PADMASHREE DR. D. Y.

PATIL UNIVERSITY
(Estd. u/s 3 of the UGC Act 1956, GOI vide notification No. F.9.21/2000.U.3 dt. 20-06-2002)
D. Y. Patil Vidyanagar, Nerul, Navi Mumbai – 400 706.

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY (M.TECH) INTEGRATED BIOTECHNOLOGY

SYLLABUS

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS

Plot No. 50, Sector 15, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai – 400 614.

1
 M. Tech Integrated

Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper

I II III IV V VI

Sem Cell Biomathematics Electronics Ecology & Applied Applied

I Biology Engineering Biodiversity physics chemistry
Sem Concept of Biostatistics Engineering Engineering Developmenta Genetics &
Biotechnolo Drawing Mechanics l Biology Evolution
II gy
Sem Microbiolog Molecules of Immunology Mammalian Mammalian Biological and
y Life & Anatomy physiology Biochemical
III Virology Techniques
Sem Intermediar Enzymology Molecular Molecular Biophysics Bioinformatics-
y & Biology of Biology of I
IV Metabolism Enzyme Prokaryotes Eukaryotes (Principles)
I Technology
Sem Advanced Commercial Bioprocess Genetic Bioinformatics
Analytical aspects of Technology Intermediary Engineering II
V Techniques Biotechnology Metabolism II I (Applications)
(Principles)
Sem Molecular Medical Down Plant Genetic Computational
Cell Microbiology Stream Biotechnology Engineering Biology- I
VI Signalling Processing II ( Basics
(applications) Databases)
Sem Animal Neurobiology Clinical Food Science Molecular Computational
Biotechnolo & Biochemistry & Technology Pathogenesis Biology- II
VII gy Behavioral
Sciences
Sem Biopharm- Environmental Cancer &Stress Medicinal Functional Frontiers in
VIII accutical Biotechnology Biology Chemistry genomics / Biotechnology
Technology High
throughput
Research
Tools
Sem IPR, Nanobiotechnol Biotechnology Princples of Database Research
IX Biosafety, ogy Management Drug action, Management Methodology
Bioethics Modeling System and Scientific
& & Writing
Enterpreneu Design
rship
Sem Project (6 months)
X

2
MTI - 101 CELL BIOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1: Introduction, History and general concepts - 02

Levels of Organization, Limits & Dimensions,History

UNIT 2: General Structure of Cells 04

Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic , Plant, Animal

UNIT 3: Ultra structure of Cell membrane and Cell wall 04

Chemical Composition, Models, Functions

UNIT 4: Ultra structure of Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic organelles 18

Cytosol, Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic retch, Mitochondria, Ribosomes,
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Nucleus, Cytoskeleton, Cilia, Flagella, Chloroplast

UNIT 5: Cell division 06

Mitosis, Meiosis

UNIT 6: Apoptosis 03

Recommended Books:-
1. Cell and Molecular biology, Gerald Karp, John Wiley and sons Inc
2. Cell Biology by C.B. Powar.
3. Cell and Molecular Biology; DeRobertis; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 8th
Edition (2001)
4. Molecular Biology of the Cell and the Hypercell with CDROM; Alberts, Bray;
Garland Publishing 1st Edition (1999)
5. Molecular Biology of the Cell with CDROM Alberts, Bruce; Johnson,
Alexander; Lewis, Julian 4th Edition (2005).
6. Molecular Cell Biology , H. Lodish, A. Berk, S. L. Zipursky, W. H. Preeman and
Company.

3
MTI – 102 BIOMATHEMATICS 40hrs

UNIT 1: Set, Functions and Limit 05

Definition, Types of Set: Null Set, Universal Set. Operations on Set: Union,
Intersection, Complementation, Relative Difference, De-Morgan’s Law.
Problems of each. Functions – definitions: Types of Functions.Limit of Simple
Algebraic Function
UNIT 2 Derivative and Integration 10
Derivatives of :Simple Function,Logarithmic Function, Trigonometric Functions,
(u +v , u-v, uxv, and u/v).Integration of :Simple Function, Logarithmic Function,
Trigonometric Functions, (u +v , u-v, uxv, and u/v)

UNIT 3 :Theory of Probability 10

Definitions of various terms, Mathematical or Classical Probability, Statistical or
Empirical Probability, Axiomatic Probability. Problems ; Mathematical Notions
of Probability,General Addition Law of Probabilities,General Multiplication Law
of Probabilities, Conditional Probability, Theorem of Total Probability with proof,
Bayes Theorem with proof. Proble

UNIT 4:Random Variable and Probability Distribution 10

Frequency Distribution: Discrete Distribution, Continuous Distribution.
Conversion from discrete to continuous. Random Variable, Probability Mass
Function, Probability Density Function.Problems.Definition, Situations and
Problems of: Binomial Distribution, Poisson Distribution, Normal
Distribution.Recurrence Relations and Fitting of: Binomial Distribution, Poisson
Distribution, Normal Distribution, Expectation of R.V, ( expectation of a function
of a r.v. should be defined. For all the above distributions using these definitions
mean & variance should be obtained).Problems

4
UNIT 5: Curve Fitting 07
Curve Fitting: Discussion,Fitting of straight line, Fitting of second degree
parabola, Fitting of kth degree, Change of origin, Conversion of data to Linear
Form, Problems wherever required, Fitting of Power Curve, Fitting of
Exponential Curve

Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of mathematical Statistics.
2. Fundamentals of Applied l Statistics.
3. Statistical Method.
4. Probability and Random Process

5
MTI - 103 ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 40hrs

UNIT 1: Semiconductor Materials and Diodes 10

Review of Semiconductor Materials and Properties, The PN Junction, Introduction to
Semiconductor Diode Theory Diode Circuits: DC Analysis and Models, AC Equivalent
Circuits, other Diode Types – Solar Cell, Photodiode, Light – Emitting Diode, Schottky
Barrier Diode, Zener Diode, Temperature Effects, Understanding Manufacturer’s
Specifications.

UNIT 2: Diode Circuits 10

Design of Rectifier Circuits, Half Wave Rectification, Full Wave Rectification, Filter,
Ripple Voltage and Diode Current, Voltage Doubler Circuit, Zener Diode Circuits,
Clipper and Clamper Circuits, Multiple – Diode Circuits, photodiode and LED Circuits.

UNIT 3: The Bipolar Junction Transistor 10

Basic Bipolar Junction Transistor, Transistor Structures, NPN Transistor : Forward-
active mode Operation, PNP Transistor : Forward – active Mode Operation, Circuits
Symbols and Conventions, Current – Voltage Characteristics, Non ideal Transistor
Leakage Current and Breakdown, DC Analysis of Transistor Circuits, Common- Emitter
Circuits, Load Line and Modes Of Operation, Common Bipolar Circuits: DC Analysis,
Basic Transistor Applications – Switch, Amplifer, Bipolar Biasing and Bias Stability,
Integrated Circuit Biasing, Multistage Circuits.

UNIT 4:The Field Effect Transistor 10

Junction Field- Effect Transistor, MOS Field- Effect Transistor, MOSFET DC Circuit
Analysis, Basic MOSFET Applications: Switch, Digital Logic Gate and Amplifier.
Temperature effects in MOSFETs, Input Protection in MOSFET. The power FET
(VMOS).

6
Recommended Books:
Donald Schilling & Charles Belove, Electronic Circuits Discrete and Integrated, Third
edition, McGraw Hill International edition, 1989.

7
MTI - 104 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY 40hrs

UNIT 1:Introduction and the science of biology 10

Characteristics of living organisms, the biological hierarchy, organizing concepts
and common themes in biology, Size and time scales, Evolutionary biology,
Darwin and descent with modification- Natural selection, Macro-evolution, the
origin of species, The fossil record,. Phylogeny and systematic, tree of life

UNIT 2:The evolution of diversity 12

Prokaryotes - diversity and ecological impact, The origin of eukaryotic diversity –
Protists, algae and fungi with emphasis on their evolution and symbiosis, role of
fungi in colonization of land by plants, role of soil microbiota in plant protection
and ecosystem restoration, Predators-microbial food webs and their interactions
with metazoans, Plant evolution- adapting to life on land, Vascular plants with
and without flowers, Fungi - diversity and ecological impact, Animal evolution-
Phylogeny and diversity, Invertebrates- pathogenicity and drug resistance and
evolutionary significance, Vertebrates: Evolution and diversity, The scope of
ecology. Energy and nutrients flows. Ecological interactions and biocomplexity.
Communities and ecosystems

UNIT 3: Molecular ecology 10

Molecular markers in population and systematic biology, genetic identity at the
molecular level, paternity analysis, genetic structure of populations,
phylogeography, natural hybridization, conservation genetics

UNIT 4: Evolutionary ecology 8

Planning and conducting of experimental studies, data analysis, writing research
report and its, Evaluation: Population ecology, Community ecology, Ecosystem
ecology.

8
Recommended Books
1. Environmental Science- Towards a suistanable Future; Richard T. Wright, benard
J. Nebel; Prentice, Hall Indi, 9th Edition (2004).
2. Ecology –Principles of Applications; J. L. Chapman, M. J. Reiss, Cambridge
Press University, 2nd Edition (1999).
3. Ecology – Theories & Application; Peter Stiling; Prentice, Hall India, 4th Edition
(2001)
4. Biological Science; D. J. Taylor, n. P. P. Grcen, G. W. Stout; Cambridge Press
University, 3rd Edition (2003).
5. Biology; Neil Campbell & Jane Reece; Benjamin Cummings, 7th Edition (2004).
6. A Textbook on Biotechnology; H. D. Kumar; Affiliated East – West press Private
Ltd, 2nd Edition (2003).
7. “From DNA to Diversity”- Sean B. Carroll, Jennifer K. Grenier, Scott D. Weatherbee.

