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EC2 Anchorage of longitudinal reinforcement

DATA

Type of anchorage (?)

Coefficient αct (?)

Bar diameter Φ(mm) (?)

Steel strength fyk(MPa) (?)

Ratio (r) σsd/fyd (?)

Concrete strength fck(MPa) (?)

Minimum cover Cd(mm) (?)

Transverse pressure p(MPa) (?)

Transverse reinforcement not welded


placed between the concrete surface and the anchored bar

RESULT

Design anchorage length lbd (cm)

Tension Compression
Bar diameter Φ (mm)
Good bond Poor bond Good bond Poor bond
12 35 50 49 70

Notes (see Figure 8.2 of EC2):

 Good bond (Good bond conditions): for the reinforcements during concreting form with the horizontal an angle
between 45° and 90° or in the case of forming an angle less than 45°, are located in the lower half of the
section or at a distance equal or greater than 30 cm of the upper surface of a layer of concrete.
 Poor bond (Poor bond conditions): for the reinforcements that, during concreting, not found in any of the above
cases.

DETAILS OF CALCULATION
Notation and methodology according to clause 8.4 of EC2

Good Bond conditions


1) Tensile bar

lbd (design anchorage length) = 345 mm


lbd = α1 · α2 · α3 · α5 · lb,rqd ≥ lb,min
where:

 lb,rqd (basic required anchorage length) = 484 mm


lb,rqd = (Φ / 4) (σsd / fbd)
with:
o σsd = r · fyk/γs = 1·500/1.15 = 434.78 MPa
o fbd (ultimate bond stress) = 2.69 MPa
fbd = 2.25 · η1 · η2 · fctd
 η = 1, η = 1.0
1 2

 f = α ·f
ctd ct ctk,0.05 /γ = 1·1.8/1.5 = 1.2 MPa
c

 f ctk,0.05 = 0.21· f ck
(2/3)
= 0.21·25 (2/3)
= 1.8 MPa
 α1(effect of the form of the bars) = 1
 α2(effect of concrete minimum cover) = 0.71
α2 = 1-0.15 (Cd - φ)/ φ = 1-0.15·(35-12)/12 = 0.71
(≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0)
 α3(effect of transverse reinforcement) = 1
(It is not considered)
 α5(effect of the pressure transverse) = 1
α5 = 1 - 0.04p = 1 – 0.04·0 = 1 (≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0)
 α2 · α3 · α5 = 0.71 (≥ 0.7)
 lb,min = max(145 ; 120 ; 100) = 145 mm
lb,min = max{0.3·lb,rqd; 10·φ; 100 mm}

2) Compression bar

lbd (design anchorage length) = 484 mm


lbd = α1 · α2 · α3 · lb,rqd ≥ lb,min
where:

 lb,rqd (basic required anchorage length) = 484 mm


 α1 = 1, α2 = 1, α3 = 1
 lb,min = max(291 ; 120 ; 100) = 291 mm
lb,min = max{0.6·lb,rqd; 10·φ; 100 mm}

Poor Bond conditions


1) Tensile bar

lbd (design anchorage length) = 493 mm


lbd = α1 · α2 · α3 · α5 · lb,rqd ≥ lb,min
where:

 lb,rqd (basic required anchorage length) = 692 mm


lb,rqd = (Φ / 4) (σsd / fbd)
with:
o σsd = r · fyk/γs = 1·500/1.15 = 434.78 MPa
o fbd (ultimate bond stress) = 1.89 MPa
fbd = 2.25 · η1 · η2 · fctd
 η = 0.7, η = 1.0
1 2

 f = α ·f
ctd ct ctk,0.05 /γ = 1·1.8/1.5 = 1.2 MPa
c

 f ctk,0.05 = 0.21· f ck
(2/3)
= 0.21·25 (2/3)
= 1.8 MPa
 α1(effect of the form of the bars) = 1
 α2(effect of concrete minimum cover) = 0.71
α2 = 1-0.15 (Cd - φ)/ φ = 1-0.15·(35-12)/12 = 0.71
(≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0)
 α3(effect of transverse reinforcement) = 1
(It is not considered)
 α5(effect of the pressure transverse) = 1
α5 = 1 - 0.04p = 1 – 0.04·0 = 1 (≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0)
 α2 · α3 · α5 = 0.71 (≥ 0.7)
 lb,min = max(208 ; 120 ; 100) = 208 mm
lb,min = max{0.3·lb,rqd; 10·φ; 100 mm}

2) Compression bar

lbd (design anchorage length) = 692 mm


lbd = α1 · α2 · α3 · lb,rqd ≥ lb,min
where:

 lb,rqd (basic required anchorage length) = 692 mm


 α1 = 1, α2 = 1, α3 = 1
 lb,min = max(415 ; 120 ; 100) = 415 mm
lb,min = max{0.6·lb,rqd; 10·φ; 100 mm}

8.4 Anchorage of longitudinal reinforcement

8.4.1 General

(1)P Reinforcing bars, wires or welded mesh fabrics shall be so anchored that the bond
forces are safely transited to the concrete avoiding longitudinal cracking or spalling.
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided if necessary.

(2) Methods of anchorage are shown in Figure 8.1


Figure 8.1: Methods of anchorage other than by a straight bar

(3) Bends and hooks do not contribute to compression anchorages

(4) Concrete failure inside bends should be prevented by complying with 8.3 (3).

(5) Where mechanical devices are used the test requirements should be in accordance
with the relevant product standard or a European Technical Approval.

