of repressed memories,
and mood in those on the awake alert state of beta-range but as with other techniques, this can lead to false mem-
stimulation.[31][32] ories.[41]
Binaural beat stimulation has been used fairly extensively An uncontrolled pilot study of delta binaural beat tech-
in attempts to induce a variety of states of conscious- nology over 60 days has shown positive effects on self-
ness, and there has been some work done in regards to reported psychologic measures, especially anxiety. How-
the effects of these stimuli on relaxation, focus, atten- ever only 15 people participated in this study. Of the
tion, and states of consciousness.[8] Studies have shown few people that participated, there was reported a sig-
that with repeated training to distinguish close frequency nificant decrease in trait anxiety, an increase in qual-
sounds that a plastic reorganization of the brain occurs for ity of life, and a decrease in insulin-like growth factor-1
the trained frequencies[33] and is capable of asymmetric and dopamine,[1] and it has been shown to decrease mild
hemispheric balancing.[34] anxiety.[42] Further research is warranted to explore the
4 7 REFERENCES

effects on anxiety using a larger, randomized and con- The results were presented at the Society for Psychophys-
trolled trial. A randomised, controlled study concluded iological Research in 2002. As a result, one researcher
that binaural beat audio could lessen hospital acute pre- with whom the students had been corresponding during
operative anxiety.[43] the experiment, had a previously published binaural beat
Another claimed effect for sound-induced brain synchro- EEG paper withdrawn.
nization is enhanced learning ability. It was proposed in Composer Alexis Kirke constructed the entire soundtrack
the 1970s that induced alpha brain waves enabled stu- of the short film 'many worlds’ using binaural beats.[50]
dents to assimilate more information with greater long-
term retention.[44] In more recent times has come more
understanding of the role of theta brain waves in be- 6 See also
havioural learning.[45] The presence of theta patterns
in the brain has been associated with increased recep-
tivity for learning and decreased filtering by the left • Brainwave entrainment
[44][46][47]
hemisphere. Based on the association between • Electroencephalography
theta activity (4–7 Hz) and working memory perfor-
mance, biofeedback training suggests that normal healthy • Event-related potential
individuals can learn to increase a specific component of
their EEG activity, and that such enhanced activity may • Evoked potential
facilitate a working memory task and to a lesser extent
focused attention.[48] • Gnaural

A small media controversy was spawned in 2010 by an • Hemi-Sync

Oklahoma Bureau of Narcotics official comparing binau-
ral beats to illegal narcotics and warning that interest in • Human enhancement
websites offering binaural beats could lead to drug use.[49]
• Induced activity
However, the entire collection of auditory binaural beat
and EEG literature may need to be re-evaluated. In 1996, • Intelligence amplification
while a student under Karl Pribram at the Behavioral
Research And Informational Neural Sciences (BRAINS) • Lucid dream
Center, Dennis McClain-Furmanski noticed that virtu-
• Mind machine
ally all studies followed the same equipment protocol,
which included electrostatic headphones for stimulus pre- • Neural oscillation
sentation, placed on the head over the EEG electrodes.
In most other EEG research this would be considered a • Neurofeedback
source of artifact as the electromagnets in the headphones
would induce signal into the EEG. To test this, he repli- • Ongoing brain activity
cated one of the initial studies done at the Monroe Center,
• Power-Nap Recording
using a head-shaped styrofoam wig stand as “subject”.
He was able to replicated the EEG results as given. In • Schumann resonances
2002, McClain-Furmanski, now at the National Institute
for Deafness and other Communication Disorders (NIH,
Bethesda) consulted for a colleague, Dr. James Horton of
the University of Virginia at Wise, advising him and one 7 References
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and Music Computing Conference 2013: 395–401.
 7

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1 Text
• Binaural beats Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaural%20beats?oldid=639249987 Contributors: Heron, Michael Hardy, Cprompt,
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8.2 Images
• File:Acoustics_BinauralBeats.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Acoustics_BinauralBeats.JPG Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Skyhead E
• File:Binaural_beat_lossless_new.wav Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Binaural_beat_lossless_new.wav
License: Public domain Contributors: Created with Audacity Original artist: Metalhead64
• File:Binaural_beats.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Binaural_beats.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: DPic
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Pure_Alpha_Waves_7_to_12,9_Hz_Binaural_Beats_V3.wav Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/
Pure_Alpha_Waves_7_to_12%2C9_Hz_Binaural_Beats_V3.wav License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Complete Brainwave Therapy System

8.3 Content license

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