8. Animal diversity by Earl D. Hanson

9. Biodiversity - Kevin J. Gaston, John I. Spicer, Private Ltd, 2nd Edition.
10. Origin of species by means of natural selection - Mark Ridley, Don E. Wilson

9
MTI - 105 APPLIED PHYSICS 40hrs

UNIT 1: Acoustics and ultrasonics 07

Classification of sound, Properties of sound, Factors affecting acoustics of
building, Ultrasonic production-Magnetostriction & Piezoelectric methods,
Detection of ultrasonic sound, Applications-SONAR, Velocity of blood flow,
movement of heart

UNIT 2: Oscillations and waves 06

Simple Harmonic motion, Damped and forced oscillations, LCR circuit,
Resonance, Superposition

UNIT 3: Wave Optics 06

Interference, Diffraction, Polarization

UNIT 4: Electrostatics 06
Vector field, Electric flux, Statements of Gauss’s divergence and Stokes theorem

UNIT 5: Laser and Fibre optics 07

Laser production-principle and examples, Light emitting diodes, Semiconductors,
Optical fibres, Applications

UNIT 6: Semiconducting materials 08

Origin of gap bands in solids, n-type and p-type semiconductors, Compound
Semiconductors, Light Emitting diodes, Superconductivity

Recommended Books:
1. Waves and Oscillations: A.P.French.

2. Physics of Waves:W.C.Elmore & M.A.Heald.

3. Introduction to Electrodynamics: D.J.Griffith

4. Electrodynamics:Gupta,Kumar & Singh

10
5. Optics by A.K.Ghatak

6. Engineering Physics by Satya Prakash.

11
MTI – 106 APPLIED CHEMISTRY 40hrs

UNIT 1: Atomic Structure 04

Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom, Schrodinger Wave equation for Hydrogen

Atom, Atomic orbitals and their energy, Structure of ofMultielectron atoms

UNIT 2: Chemical Bonding 06

Valence Bond Theory, Molecular Orbital Theory, Linear Combination of Atomic

orbitals, Comparative study of VB and MOT, Metallic Bond

UNIT 3: Chemical Kinetics 08

Average and instantaneous rate of a reaction, Integrated rate expressions of zero

and first order reactions and their derivations, Half life and time constants,
Determination of rate constant/ order of reaction (Graphical Method and Ostwald
Isolation method), Temperature dependence of rate constant- Arrhenius equation,
Mechanism of reaction- Elementary and complex reaction. Effect of solvents
(aqueous and nonaqueous), pH, pressure, salts (osmotic) on chemical reactions,
Balance of chemical reactions and factors influencing reaction equilibrium.

UNIT 4: Surface Chemistry 06

Adsorption-physical and chemical, Factors affecting adsorption-Pressure and
Temperature, Colloids-Definition, types and classification , Applications of
surface chemistry-, Enzyme Catalysis-surface reaction kinetics, Multimolecular,
macromolecular and associated colloids(micelles)

UNIT 5: Thermodynamics 06
Laws of Thermodynamics, Entropy, Gibb’s Free Energy, Standard entropies and
free energy of formation, Free energy change and chemical equilibrium

12
UNIT 6: Stereochemistry 07
Geometrical isomerism, conformation and configuration, Optical activity and
specific rotation, Chirality-chiral centre, Enantiomers, Racemisation,
Diastereomers, Importance of Stereochemistry

UNIT 7:Contemporary Chemistry 03

Chemistry and warfare, Chemistry and new materials

Recommended Books:
1.Textbook of Physical Chemistry:P.L.Soni, O.P.Dharmarha,U.N.Dash.Sultan Chand &
Sons,First Edition(2006).
2.Adventures in Chemistry:Julie T.Millard.Houghton Mifflin Company.First
Edition(2008).
3.Organic Chemistry:R.T.Morrison,R.N.Boyd.Pearson Education.Sixth Edition(2003)
4.Physical Chemistry:Peter Atkins,Julio De Paula.Eighth edition(2006)

13
Practical I:
1. Study of Microscope
2. Mitosis in an onion root tip.
3. Metaphase arrest and chromosome analysis
4. Meiosis in Tradenscantia pollen grains
5. Giemsa staining
6. Histochemical localization of DNA and RNA in onion peel.
7. Histochemical localization of mitochondria - Jannus Green stain.
8. Study of cell inclusion bodies and starch granules
9. Study of plasmodesmata
10. Study of Paramecia /Cyanobacteria cell with heterocyst

14
Practical II:
1. To determine the specific rotation of sugar by Biquartz or Laurent half shade
polarimeter
2. To determine the width of a narrow slit using diffraction.
3. To determine the wavelength of sodium light by Newton’s ring method.
4. To determine the value of ‘g’ using bar pendulum.
5. Determinaton of surface tension in Liquid
6. Application of surface tension in mixture analysis
7. Application of distribution law in the determination of equilibrium constant
8. Plant pigment separation by paper chromatography
9. Study of Diode characteristics
10. Study of clipper and clamper circuit
11. Study transistor characteristics (i.e. input, output characteristics of CE
configuration

15
MTI - 201 CONCEPTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1: Introduction to biotechnology 03

Biotechnology as an interdisciplinary science, Historical developments

UNIT 2: Industrial biotechnology 08

Fermentation techniques (solid state, submerged), Generalized design of
Bioreactor (stirred tank), Downstream processing – an over view.

UNIT 3: Enzyme biotechnology 08

Enzymes - an Introduction, Immobilization of enzymes.(methods, effects,
advantages and disadvantages), Applications of enzymes. (Analytical uses,
industrial uses), Enzyme therapy, Biosensors- an over view, Biochips and
bioelectrical devices.

UNIT 4: Fuel and Material biotechnology 05

Biofuels – an introduction, Biogas production, Bioethanol production, Tanning of
leather, Biodeterioration and preservation of food and textiles.

UNIT 5: Products and services based on biotechnology 08

Beer production, Citric acid production, Micro propagation – an over view,
Protoplast fusion, Somatic cell fusion, Hybridoma technology, Polymerase chain
reaction and its applications, Vaccines.

UNIT 6: Environmental biotechnology 08

Biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, Biosurfactants, Microbial enhanced oil
recovery, Soil remediation, Bio control agents.

16
Recommended Books:
1. Biotechnology – expanding horizons; B.D. Singh; Kalyani publishers; 2004.
2. Enzyme biotechnology; G.Tripath; A.B.D. publishers; 2003.
3. Enzymes- Biochemistry, biotechnology, clinical chemistry; Trevor Palmer;
Harwood publishing Ltd; 2004.
4. Environmental Biotechnology; M.H. Fulekar; Oxford and I.B.H publishing Co.
Pvt. Ltd.
5. An introduction to gene cloning; T.A.Brown; Oxford publications; third edition.
6. Advances in biotechnology; S.N.Jogdand; Himalaya publishing house.

17
MTI - 202 BIOSTATISTICS 40hrs

UNIT 1: Data Presentation 03

Graphs: Histogram, Bar Charts: Simple and Multiple, Pie Chart , Problems and
Interpretations of each.Tables: Simple Table; Two Way and Multiway Table ;
Problems elaborating each.

UNIT 2: Measure of Central Tendency, Dispersion, Skewnwss and Kurtosis 06

Measure of Central Tendency: Arithmetic Mean, Median, Mode. Measure of
Dispersion: Variance, standard Deviation, Standard error, Coefficient of
variation. Skewness: Discussion, Karl Pearson’s co-efficient of Skewness.
Kurtosis: Discussion. Note: Discussion of uses and interpretations is expected.

UNIT3: Exact Sampling Distribution I 06

Chi Square Test. Definition: Applications of Chi Square Test. Chi Square Test for
population variance. Chi Square Test for Goodness of Fit. Chi Square Test for
independence of attributes (2 x 2 contingency table only). Yates Correction
method. ( Problems on Chi-Square with Yates correction need to be covered in
practical session). Note on degrees of freedom. Problems on each.

UNIT4: Exact Sampling Distribution II 14

Parametric Test: t-test. Definition: Simple t- Test for mean and variance.
Independent t-Test for Mean and Variance. Paired t- Test for mean and variance.
Problems on each. Z-test. Definition: Z- Test for significance of difference for
sample mean and Population Mean. Z- Test for significance of difference for
sample variance and Population Variance. Z- Test for significance of difference
for sample means of two group. Z- Test for significance of difference for
sample variance of two group. Problems on each. ANOVA, One Way
ANOVA, Two Way ANOVA, Problems on each. Non Parametric Test: Test of
Randomness, Median Test, Sign Test, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U Test,
Problems

18
UNIT 5: Testing of Hypotheses 05
Introduction: Assumption of Parametric test, General Hypotheses, Statistical
Hypotheses, Simple and Composite Hypotheses, Null Hypotheses, Alternative
Hypotheses, Critical Region, Two Types of Error, Level of Significance, Steps in
Solving Testing of Hypotheses problem.

UNIT 6: Correlation and Regression 06

Definition of Correlation for Bivariate Distribution. Types of Correlations,
Positive Correlation, Negative Correlation, No Correlation. Methods for
Identifying Types and Degree of correlation, Scatter Diagram, Karl Pearson’s
Correlation Coefficient, Problems , Interpretations of Results, Rank Correlation,
Limitations of correlations, Regression for Bivariate Distribution, Line of
regression, Regression Curves, Regression Coefficients, Properties of regression
Coefficients.

Recommended Books:

1. Fundamentals of mathematical Statistics.

2. Fundamentals of Applied l Statistics.
3. Statistical Method.
4. Probability and Random Process

19
MTI-203 ENGINEERING DRAWING 45 hours

Unit 1: Principles Of Graphics 10hrs

Two dimensional geometrical construction - Conic sections, involutes and cycloids -

Representation of three
dimensional objects - Principles of projections - standard codes of principles.