8.4.2 Ultimate bond stress

(1)P The ultimate bond strength shall be sufficient to prevent bond failure.

(2) The design value of the ultimate bond stress, f bd, for ribbed bars may be taken as:

fbd = 2.25 · η1 · η2 · fctd


(8.2)
where:

- fctd is the design value of concrete tensile strength according to 3.1.6 (2)P. Due to the
increasing brittleness of higher strength concrete, fctk,0.05 should be limited here to the
value for C60/75, unless it can be verified that the average bond strength increases
above this limit.
3.1.6 (2)P The value of the design tensile strength, fctd is defined as

fctd = αct · fctk,0.05 / γc

γc is the partial safety factor for concrete = 1.5 (situation Persistent and Transient)

αct is a coefficient taking account of long term effects on the tensile strength and of
unfavorable effects, resulting from the way the load is applied.

Note: The value of αct for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value is 1.0.

Table 3.1: fctk ,0.05 = 0.7 · fctm ; fctm = 0.3 · fck (2/3) (fck ≤ 50 MPa)

- η1 is a coefficient related to the quality of the bond condition and the position of the bar
during concreting (see Figure 8.2):

 η1 = 1.0 when 'good' conditions are obtained and


 η1 = 0.7 for all other cases and for bars in structural elements built with slip-forms,
unless it can be shown that 'good' bond conditions exist

- η2 is related to the bar diameter:

 η2 = 1.0 for φ ≤ 32 mm
 η2 = (132 - φ)/100 for φ > 32 mm
Figure 8.2: Description of bond conditions

8.4.3 Basic anchorage length

(1)P The calculation of the required anchorage length shall take into consideration the
type of steel and bond properties of the bars.

(2) The basic required anchorage length, lb,rqd, for anchoring the force As·σsd in a straight
bar assuming constant bond stress equal to fbdfollows from:

lb,rqd = (Φ / 4) (σsd / fbd)


(8.3)
Where σsd is the design stress of the bar at the position from where the anchorage is
measured from.
Values for fbd are given in 8.4.2.

(3) For bent bars the basic required anchorage length, lb,rqd, and the design length, lbd,
should be measured along the centre-line of the bar (see Figure 8.1 a).

8.4.4 Design anchorage length

(1) The design anchorage length, lbd, is:


lbd = α1α2α3α4α5 · lb,rqd ≥ lb,min
(8.4)
where α1 , α2 , α3, α4 and α5 are coefficients given in Table 8.2:

α1 is for the effect of the form of the bars assuming adequate cover (see Figure 8.1).

α2 is for the effect of concrete minimum cover (see Figure 8.3)

Figure 8.3: Values of Cd for beams and slabs

α3 is for the effect of confinement by transverse reinforcement

α4 is for the influence of one or more welded transverse bars (Φt > 0.6Φ) along the
design anchorage length lbd (see also 8.6)

α5 is for the effect of the pressure transverse to the plane of splitting along the design
anchorage length

The product (α2·α3·α5) ≥ 0.7


(8.5)
lb,rqd is taken from Expression (8.3)

lb,min is the minimum anchorage length if no other limitation is applied:

- for anchorages in tension: Ib,min ≥ max{0,3·lb,rqd; 10·φ; 100 mm}


(8.6)
- for anchorages in compression: Ib,min ≥ max{0,6·lb,rqd; 10·φ; 100 mm}
(8.7)

(2) As a simplified alternative to 8.4.4 (1) the tension anchorage of certain shapes
shown in Figure 8.1 may be provided as an equivalent anchorage length, l b,eq. lb,eq is
defined in this figure and may be taken as:

 - α1·lb,rqd for shapes shown in Figure 8.1 b to 8.1 d (see Table 8.2 for values of α 1)
 - α4·lb,rqd for shapes shown in Figure 8.1 e (see Table 8.2 for values of α 4).

where

 α1 and α4 are defined in (1)


 lb,rqd is calculated from Expression (8.3)

Table 8.2: Values of α1, α2, α3, α4 and α5 coefficients

Reinforcement bar
Influencing factor Type of anchorage In
In tension
compression
Straight α1 = 1 α1 = 1
α1 = 0.7 if Cd
Other than straight >3φ
Shape of bars
see Figure 8.1 (b), (c) and otherwise α1 = 1 α1 = 1
(d) (see Figure 8.3
for values of Cd)
α2 = 1-0.15 (Cd -
Straight φ)/ φ α2 = 1
≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0
α2 = 1-0, 15 (Cd -
Concrete cover
Other than straight 3φ)/ φ
(see Figure 8.1 (b), (c) and ≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0 α2 = 1
(d) (see Figure 8.3
for values of Cd)
Confinement by transverse reinforcement α3 = 1 - Kλ
All types α3 = 1
not welded to main reinforcement ≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0
Confinement by welded All types, position and size
α4 = 0.7 α4 = 0.7
transverse reinforcement as specified in Figure 8.1 e
α5 = 1 - 0.04p
Confinement by transverse pressure All types --
≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0
where:

 λ = (∑Ast - ∑Ast,min) / As
 ∑Ast: cross-sectional area of the transverse reinforcement along the design anchorage length l bd
 ∑Ast,min: cross-sectional area of the minimum transverse reinforcement
= 0,25 As for beams and 0 for slabs.
 As: area of a single anchored bar with maximum bar diameter
 K: values shown in Figure 8.4
 p: transverse pressure [MPa] at ultimate limit state along lbd
Figure 8.4: Values of K for beams and slabs

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