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DATA
RESULT
Tension Compression
Bar diameter Φ (mm)
Good bond Poor bond Good bond Poor bond
12 35 50 49 70
Good bond (Good bond conditions): for the reinforcements during concreting form with the horizontal an angle
between 45° and 90° or in the case of forming an angle less than 45°, are located in the lower half of the
section or at a distance equal or greater than 30 cm of the upper surface of a layer of concrete.
Poor bond (Poor bond conditions): for the reinforcements that, during concreting, not found in any of the above
cases.
DETAILS OF CALCULATION
Notation and methodology according to clause 8.4 of EC2
f = α ·f
ctd ct ctk,0.05 /γ = 1·1.8/1.5 = 1.2 MPa
c
f ctk,0.05 = 0.21· f ck
(2/3)
= 0.21·25 (2/3)
= 1.8 MPa
α1(effect of the form of the bars) = 1
α2(effect of concrete minimum cover) = 0.71
α2 = 1-0.15 (Cd - φ)/ φ = 1-0.15·(35-12)/12 = 0.71
(≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0)
α3(effect of transverse reinforcement) = 1
(It is not considered)
α5(effect of the pressure transverse) = 1
α5 = 1 - 0.04p = 1 – 0.04·0 = 1 (≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0)
α2 · α3 · α5 = 0.71 (≥ 0.7)
lb,min = max(145 ; 120 ; 100) = 145 mm
lb,min = max{0.3·lb,rqd; 10·φ; 100 mm}
2) Compression bar
f = α ·f
ctd ct ctk,0.05 /γ = 1·1.8/1.5 = 1.2 MPa
c
f ctk,0.05 = 0.21· f ck
(2/3)
= 0.21·25 (2/3)
= 1.8 MPa
α1(effect of the form of the bars) = 1
α2(effect of concrete minimum cover) = 0.71
α2 = 1-0.15 (Cd - φ)/ φ = 1-0.15·(35-12)/12 = 0.71
(≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0)
α3(effect of transverse reinforcement) = 1
(It is not considered)
α5(effect of the pressure transverse) = 1
α5 = 1 - 0.04p = 1 – 0.04·0 = 1 (≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0)
α2 · α3 · α5 = 0.71 (≥ 0.7)
lb,min = max(208 ; 120 ; 100) = 208 mm
lb,min = max{0.3·lb,rqd; 10·φ; 100 mm}
2) Compression bar
8.4.1 General
(1)P Reinforcing bars, wires or welded mesh fabrics shall be so anchored that the bond
forces are safely transited to the concrete avoiding longitudinal cracking or spalling.
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided if necessary.
(4) Concrete failure inside bends should be prevented by complying with 8.3 (3).
(5) Where mechanical devices are used the test requirements should be in accordance
with the relevant product standard or a European Technical Approval.
(1)P The ultimate bond strength shall be sufficient to prevent bond failure.
(2) The design value of the ultimate bond stress, f bd, for ribbed bars may be taken as:
- fctd is the design value of concrete tensile strength according to 3.1.6 (2)P. Due to the
increasing brittleness of higher strength concrete, fctk,0.05 should be limited here to the
value for C60/75, unless it can be verified that the average bond strength increases
above this limit.
3.1.6 (2)P The value of the design tensile strength, fctd is defined as
γc is the partial safety factor for concrete = 1.5 (situation Persistent and Transient)
αct is a coefficient taking account of long term effects on the tensile strength and of
unfavorable effects, resulting from the way the load is applied.
Note: The value of αct for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value is 1.0.
Table 3.1: fctk ,0.05 = 0.7 · fctm ; fctm = 0.3 · fck (2/3) (fck ≤ 50 MPa)
- η1 is a coefficient related to the quality of the bond condition and the position of the bar
during concreting (see Figure 8.2):
η2 = 1.0 for φ ≤ 32 mm
η2 = (132 - φ)/100 for φ > 32 mm
Figure 8.2: Description of bond conditions
(1)P The calculation of the required anchorage length shall take into consideration the
type of steel and bond properties of the bars.
(2) The basic required anchorage length, lb,rqd, for anchoring the force As·σsd in a straight
bar assuming constant bond stress equal to fbdfollows from:
(3) For bent bars the basic required anchorage length, lb,rqd, and the design length, lbd,
should be measured along the centre-line of the bar (see Figure 8.1 a).
α1 is for the effect of the form of the bars assuming adequate cover (see Figure 8.1).
α4 is for the influence of one or more welded transverse bars (Φt > 0.6Φ) along the
design anchorage length lbd (see also 8.6)
α5 is for the effect of the pressure transverse to the plane of splitting along the design
anchorage length
(2) As a simplified alternative to 8.4.4 (1) the tension anchorage of certain shapes
shown in Figure 8.1 may be provided as an equivalent anchorage length, l b,eq. lb,eq is
defined in this figure and may be taken as:
- α1·lb,rqd for shapes shown in Figure 8.1 b to 8.1 d (see Table 8.2 for values of α 1)
- α4·lb,rqd for shapes shown in Figure 8.1 e (see Table 8.2 for values of α 4).
where
Reinforcement bar
Influencing factor Type of anchorage In
In tension
compression
Straight α1 = 1 α1 = 1
α1 = 0.7 if Cd
Other than straight >3φ
Shape of bars
see Figure 8.1 (b), (c) and otherwise α1 = 1 α1 = 1
(d) (see Figure 8.3
for values of Cd)
α2 = 1-0.15 (Cd -
Straight φ)/ φ α2 = 1
≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0
α2 = 1-0, 15 (Cd -
Concrete cover
Other than straight 3φ)/ φ
(see Figure 8.1 (b), (c) and ≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0 α2 = 1
(d) (see Figure 8.3
for values of Cd)
Confinement by transverse reinforcement α3 = 1 - Kλ
All types α3 = 1
not welded to main reinforcement ≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0
Confinement by welded All types, position and size
α4 = 0.7 α4 = 0.7
transverse reinforcement as specified in Figure 8.1 e
α5 = 1 - 0.04p
Confinement by transverse pressure All types --
≥ 0.7 and ≤ 1.0
where:
λ = (∑Ast - ∑Ast,min) / As
∑Ast: cross-sectional area of the transverse reinforcement along the design anchorage length l bd
∑Ast,min: cross-sectional area of the minimum transverse reinforcement
= 0,25 As for beams and 0 for slabs.
As: area of a single anchored bar with maximum bar diameter
K: values shown in Figure 8.4
p: transverse pressure [MPa] at ultimate limit state along lbd
Figure 8.4: Values of K for beams and slabs