Unit 2: Orthographic Projections 26hrs

Projections of points, straight line and planes - ' Auxiliary projections '- Projection and
sectioning of solids -
Intersection of surfaces - Development of surfaces.

Unit 3: Pictorial Projections 5hrs

Isometric projections - ' Perspectives '- Free hand sketching.

Unit 4: Computer Graphics 4hrs

Hardware - Display technology - Software - Introduction to drafting software.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Narayanan, K.L., and Kannaiah, P., " Engineering Graphics ", Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishers Co., Ltd., 1992.

REFERENCES:

1. William M. Neumann and Robert F.Sproul, " Principles of Computer Graphics

",McGraw Hill, 1989.
2. Warren J. Luzzadder and John M. Duff, " Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing
",Prentice-Hall of India Private Ltd., Eastern Economy Edition, 1995.
3. Natarajan K.V., " A Text Book of Engineering Drawing ", Private Publication,
Madras, 1990.
4. Mathur, M.L. and Vaishwanar, R.S., " Engineering Drawing and Graphics ", Jain
Brothers,New Delhi, 1993.

20
MTI - 204 ENGINEERING MECHANICS 40hrs

UNIT 1: Basics 03
Introduction - Units and Dimensions - Laws of Mechanics - Vectors - Vectorial
representation of forces and moments - Vector operations.

UNIT 2: Statics of particles 06

Coplanar Forces - Resolution and Composition of forces - Equilibrium of a
particle - Forces in space - Equilibrium of a particle in space - Equivalent systems
of forces - Principle of transmissibility - single equivalent force.

UNIT 3: Equilibrium of rigid bodies 06

Free body diagram - Types of supports and their reactions - requirements of stable
equilibrium - Equilibrium of rigid bodies in two dimensions - Equilibrium of rigid
bodies in three dimensions.

UNIT 4: Properties of surfaces and solids 08

Determination of Areas and Volumes - First moment of area and the centroid -
second and product moments of plane area - Parallel axis theorems and
perpendicular axis theorems - Polar moment of inertia – Principal moments of
inertia of plane areas - Principal axes of inertia - Mass moment of inertia - relation
to area moments of inertia.

UNIT 5: Friction 03
Frictional Force - Laws of Coloumb friction - Simple Contact friction - Rolling
Resistance - Belt Friction.

UNIT 6: Dynamics of particles 08

Displacement, Velocity and acceleration their relationship - Relative motion -
Curvilinear motion - Newton's Law - Work Energy Equation of particles -
Impulse and Momentum - Impact of elastic bodies.

21
UNIT 7: Elements of rigid body dynamics 06
Translation and Rotation of Rigid Bodies - Velocity and acceleration - General
Plane motion - Moment of Momentum Equations - Rotation of rigid Body - Work
energy equation.

Recommended books:
1. Beer and Johnson, " Vector Mechanics for Engineers ", Vol. 1 " Statics " and
2. Vol. 2 " Dynamics ", McGraw Hill International Edition, 1995.

3. Merriam, " Engineering Mechanics ", Vol.1 " Statics " and Vol.2 " Dynamics 2/e
",Wiley International, 1988.
4. Rajasekaran S. and Sankara Subramanian, G., " Engineering Mechanics - Statics
and

5. Dynamics ".

6. Irving, H., Shames, " Engineering Mechanics - Statics and Dynamics ", Thrid
Edition,

7. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.Ltd., 1993.

8. Mokoshi, V.S., " Engineering Mechanics ", Vol.1 " Statics " and Vol.2 "
Dynamics ",

9. Tata McGraw Hill Books, 1996.

10. Timoshenko and Young, " Engineering Mechanics ", 4/e, McGraw Hill, 1995.

11. McLean, " Engineering Mechancis ", 3/e, SCHAUM Series, 1995.

22
MTI-205: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1: Introduction to the Embryology: 05

Ontogenic development as the subject matter of embryology, Phases of

ontogenic development, Trends of embryology: Descriptive, Comparative,
Experimental, Analytical

UNIT 2: Frog Embryology 05

Cleavage, Blastula, Gastrula: Dorsal lip of blastopore, Organizer (Chemical
composition)

UNIT 3: Mammalian Embrology: 20

Differentiation of Sex, Mechanism of fertilization. Cleavage pattern: Peculiarities

of cell division in cleavages, Chemical changes during cleavage, Patterns of
cleavage, Morula and Blastula, Gastrulation. Implantation:- Types of
Implantation, Biochemical and Physical aspects of Implantation, Endocrine
Mechanism of Implantation, Relation between the embryo and the maternal body
in mammals. Placentation in Mammals:- Development of Placenta, Types of
Placenta, Physiology of placenta

UNIT 4:Experimental Embryology 10

Multiple Ovulation, IVF in human, Cryopreservation of Human sperms, ova and

embryo.

23
Recommended Books:

• Balinsky, B. I. (1975) An Introduction to Embryology, 4th ed. W. B. Saunders,

pub. Philadelphia

• Browder, L. W., C. Erickson and W.R. Jeffrey (1991) Developmental Biology,

3rd ed. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.

• Patten, B. M. and B.M. Carlson (1974) Foundations of Embryology, 3rd ed.

McGraw Hill, pub. New York.

• Wolpert, L. et al., (2001) Principles of Development 2nd ed., Oxford U. Press.

• Development Biology, T Subramoniam, Narvosa Publication 1st Edition

(2002)

• Development at Biology, S.F. Gilbert, Sinawer Ass. Inc.

• Human Embryology , Churchill.

24
MTI - 206 GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 40hrs

UNIT 1: History and Disciplines 01

A brief overview of the History of Genetics, An outline about the various
disciplines in Genetics.

UNIT 2: Classical Genetics 10

Mendelian Genetics: Mendel’s Law of inheritance, Chromosome theory of
hereditary, Linkage and crossing over, Allelic variation, Multiple alleles, Gene
interaction.---Nonmendelian inheritance: Maternal effects, cytoplasmic
inheritance.---
-----------
UNIT 3: Population genetics 04
Allelic and genotypic frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, Changes in
allelic frequencies, Inbreeding and out breeding.--
---------------------------------------
UNIT 4: Mechanism of Sex determination 04
Factors influencing sex determination, Dosage compensation, Sex limited and Sex
influenced traits--------------------------

UNIT 5: Evolution 07
Theories of Origin of life, Classical experiments, Theories of Evolution,
Evidences for evolution, Molecular evolution, Evolution and speciation-------------
--------------------------------------

UNIT 6: Techniques 10
Karyotyping and Banding techniques, Physical and genetic mapping, Tetrad
analysis and somatic cell hybridization, Pedigree analysis and genetic counseling,
Population statistics.
-----------------------------------------------------

25
UNIT7: Genetics and social Issue 04
Human Genome Project,-Eugenics,-Sociobiology

Recommended books :
1. Gardner EJ, Simmons MJ, Snustard DP,(2004).Principles of Genetics.8th Ed,John
Wily & sons Inc
2. Jain H K, (2004), Genetics: Principles, Concepts & Implications. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co.P.Ltd
2. Robert.R.H,(2002),Principles of Genetics,7th Ed.Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co.Ltd
4. Sambamurthy AVSS, (1999).Genetics.Narosa Publishing House
5. Winter P C, Hickey G I, Fletcher H L, (2003).Instant notes of Genetics, 2nd
Ed, Viva Books Pvt Ltd
6. Verma PS, Agarwal VK.(2007).Cell Biology,Genetics,Molecular
Bioloy,Evolution and Ecology.S.Chand

26
Practical - I
1. Dissection of salivary glands
2. Preparation of polytene chromosomes from salivary glands of Chiromonas/
Drosophila/ Mosquito
3. Induction of polyploidy in onion root tips
4. Study of simple and complex tissue by maceration
5. Abnormal secondary growth in carrot and Bignonia
6. Study of permanent slides:
- T. S. of dicot stem
- T. S. of monocot stem
7. Study of permanent slides:
- Types of ovule
- T. S. of anther
- T. S. of ovule
- Embryo sac
8. Pollen viability test
9. Study of Barr body from buccal epithelium
10. Exercises on population genetics and linkage

27
Practical - II
1. Creating Charts with Excel and /or SPSS for different types of DATA.

2. Creating Tables with Excel and /or SPSS for different types of DATA.

3. Calculation of Mean, Median and Mode with excel and SPSS.

4. Calculation of Variance, Coefficient of variation and Skewness and Kurtosis with
excel and SPSS.
5. Chi Square Test with Excel and/or SPSS
6. Correlation Analysis with Excel and/or SPSS.
7. Regression Analysis with Excel and/or SPSS
8. Fitting of Regression Line with Excel and/or SPSS.
9. Analyzing data for Normality assumption.

10. t- test with Excel and/or SPSS.

11. ANOVA with Excel and/or SPSS .

12. Analysis of Non Parametric data with Non Parametric tests with Excel and/or
SPSS.
13. Mechanics

28
MTI - 301 MICROBIOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1: History of microbiology : 03

Landmark discoveries in microbiology, Scope of microbiology

UNIT 2: Microscopic observation of micro-organisms 04

Microscopy – Light microscope and its parts, Principle behind staining of micro-
organisms

UNIT 3: Classification of micro-organisms – 04

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, different methods of
classification of micro-organisms

UNIT 4: The morphology and ultra-structure of bacteria: 10

Pure culture techniques. Nutritional requirements of bacteria and methods of
cultivation, Growth of bacteria, Growth cycle, Measurement of bacterial growth.
Differentiation pattern among prokaryotes.

UNIT 5: Control of micro-organisms using physical and chemical agents 06

UNIT 6: Microbial diversity 10

Photosynthetic microorganisms, Chemolithotrophs, Gliding bacteria, Budding and
appendaged bacteria, Archaebacteria - Archae as earliest life forms, introduction
to thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, alkalophiles, acidophiles,
hyperthermophiles, Introduction to viruses, fungi and protozoa.

UNIT 7: Microbial Genetics 03

Bacterial transformation, conjugation and transduction.

29
Recommended Books:
1. Microbiology; Michael J. Pelczar, E. C. S. Chan, Noel R. Krieg;;Tata Mc Graw
Hills; 5th edition (1993)
2. Microbiology; Lansing M Prescott, John P.Harley, Donald .A.Klein; McGraw
Hills 5th edition (2005)
3. General Microbiology; Roger Y. Stanier, John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis,
Page R Painter; MacMillan Press ltd; 5th edition (1986)
4. Microbiology – A.J.Salle
5. Microbiology, Tortora, Funke and Chase, Benzamin & Cummings

30
MTI – 302 MOLECULES OF LIFE 40hrs

UNIT 1: Nature of biological materials 04

Introduction to biochemistry, importance, general properties of organic
molecules, functional groups, suitability of organic molecules for generation of
structures. Water-Structure, properties and physiological importance.

UNIT 2: Carbohydrates 08
Classification, structures, properties and functions of monosaccharides,
disaccharides (lactose, maltose & sucrose) ,polysaccharides (starch, glycogen,
cellulose, pectin, dextrin, chitin, heparin, cell wall polysaccharides),biological
importance of carbohydrates.

UNIT 3: Lipids 08
Classification, nomenclature, structure of fatty acids. Chemical properties of fats-
saponification number, iodine number, acid number,rancidity,RM
number.Chemical properties and functions of of phospholipids-lecithin,cephalin,
phosphotidyl serine, phosphotidyl ethanolamine , glycolipids, isoprenoids and
sterols(cholesterol).Biological importance of lipids.

UNIT 4: Proteins 08
Amino acids-classification based on polarity, structure and properties, essential
and nonessential. Classification of proteins (ASBC and APS),functional
classification, peptide bond. Protein structure-primary, secondary ,tertiary and
quaternary, forces stabilizing protein structure, protein denaturation, biological
importance.

UNIT 5: Nucleic acids 06

Structure of purines ,pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleoides. Properties of nucleic
acids(denaturation, annealing, buoyant density),Structure of DNA, forms of
DNA(A,B,Z)Structure and function of different RNAs (m,r,t), biological role.

31
UNIT6: Vitamins and minerals 06
Fat soluble vitamins(A,D,E,K) and water soluble(B complex series and Vit. C)-
sources, RDA, role, deficiency disorders(no structures). Minerals-
Macro(Na,P,K,S,Ca,Mg &Cl), Micro(Fe, I, Cu, Zn, Mn,Co, Mo, Se, Cr, F)-
sources and role.

Recommended Books
1.Practical Biochemistry-Plummer,D,3rd Edn.,Tata McGraw Hill publishing
Co.,1988
2.Laboratory Manual of Biochemistry-Jayaraman J,New age international
publication,1981.
3. Practical Biochemisty-Swahney, Singh, Narosa Publication,2005.
4. Practical Clinical Biochemistry-Varley;H,CBS publications.

32
MTI - 303 IMMUNOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 40 hrs

UNIT 1: Fundamentals of Immune System 05

Innate and adaptive immunity, Cyokines,Complement system, Organs and
Tissues of Immune System- Primary and, Secondary lymphoid organs,
Haematopoiesis, Cells of Immune system.

UNIT 2: Antigens and Immunoglobulins 05

Antigens-Definitions, Hapten, . Adjuvant, Chemical Nature, Types of Antigenic
determinants. Immunglobulins- General Structure, Classes of Immunoglobulin
and Isotypes, Functions, Affinity and Avidity

UNIT 3: Immune Response 08

Lymphocytes: T-Cells- Classes, Structure and organization of TCRs, B-Cells-
Cell surface Receptors. APCs and Interaction and Mounting of Immune Response
(Antigen presentation, processing Overview, overview of MHC class) T and
B cell activation overview. Overview of Auto immunity, Transplantation and
Hypersensitivity

UNIT 4: Techniques in Immunology 04

Precipitation Reactions/ Tests, Agglutination Reactions, ELISA, RIA , FAT,
Immunoprecipitation, Chemiluminiscence and Elisa spot assay.

UNIT 5: Introduction to virology 05

Distribution, Classification, Morphology and ultra structure of viruses,
Cultivation of viruses, Virus purification and assays, Concepts of viroids and
prions. Identification tools- Microscopic, Biochemical, CPE, serological test.

33
UNIT 6: Mode of propagation 05
Adsorption and penetration, Viral replication:Nucleic acid synthesis (origin,
priming, types of DNA and RNA replication), Protein synthesis, Assembly and
release of virion, Life cycle of DNA and RNA Viruses

Recommended Books
1. Immunology; Richard A. Goldsby, Thomas J. Kindt, Barbara A. Osborne, Janis
Kuby; W.H. Freeman & Company, 5th edition (2003)
2. Roitt’s Essential Immunology; Ivan M. Roitt, Peter J. Delves Blackwell Science
Ltd., 10th Edition (2001)
3. An Introduction to Immunology; C.V. Rao; Narosa Publishing House,1st Edition
(2004)
4. 4.Instant Notes in Immunology; P.M. Lydyard, A. Whelan, M.W. Fanger BIOS
Scientific Publishers Ltd, 1st Edition (2003)
5. Textbook of Microbiology ;R. Ananthnarayan, C. K. J. Panicker, Orient Longman
, 6th Edition (2003)
6. Immunology: Introductory textbook;Nandini Shetty, New Age International pvt.
Ltd. 1st Edition (2003)
7. Principles of Virology by SJ Flint, LW Enquist, RM Krug, VR Racaniello, AM
Skalka ASM Press Washington 1st edition (2002)
8. An introduction to genetic engineering by ST Desmond and Nicholl Cambridge
University Press 2nd edition(2004)
9. General Microbiology Vol. II by Powar and Daginawala Himalaya Publ. House
8th edition (2004)

34
MTI - 304 MAMMALIAN ANATOMY 40Hrs

UNIT 1: Basic Tissues 14

Epithelial Tissue. Connective Tissue: Structural elements: Extracellular

components, fundamental cell types and mononuclear wandering cells. Types of
connective tissues: Loose connective tissue, Dense connective tissue, Fluid
connective tissue: Blood. Supporting connective tissue: Cartilages. Bones:
Macroscopic and Microscopic structure, submicroscopic structure and
composition of bone matrix. Muscle tissue: Structural and molecular organization
of muscles. Nervous tissue: Neurons, supporting cells, synaptic junction.

UNIT 2: Excretory System 05

Kidneys: Gross anatomy and histology, Blood and nervous supply. Nephron:
Parts of a Nephron, Histology of the Nephron and collecting duct.

UNIT 3: Circulatory System 05

External and internal anatomy of: Heart, Blood vessels: Arteries, veins, arterioles,
venules and capillaries.

UNIT4: Male reproductive system: 05

Testes, Epididymis, Ductus deferens, Seminal vesicles, Prostate, Bulbo-urethral

gland, External genitalia.

UNIT 5: Female reproductive system: 05

Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Vagina, External genitalia.

UNIT 6: Respiratory system 06

External and internal anatomy of: Nose, Pharynx, Trachea, Lungs and pleurae.

35
Recommended Books:
1. Text Book of Medical Physiology; Arthur Guyton and John Hall;; Elsevier, Reed
Elsevier, India Pvt. Ltd. 10th Edition (2000).

2. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology; Tortora Gerard J. Grabowski; John Wiley

and Sons Incubator. New Jersey,10th Edition; (2003).

3. Human Anatomy and Physiology; Elaine N. Marieb;; Benjamin/ Cummings

Science Publishing, California, 4th Edition (2004).

4. Histology; W.A. Ham,Philadelphia& Montream, J.B. Lippincott comp.,5th

Edition. (1965)

5. Concise Histology; Bloom and Flawcett, Ronald P. Jensh , Arnold Publication,2nd

Edition (2002)

6. Textbook of Histology; Bloom and Flawcett, Chapman & Hall , 12th Edition
(1994)

36
MTI - 305 MAMMALIAN PHYSIOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT1: Physiology of muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission 06

UNIT 2: Excretion 08
Types of body fluids and maintenance of osmotic equilibrium between
extracellular and intracellular fluids, Formation of urine by kidney: Glomerular
filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.

UNIT3: Circulation 10
Biophysics of blood flow, haemodynamics, capillary dynamics and exchange of
fluid between the blood and interstitial fluid, lymphatic system, Blood pressure,
measurement of blood pressure, cardiac output and venous return, Pulmonary
circulation, systemic circulation, coronary circulation, blood flow through specific
areas of the body.

UNIT 4: Reproduction 08
Spermatogenesis, Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis, Testosterone and its
functions, Oogenesis, Menstrual cycle, Hormonal regulation of oogenesis and
menstrual cycle, Oestrogen, progesterone and their functions.

UNIT 5: Respiration 08
Pulmonary ventilation: Inspiration and Expiration, Physical principles of gaseous
exchange, diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood, Transport
of O2 and CO2 in the blood and body fluids.

37
Recommended Books:

1. Text Book of Medical Physiology; Arthur Guyton and John Hall; Elsevier, Reed Pvt.
Ltd. 10th Edition; (2000).
2. Human Physiology Volume Elsevier, India I and II; C.C. Chatterjee; Medical Allied
Agency 10th Edition;(2004).
3. Human anatomy and Physiology; Elaine N. Marieb; Pearson, Benzamin cummings,6th
edition(2004).
4. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology; Tortora Gerard J. Grabowski; John Wiley and
sons .New Jersey, 10th edition (2003).
5. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology; Fredric H. Martini, Prentice Hall
international editions, 7th edition (2006).
6. Anatomy and Physiology ,Thibodeau ,Patton ,Mosby publications ,Third edition
(1996).

38
MTI – 306 BIOLOGICAL & BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES 40 hrs

UNIT 1: Solutions and buffers 05

Nature and preparation of buffers, Determination of pH, Instrumentation-pH
meter, Applications of pH measurement

UNIT 2: Centrifugation 05
Principle and instrumentation, Types of centrifugation, Sedimentation
coefficient, Applications

UNIT 3: Chromatography 07
Principles and instrumentation, Types-Paper, Ion-exchange, affinity, Applications

UNIT 4: Electrophoresis 07
Principles and instrumentation, Types of electrophoresis-Free & Zone, Paper
and Gel electrophoresis, Immunoelectrophoresis, Applications of
electrophoresis technique

UNIT 5: Radioisotope technique 05

Nature of radioactivity, Detection and measurement, Advantages and limitations
of radiotracer experiments, Applications of radioisotope in biological sciences,
Safety aspects

UNIT 6: Polarimetry 06
Polarization of Light, Plane of polarization, Optical activity, ORD and CD
effects, Instrumentation, Applications of CD and ORD

39
UNIT 7: Spectroscopy 05
Region and properties of EM radiations, Principles, photoelectric effect,
absorption spectrum, emission spectrum, Instrumentation, Types of absorption
spectroscopy (overview), Types of absorption spectroscopy, Applications of
absorption spectroscopy.

Recommended books:
1. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis.B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House, 25th
edition
2. Principles and techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology, Wilson and Walker,
Cambridge University Press, 6th edition
3. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis, Chatwal and Anand, Himalaya Publishing
House, 5th Edition
4. Tools and techniques of biotechnology, Mousumi Debnath, Pointer Publishers, 1st
edition
5. Biophysical chemistry-Principles and techniques, Upadhyay; Upadhyay and Nath, H
Himalaya Publishing House, 3rd Edition
6. Physical biochemistry- applications to biochemistry and molecular biology, David
Freifelder, Freeman and Co., 2nd edition.

40
MTI - 306 BIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES 40hrs

UNIT 1: Solutions and buffers 05

Nature and preparation of buffers, Determination of pH, Instrumentation-pH
meter, Applications of pH measurement

UNIT 2: Centrifugation 05
Principle and instrumentation, Types of centrifugation, Sedimentation coefficient,
Applications

UNIT 3: Chromatography 07
Principles and instrumentation, Types-Paper, Ion-exchange, affinity, Applications

UNIT 4: Electrophoresis 07
Principles and instrumentation, Types of electrophoresis-Free & Zone, Paper and
Gel electrophoresis, Immunoelectrophoresis, Applications of electrophoresis
technique

UNIT 5: Radioisotope technique 05

Nature of radioactivity, Detection and measurement, Advantages and limitations
of radiotracer experiments, Applications of radioisotope in biological sciences,
Safety aspects

UNIT 6: Polarimetry 06
Polarization of Light, Plane of polarization, Optical activity, ORD and CD effects,
Instrumentation, Applications of CD and ORD

UNIT 7: Spectroscopy 05
Region and properties of EM radiations, Principles, photoelectric effect,
absorptionspectrum, emission spectrum, Instrumentation, Types of absorption

41
 spectroscopy (overview), Types of absorption spectroscopy, Applications of
absorption spectroscopy.

Recommended Books:
1. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis.B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House, 25th
edition
2. Principles and techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology, Wilson and Walker,
Cambridge University Press, 6th edition
3. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis, Chatwal and Anand, Himalaya Publishing
House, 5th Edition
4. Tools and techniques of biotechnology, Mousumi Debnath, Pointer Publishers, 1st
edition
5. Biophysical chemistry-Principles and techniques, Upadhyay; Upadhyay and Nath, H
Himalaya Publishing House, 3rd Edition
6. Physical biochemistry- applications to biochemistry and molecular biology, David
Freifelder, Freeman and Co., 2nd edition.

42
Practical I
1. Staining Techniques-
a) Basic : Monochrome/ negative
b) Differential :- Gram stain, Spore, Capsule, Cell Wall
2. Aseptic transfer Techniques
a) Flask to flask
b) Tube to plate
c) Pipetting from Flask to tube/ Tube to tube
3. Preparation of microbial suspension in saline and serial dilution
4. Preparation of nutrient media- broth and agar ( Nutrient and Macconkey’s)
5. Isolation of microorganism by- Streak plate, T method, Pentagonal Streaking
6. viable count of bacteria- Pour plate, Spread plate
7. Isolation of antibiotic producers: crowded plate, wilkins overlay
8. Isolation and enumeration of Bacteriophage from sewage
9. Permanent slides of reproductive system- Spermatozoan, V.S. of testis, T.S. of -
seminiferous tubeles, ovary, uterus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid
gland, parathyroid gland, pineal gland.
10. Observation of chart and models – Respiratory system, Models of lymphatic
system

43
Practical II
1. Preparations of solutions –molar,normal,ppm,percent.
2. pH meter and preparation of buffers.
3. Qualitative tests for
a) Proteins-ninhydrin,biuret
b) Carbohydrates-Molischs, Benedicts, Fehlings, Bials, Barfoeds,
Iodine.
c) Lipids-solubility tests, Sudan III.
4. Determination of λmax and verification of Beer & Lambert’s law
5. Estimation of maltose by DNSA method
6. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography
7. Separation of lipids by TLC
8. Determination of the ABO blood group of the given sample and Rh typing,
cross matching
9. Preparation of O and H antigen from Salmonella.
10. Ag-Ab Interaction: Oudin’s, ouctherlonys and okalayas immunodiffusion,
Double Immunodiffusion method.

44
MTI - 401 INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM I 40hrs

UNIT 1: Introduction to metabolism 06

Introduction to intermediary metabolism the basic metabolic pathways: Anabolic,
catabolic, amphibolic pathways. Approaches to biochemical investigations-
perfusion of isolated organs, slice technique, Tracer techniques and mutant studies
for elucidation of metabolic pathways.

UNIT 2: Bioenergetics 08
Study of equilibrium in aqueous solution- concept of free energy, standard free
energy, endergonic, exergonic and coupled reactions, steady state and non
equilibrium systems. Nature and generation of phosphate bond energy. Energy
currencies of the cell. The ATP cycle, other high energy compounds. Redox
potentials and redox reactions,. Relation between reduction potentials and
frequency change. Donnan Membrane equilibrium Passive, Active and Facilitated
Transport. Examples H+, Cl- ,Na+ / K+ gradients, role of energy conversion –
Mitchell hypothesis. Transformation of diffrerent energy forms; e.g. chemical and
mechanical. Efficiency of interconversion of various forms of energy.

UNIT 3: Biological Oxidation 08

The electron transport chain organization and role in electron capture, electron
transport complexes, oxidative phosphorylation, the chemiosmotic theory.
Mechanism of action of ATP Syntheses (FoF1 ATPase). Inhibitors of respiratory
chain and oxidative phosphorylation, uncouplers,ionospheres, mitochondrial
transport system, ATP/ ADP exchange malate/ glycerophosphate shuttle.

UNIT 4: Photosynthesis 06
Chloroplast -Pigment Systems, Light harvesting complex, Hill Reaction, light
reaction- cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation, Dark Reaction-Calvin
cycle, Hatch –Slack pathway, CAM pathway, photorespiration.

45
UNIT 5: Carbohydrate metabolism & disorders 12
Glycolysis –anaerobic, aerobic, pyruvate oxidation,TCA cycle,glycogen
metabolism Cori cycle, HMP Shunt, Gluconeogenesis, Glyoxalate Cycle,
Metabolisms of galactose and mannose. Role of Fructose 2,6 biphosphate,
regulation of glycolysis, gluconecogenesis and glycogen metabolism, pivotal role
of TCA cycle in metabolism. Disorders- Blood Sugar levels, Diabetes mellitus,
metabolic complications, glucose tolerance tests, glycosylated hemoglobin,
glycogen storage diseases, galactosemia, fructosemia, pentosemia,
mucopolysaccharidosis, ketone bodies.

Recommended Books:
1.Biochemistry- Stryer,Berg,6th Edition,W.H.Freeman and Co.,2007.
2.Biochemistry-Metzler;DE,2nd Edn.,Academic press,2001.
3.Lehninger’ Principles of biochemistry-Nelson,Cox,4th Edn., W.H.Freeman and
Co.,2005.
4 Biochemistry –Voet;D,Voet;J,3rd Edn.John Wiley and sonsInc.,2004.
5 Outlines of Biochemistry-Conn;E,Stumpf,5th Edn. ,Tata-McGraw Hill,1988.
6 Harper’s Principles of Biochemistry-Murray,Gardener,Mayes,Rodwell,27th
Edn.McGraw Hill Education,206
7 Biochemistry- Rawn,D,Pamina publications,2004
8.Textbook of biochemistry-West,Todd,Mason,VanBrergen,4th edn. Oxford&IBH,1966.
9.Biochemistry-Satyanarayan.U,Books &Allied(P) Ltd.,2003.
10. Biochemistry-Champe;P,3rd Edn.,Lippincott Willams&Wilkins,2005.
11.Biochemistry-Zubay;G,3rdEdn.,Pearson Education P.Ltd,2003

46
MTI - 402 ENZYMOLOGY AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1: Introduction to enzymes 09

Chemical nature, apoenzyme, coenzyme ,cofactor ,prosthetic group.Nomenclature
– IUB system of classification -Six main classes with examples. Activation
energy, isoenzymes (LDH) Ribozymes, Metalloenzymes, Zymogen, multienzyme
Complex (PDH) ,factors affecting enzyme activity

UNIT 2: Mechanism of enzyme action and regulation 09

Specificity, type of enzyme specificity, Active site,Models of enzyme action –
Lock and key, induced fit, transition state theory. Mechanism of enzyme action –
covalent catalysis, metal ion catalysis, acid base catalysis, proximity & orientation
effect. Regulation – covalent modification, regulatory enzymes ,allosteric
regulation (ATCase), Feedback inhibition ,Zymogen activation.

UNIT 3: Enzyme Kinetics & Inhibition 09

Steady state Kinetics, Derivation and significance of Michaelis Menten equation,
Line werver-Burke Plot, Single and double Displacement Reactions, Co-
operatively with respect to oxygen binding by hemoglobin. Inhibition –
Reversible and Irreversible – Competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive
inhibition (characteristics and examples)

UNIT 4: Enzyme purification ,characterization and assay 09

Isolation and purification of enzymes – intracellular localization homogenization
techniques,dialysis, salt precipitation, centrifugation, lyophilization, criteria of
purity – SDS – PAGE, Zymograph. Characterization of active site- use of
substrate analogs, modification by chemical methods, treatment by proteases, site
directed mutations, enzyme assay – coupled, continuous, end – point, immuno
and kinetic assays. Enzyme units ,specific activity, Katal, International units

47
UNIT 5: Applications of Enzymes – 04
Immobilized enzymes, Biosensors, diagnostic enzymes & enzyme therapy,
industrial enzymes,designer enzymes, Abzymes.

Recommended Books:
1. Enzymes-Palmer;T,Affiliated East West Press Pvt.Ltd.,2004.
2. Biochemistry- Stryer,Berg,6th Edition,W.H.Freeman and Co.,2007.
3. Biochemistry-Metzler;DE,2nd Edn.,Academic press,2001.
4. Lehninger’ Principles of biochemistry-Nesson,Cox,4th Edn., W.H.Freeman and
Co.,2005.
5. Biochemistry –Voet;D,Voet;J,3rd Edn.John Wiley and sonsInc.,2004.
6. Outlines of Biochemistry-Conn;E,Stumpf,5th Edn. ,Tata-McGraw Hill,1988.
7. Harper’s Principles of Biochemistry-Murray,Gardener,Mayes,Rodwell,27th
Edn.McGraw Hill Education,206
8. Enzyme Biotechnology- Tripathi;G,ABD Publishers,2003.
9 Enzyme Technology, M.F. Chaplin and C. Bucke, Cambridge University Press
10 Industrial Enzymes & their applications, H. Uhlig, John Wiley and Sons Inc

48
MTI - 403 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES 40 hrs

UNIT 1 : 05

Nucleic acids structure, Identification of DNA as genetic material, Types of DNA

(A, B and Z DNA), Types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA).

UNIT 2: 04

Structure and organization of prokaryotic genome, Properties of DNA, Chemical

and physical properties, Spectroscopic and Thermal properties, DNA supercoiling

UNIT 3: 06

DNA recombination, Molecular mechanism and models of recombination,

Homologous recombination, Site-specific recombination, Transposition

UNIT 4: 04

Mutagens and mutagenic agents, DNA damage and repair

UNIT 5: 24

Central dogma of molecular biology: DNA replication, Strategies of replication,

Mechanism and the enzymes involved, Lagging and leading strands, Models of
replication (Theta, Rolling circle). Transcription: Mechanism and steps involved
(Initiation, Elongation and Termination), Regulation of transcription, Lac operon-
Positive and negative control, Trp operon- Repression, attenuation and
antitermination, Regulon, Viral strategies for transcription control. Translation:
Cell components involved (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA), Ribosomes (structure and
composition), Genetic code and wobble hypothesis, Steps Involved (Initiation,

49
 Elongation and Termination), Translational control and post translational
modifications.

Recommended Books:

1) Molecular Biology; David Freifelder, Narosa Publishing House,2nd edition (2004)

2) Microbial Genetics; David Freifelder, Narosa Publishing House, 2nd
edition(2004)
3) Principles of Gene Manipulations; S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman, R. W. old,
Blackwell Science,6th Edition (2003).
4) Gene VIII; Benjamin Lewin; Oxford Univ. Press ,8th edition (2004)
5) Advanced Molecular Biology ;R. M. Twyman, 1st Edition , (2003)
6) Instant Notes on Molecular Biology; P.C. Turner, A. G. Mclennan, A. D. Bates &
M. R. H. White, 2nd Edition (2002)

50
MTI - 404: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF EUKARYOTES 40hrs

UNIT 1: Eukaryotic chromosomes 03

Structure, Banding patterns Specialized structures – lampbrush and Polytene
chromosomes.

UNIT 2: Concept of chromatin 03

Heterochromatin and Euchromatin - properties and functions, Factors involved in
heterochromatin formation.

UNIT 3: Nucleosomes and higher order chromatin 03

Types and assembly of histone proteins, Formation of higher order chromatin,
Regulation of chromatin structure.

UNIT 4: Eukaryotic genome complexity 09

C value paradox, Cot analysis and coding potential, repetitive/satellite DNA ,
Gene clusters, pseudogenes, Short and Long Interspersed Elements(SINES &
LINES), alu families and their significance, split genes, introns/exons and
overlapping genes.

UNIT 5: Modification of DNA 03

Methylation of DNA and its role, Invitro modification of DNA.

UNIT 6: RNA processing 05

Maturation of untranslated RNAs, End-modification and methylation of mRNA,
RNA splicing, RNA editing, Post-processing regulation.

51
UNIT 7: Catalytic RNA 04
Group-I Introns, Ribozymes, Group- II Introns, Viroids, RNA editing by guide
………RNAs, Autocatalytic protein splicing

UNIT 8: Homologous recombination in Eukaryotes 03

Homologous recombination during meiosis, Mating type switching, Genetic
consequences

UNIT 9: Gene regulation in Eukaryotes 07

Role of Eukaryotic activators, Signal integration and combinatorial control,
Transcriptional regulators by signal transduction, Histone modifications and
DNA, Post-transcription initiation, Role of RNA

Recommended Books:
1) Molecular Biology; David Freifelder, Narosa Publishing House,2nd edition (2004)
2) Molecular Biology of the Gene; James Watson 5th Edition (2006) Pearsons
Education.
3) Gene IX; Benjamin Lewin; Oxford Univ. Press ,9th edition (2008)
4) Advanced Molecular Biology; R. M. Twyman, 1st Edition , (2003)
5) Instant Notes on Molecular Biology; P.C. Turner, A. G. Mclennan, A. D. Bates &
M. R. H. White, 2nd Edition (2002)
6) Genetics; P.K.Gupta, Rastogi Publications, 2005.

52
MTI - 405 BIOPHYSICS 40 hrs

UNIT 1: Biophysical Principles 10

Diffusion: Principles and mechanism, Diffusion across membranes. Osmosis:
Principles and mechanism, Osmoregulation in plants. surface tension: Principle
and mechanism, Biological importance in living cells and human body.
Ultrafiltration: Principle & mechanism, Biological importance in body.
Hydrophobic effect

UNIT 2: Biological Macromolecules 15

General principles: Configuration & Conformation, Interaction of biomolecules
with water, Stabilising interaction. The structure of proteins: Helical symmetry, H
bonding in secondary structures. Effect of peptide bond on protein conformation,
Ramachandran plot. The structure of nucleic acid: Helical structure of Polynucleic
acid, Base pairing, base stacking and torsional angles.

UNIT 3: Thermodynamics & Biophysics 10

Laws of thermodynamics and living organisms, Living body as a thermodynamic
system, Biosphere as a thermodynamic system, Evolution as a thermodynamic
process

UNIT 4: Membrane Biophysics 05

Membrane Structure: Lipid bilayer, Micelle, Physico chemical properties of
membrane, Modification of cell membrane and change in biophysical properties,
Conformational/Dynamic properties of membranes

Recommended Books:
1.A textbook of biophysics, R.N.Roy, New Central Publication, 1st edition.
2. Elementary biophysics. P.K.Srivastava Narosa Publication, 1st edition.
3. Biophysical Chemistry.Upadhyay & Nath, Himalaya publications 3rd edition.

53
4. Biological thermodynamics.Donald T.Haynie,Cambridge University Press, 1st edition.
5.Principles of Physical Biochemistry.Kensl E.van Holde, W.Curtis Johnson, P.Shing Ho,
Pearson Prentice Hall,2nd edition.
6. Biophysical chemistry Part I: The conformation of biological macromolecules.
Biophysical chemistry Part III: The behavior of biological macromolecules.Cantor and
Schimmel, W.H.Freeman and Company, 10th edition.

54
MTI - 406 BIOINFORMATICS (I) 40 hrs

UNIT1: Introductions to Biological Databases 03

Introduction- types, Biological databases, Information Retrieval from Biological
Databases

UNIT 2: Data management of biological information. 03

Concepts, Data management concepts, Data management techniques, Challenges
arising from biological data, Conclusions

UNIT 3: Mining gene expression data. 03

Concepts, Data mining methods for gene expression analysis, Clustering,
Classification, Conclusion and future research

UNIT 4: Protein databases 05

Primary structure databases, Functional protein Databases, Composite sequence

database, Secondary structure database, Structural classification database

UNIT 5: Analyzing DNA, RNA and protein sequences in databases 07

Introduction to biological databases, Genbank:organisms in Genbank, genomic
DNA databases, cDNA databases corresponding to expressed genes, Expressed
sequence tags, Sequence tagged sites, Genome survey sequences, High
throughput genomic sequence

UNIT 6: NCBI: introduction, 08

Pubmed, Entrez, Blast, OMIM, Books, Taxonomy, Structure, Locuslink

UNIT 7: Protein database 09

Introduction,annotation,pattern ,family, Swissprot, Prodom, Prints, Pfam,
SMART, MetaFam, iProClass, Popset

55
UNIT 8: Molecular modelling 03
Protein databank. accessing PDB entries from NCBI, SCOP: taxononomic system
for protein structures, FSSP database, CATH database, modelling stimulation of
protein structure insilico.

Recommended Books:

1. Introduction to Bioinformatics – Teresa Atwood and David J.Parry, Pearson smith

publication (2003)
2. Introduction to Bioinformatics – lesk, Oxford press (2003)
3. Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics - Dan E. Krane, Michael L. Raymer,
Pearson education (2004)
4. Sequence structure and Database – Des Higgins, Willice Taylor, oxford press
(2003)
5. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome analysis by David W. Mount CBS
Publishers & Distributors, 2004 reprint
6. Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure and Databanks A Practical Approach,
Higgins, ISBN: 0195667530, I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd
7. Bioinformatics: Theory and Practice, Chikhale NJ and Gomase VS,
ISBN:978−81−8318−831−9, Himalaya Publication House
8. Proteomics: Theory and Practice, Gomase VS and Chikhale NJ, Himalaya
Publication House
9. Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Campbell,
ISBN:9788131715598, Pearson Education
10. Bioinformatics: Databases, Tools, and Algorithms, Orpita Bosu, Simminder Kaur,
Thukral , ISBN: 9780195676839, Oxford University Press

56
Practical I:
1. Estimation of glucose by O Toluidine method & Folin Wu method.

2. Estimation of Calcium by EDTA method.

3. Estimation of phosphorus by Friske-Subbarao method
4. Estimation of lactose by Cole’s ferricyanide method.
5. Tests for the presence of amylase, urease and catalase.
6. Assay of amylase- Determination of Km and Vmax
7. Effect of pH, temperature, substrate concentration and inhibitors on amylase
enzymes activity.
8. Immobilization of amylase and its assay
9. Isolation of starch from potato
10. Isolation of casein from milk

57
Practical II
1. Normal and Diauxic growth curve of E.coli
2. Isolation of genomic DNA from onion
3. Isolation of genomic DNA from cheek
4. Isolation of genomic DNA from Blood
5. Isolation of plasmid DNA
6. Separation of Plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis
7. Isolation of total RNA
8. cDNA synthesis
9. Isolation of fungal nucleic acid
10. Isolation of mitochondrial DNA

58
MTI - 501 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 40hrs

UNIT 1: Atomic absorption spectrometry 10

Introduction to Spectrometric Methods, Introduction to Optical Atomic
Spectroscopy, Atomic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Atomic
Emission Spectroscopy, Atomic Mass Spectroscopy, Atomic X-Ray

UNIT 2: Molecular absorption spectrometry 12

Introduction to UV/Visible Molecular Spectroscopy with application, Molecular
Luminescence Spectroscopy, Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy with
application, Raman Spectroscopy, NMR with applications such as MRI,
Molecular Mass Spectroscopy and X ray crystallography.

UNIT 3: Separation Techniques: Chromatography 07

Introduction to Chromatographic Separations, Gas Chromatography, HPTLC,
HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS with applications

UNIT 4: Separation Techniques: Electrophoresis 06

Introduction to Electrophoretic separations, Acrylamide, Starch, Gelatin, agarose
gels, IEF, capillary isoelectrofocussing, 2D electrophoresis, pulse fiend
electrophoresis, Capillary Electrophoresis and Capillary Electrochromatography.

UNIT 5: Specialized techniques 05

MALDI-TOF-MS, Alternative methods for ionization such as SELDI, ESI, CI,
FAB etc MS-MS analysis( Tandom MS).

Recommended Books
1. Principles of Instrumental Analysis “Skoog, Holler, Nieman” Thomson
Brooks/Cole Publication.

59
2. Instrumental Methods Of Analysis “ Willard H. H.” Cbs Publishers &
Distributors.
3. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis; “Mendham J” Dorling
Kindersley (india) Pvt Ltd.
4. Analytical Chromatography by Chatwal GR, Himalaya Publishing house
5. Principles and techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology by Wilson
Keith- walker John, Cambrdge University press
6. Principles and techniques of practical Biochemistry by Wilson Keith- Golding,
contemptory Biology
7. Biophysical chemistry by Upadhyaya and Nath

60
MTI – 502 COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1: Food and Beverages 10

Dairy products- cheese (Swiss, Cheddar and Camembert),
Beverages – Bear & wine, Citric Acid, Mushroom, SCP – Spirulina and Yeast,
Glutamic Acid, Acetic Acid, Oriental fermented foods & beverages (Koji, Meso,
Soy sauce), Bakery products (Bread), Sweetners, Microbial polysac charides
(Xanthon, Gellan).

UNIT 2: Agricultural Biotechnology 08

Biofertilizers: Types, process of manufacture and applications,
Biopesticides: Bacterial, fungal and viral- production and applications,
Aerobic and anaerobic treatment of agricultural wastes,
Composting and Vermicomposting.

UNIT 3: Health related products 12

Vit. B12, Blood products- Factor VIII, Streptokinase, Anticoagulants, therapeutic
proteins- Human GH, Interferons, Interleukins, insulin, erythropoietin, Nerve
growth factor, synthetic Vaccines.

UNIT 4: Secondary Metabolites 04

Antibiotics:- Penicillin, streptomycin, actinomycin, cephalorphorin

UNIT 5: Biotransformation 04
Basic Concepts, Products , Steroids biotransformation.

UNIT 6: GMP , QC and Marketing aspects of biotechnology 02

61
Recommended Books:
1. Industrial Microbiology; L.M. Prescott, J.P. Harley, D.A. Klein; McGraw Hill Pub.
5th Edition, (2005).
2. Biotechnology; B.D. Singh; Kalyani Pub., 1st Edition (2003).
3. Industrial Microbiology; L.E.Casida; New Age International Pub., 1st Edition, (2004).
4. Principles of Fermentation Technology; P.F. Stanbury, A. Whitaker and S.J. Hall;
Aditya Books Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Edition, (1997).
5. Biotechnology: Text Book of Industrial Microbiology; Walf Crueger and A.
Crueger; Panima Publishing Corp. 2nd Edition (2004).

62
MTI - 503 BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1: Introduction to Fermentation process. 02

Upstream Process, Downstream Process, Range of fermentation process,
Component parts of fermentation process

UNIT 2: Media for Industrial fermentations 07

Medium Sterilization. Batch Sterilization: Continuous sterilization, Fermentor
Sterilization, Feed Sterilization, Filter sterilization

UNIT 3: Bioreactor Design 04

Construction material, Aeration and agitation, Sampling/ Feed port, Valves and
steam traps

UNIT 4: Growth kinetics and stolchiometry 06

Batch Culture, Continuous culture, Fed Batch Culture
Stolchiometric calan: Elemental Balance, Yield coefficient

UNIT 5: Types of Reactor 04

Stirred tank reactor, Acetators and Cavitators, Air Lift Reactor, Bubble Column
Reactor, Packed Bed Reactor, Fluidized Bed Reactor, Photobioreactor

UNIT 6: Solid state Fermentation 06

Bioreactors in solid state fermentation.

UNIT 7: Process monitoring and control. 02

Physical and chemical sensors for medium and gases, Online/ Offline sensors

UNIT 8: Microbial interactions 06

Effluent treatment, Process Economics, Scale up procedure from lab scale to pilot
scale

63
Recommended Books:
1. Biochemical Engineering (1997) Blanch HW and Clark DS, Marcel Dekker Inc.,
USA.
2. Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology (2007) Najafpour GD, Elsevier,
Netherlands.
3. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals (1986) (2/e) Bailey JE and Ollis DF,
McGraw-Hill International Editions CES, Singapore.
4. Bioprocess Engineering Principles (1995) Doran PM, Academic Press Ltd, USA.
5. Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts (2002) Shuler ML and Kargi F, Pearson
Education Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.
6. Biotechnology (1993) (2/e) Vols. 3 and 4 Rehm HJ and Reed G, VCH, Germany.
7. Comprehensive Biotechnology Vol. 2 (1985) Moo-Young M, Pergamon Press Ltd.,
UK.
8. Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology (1999) El-Mansi EMT and Bryce
CFA, Taylor and Francis, USA.
9. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (1999) (2/e) Demain AL and
Davies, ASM, USA.
10. Principles of Fermentation Technology (1995) (2/e) Stanbury PF, Whitaker A and
Hall SJ, Butterworth-Hienemann Ltd., UK.

64
MTI - 504 INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM II 40hrs

UNIT 1: Lipid metabolism and disorders 14

Oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, β oxidation. role of a carnitine,
ketogenesis and utilization. Biosynthesis of fatty acids, Metabolism of
Triglycerides Phospholipids and Sphingolipids, cholesterol biosynthesis,
regulation, transport, excretion, reverse cholesterol transport, formation of bile
acids, lipoprotein metabolism. Disorders of lipid metabolism – plasma lipids and
lipoproteins, abnormalities -hypo and hyper cholesterolemia, lipidosis, clinical
inter relationship of lipids. Clinical inter-relations ships of lipids (sphigolipidosis,
multiple sclerosis) ,lipoproteins and apolipopeoteins, Inherited metabolic lipid
disorders – Taysach’s disease, Niemannpick’s disease,ganglisidosis ,hypo and
hyper lipo proteinemia.

UNIT 2: Protein Metabolism and disorders 14

General reactions –transamination, deamination, decarboxylation, ammonia
formation urea cycle, metabolic breakdown of aminoacids to amphibolic
intermediates, conversion of aminoacids to specialized products – serotonin,
aminobutyric acid,dopamine, epinephrine ,norepinephnine ,melanin ,creatinine
and creatine, biosynthesis of non-essential aminoacids, key role of glutamate
dehydrogenase in nitrogen metabolism. Disorders of protein metabolism –
hperammonemia, phenylalaninemia, alkptonuria, phenylketonuria,
homocystinuria,cysteinemia,tyrosinemia and related disorders of aminoacidurias,
Hartnups disease.

UNIT 3: Metabolism of Nucleotides and disorders 06

Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis and catabolism regulation of
purine and pyrimidone nucleotide biosynthesis. Disorders of nucleotide
metabolism

65
UNIT 4: Metabolism of porphyrins 03
Biosynthesis and Degradation of porphyrins, heme , bile pigment formation,
transport and excretion.Porphyrias.

UNIT 5: Integration of metabolism 03

Inter-relationship of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism – role of acetyl
CoA. and TCA cycle in the inter-relationship, interconversion of major
foodstuffs. Regulation of intermediary metabolism .

Recommended Books:
1.Biochemistry- Stryer,Berg,6th Edition,W.H.Freeman and Co.,2007.
2.Biochemistry-Metzler;DE,2nd Edn.,Academic press,2001.
3.Lehninger’ Principles of biochemistry-Nelson,Cox,4th Edn., W.H.Freeman and
Co.,2005.
4.Biochemistry –Voet;D,Voet;J,3rd Edn.John Wiley and sonsInc.,2004.
5 Outlines of Biochemistry-Conn;E,Stumpf,5th Edn. ,Tata-McGraw Hill,1988.
6 Harper’s Principles of Biochemistry-Murray,Gardener,Mayes,Rodwell,27th
Edn.McGraw Hill Education,206
7 Biochemistry- Rawn,D,Pamina publications,2004
8.Textbook of biochemistry-West,Todd,Mason,VanBrergen,4th edn. Oxford&IBH,1966.
9.Biochemistry-Satyanarayan.U,Books &Allied(P) Ltd.,2003.
10. Biochemistry-Champe;P,3rd Edn.,Lippincott Willams&Wilkins,2005.
11. Biochemistry-Zubay;G,3rdEdn.,Pearson Education P.Ltd,2003

66
MTI - 505 GENETIC ENGINEERING - I 40hrs

UNIT 1: Introduction to Genetic Engineering 02

Scope and history, Handling of DNA, RNA Restriction Enzymes, radioactive
isotopes and other corrosive, carcinogenic and inflammable chemicals/ reagents

UNIT 2: Requirement of genetic engineering 04

Isolation and purification of nucleic acids from living cells. DNA isolation:
Preparation of total cell DNA from animal and plant, Preparation of Plasmid
DNA, preparation of Bacteriophage DNA. RNA isolation: Total Cellular RNA,
Cytoplasmic and NuclearRNA, Poly ( A+) RNA

UNIT 3: Enzymes in recombinant DNA technology 07

Nucleases, Ligases, Poylmerases, DNA modifying enzymes, Topoisomerases,
Restriction endonucleases

UNIT 4: Cloning Vectors: 15

Nomenclature, properties of good vector. Vectors for E. coli: Plasmid and plasmid
based vectors: BAC, Phagemids, cosmids and expression, Virus based vectors:
M-13, Lambda and PAC. Vectors for eukaryotes: Yeast based vectors : 2micro m
plasmid, YEp, YAC, Vectors for plants : Ti plasmid and Ri Plasmid Ca MV,
vectors for Animals - SV-40, Retrovirus vectors and Vaccinia/ Bacculo virus

UNIT 5: In Vitro construction of recombinant DNA molecules 05

Creation of r-DNA, Gene Libraries – Genomic DNA and c DNA Cloning
techiniques, Selection of clones based on antibiotic, insertional inactivation,
hybridization, PCR and antibody.

UNIT 6: Methods of DNA transformation in bacteria, plants and animal cells 02

Salt based method, Electroporation, Genegun, Liposome mediated, Transfection

67
Recommended Books

1. Genetic Engineering and its applications. (2004) 2/e, Joshi. P: Agrobios, India
2. Gene Cloning and DNA analysis: An introduction, (2006) 5/e . T. A. Brown,
Black Well Publishing Company.
3. Principles of Gene Manipulation; S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman & R. W. old;
Blackwell Science, 6th Edition (2001).
4. Essential Molecular Biology (volume I) Practical Approach; Edited By T. A.
Brown; Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition (2001).
5. Molecular Cloning lab manual; Joseph Sambrook, David W. Russell, cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press, 3rd Edition (2001)

68
MTI - 506 BIOINFORMATICS (II) 40hrs

UNIT 1: Introduction to Biological Databases 05

Database : Types, Overview of Biological Databases and Information retrieval
from biological databases for example (Nucleic acid databases: Genbank, Protein
Databases- Swissprot) Sequence Formats, Sequence storage, Sequence
submission to sequence Database.

UNIT 2: Pairwise Sequence Alignment 15

Alignment Types: Local alignment, Global alignment, Scoring matrices- PAM,
BLOSUM, Gaps, Types of Gaps. Dot Plots. Dynamic programming Approach:
Needleman and Wunsch Algorithm, Smith and waterman Algorithm, Viterbi
Algorithm, Heuristic Approach: BLAST, FASTA.

UNIT 3: Multiple Sequence Alignment: 10

Exhaustive Algorithm- Divide and Conquer alignment, Heuristic Algorithm:
Progressive Alignment- ClustalW, Tcoffee, Iterative Alignment- PRRN, Block
based method- Match-Box, DIALIGN2

UNIT 4: Introduction to Protein Structure Prediction 10

Secondary structure prediction for Globular and Trans-membrane proteins, 3D-
Protein Structure file format: PDB, mmCIF, MMDB, Methods of Tertiary
structure prediction: Threading and fold recognition methods, Homology
modeling, Fold recognition databases.

Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Bioinformatics – Teresa Atwood and David J.Parry, Pearson smith
publication 1st edition (2003)
2. Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics - Dan E. Krane, Michael L. Raymer,
Pearson education First edition (2004)

69
3. Sequence structure and Database – Des Higgins, Willice Taylor, oxford press 1st
edition (2003)
4. Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, by
Andreas D. Baxevanis, B. F. Francis Ouellette, Wiley-Interscience, 3rd Edition,
2004
5. Sequence and Genome Analysis by David W. Mount - Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory 1st edition ;2004
6. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics;by Jonathan Pevsner;Wiley-Liss 1st
edition, 2003
7. Introduction to Bioinformatics; Arthur M. Lesk; Oxford University Press, 2003

70
Practical I
1. Estimation of protein by – Biuret, Folin Lowry method
2. Estimation of RNA – Orcinol method
3. Estimation of DNA – DPA method
4. Electrophoretic separation of proteins from various sources: native PAGE, SDS
PAGE.
5. Isolation and separation of chloroplast by sucrose density gradient centrifugation
6. Isolation and seperation of plant pigments by column chromatography
7. Bacterial transformation
8. Bacterial conjugation
9. Restriction digestion of isolated DNA
10. Immuno electrophoresis
11. Serum electrophoresis

71
Practical II

1. Introduction to computer
2. Introduction to MS-Office (MS-WOrd, Excel, PowerPoint),
3. MS-DOS
4. Internet and Web browsing
5. Database Searching using Entrez and SRS search Engine.
6. Study of Databases and Data retrieval:
7. Genome Databases,
8. Sequence Database,
9. Secondary Databases,
10. Taxonomy Databases,
11. Bibliographic Database,
12. Metabolic Pathway Databases

72
MTI - 601 MOLECULAR CELL SIGNALING 40hrs

UNIT 1 : Overview of cell signaling 06

Forms of cell signaling - Autocrine, Juxtacrine, Paracrine, Endocrine, Synaptic.
Signaling machinery and pathways - Concept of signal / ligand (agonist and
antagonist), Concept of receptor (extracellular / intracellular), Ligand –
Receptor interaction, Pathway operatives / cascades, Signal amplification,
Regulation of inter and intra cellular signaling, Membrane anchoring

UNIT 2 : Cell – cell interaction 04

Junctions - Tight, Anchoring, Communicating. Adhesion molecules -
Cadherins, Integrins, Selectins, Ig superfamily

UNIT 3 : Receptors and characterization 15

G-protein – Structure, Mechanism of activation. Enzyme linked - Receptor
Guanylyl Cyclase, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, Tyrosine Kinase Associated
Receptor, Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatases, Receptor Serine – Threonine
Kinase, Hitidine Kinase ( Cell Adaptation). Steroids receptors, Channels and
pumps - Na – K ATPase, ABC transporters, Secondary Transporters, ACHR,
Sodium, Potassium channel. Techniques of receptor characterization - Patch –
Clamp Techniques, Hormone Binding Assay

UNIT 4 : Secondary Messengers 05

cAMP, cGMP, Phosphoinositides, Ca2+ , DAG, Other lipid messengers, Nitric
Oxide

UNIT 5 : Kinase Cascades 05

Division (MAPK), Differentiation (BOSS / Drosophila eye), Survival (PI3K),
Development (NF-KB)

73
UNIT 6 : Inhibition of signal transduction pathways or targets of drugs 02
Cholera, Whooping Cough, Steroidal and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, Sidenafil citrate

UNIT 7: Signaling in plants 03

Ethylene, phytochrome, meristem differentiation.

Recommended Books:
1. Alberts et al. (1994) Molecular Biology of the Cell (3/e) Garland Science
Publishing, UK
2. Alberts et al. (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell (4/e) Garland Science
Publishing, UK
3. Helmreich (2005) The Biochemistry of cell signaling Oxford University Press,
India
4. Lehninger et al. (2004) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (4/e) WH Freeman
and Co., USA
5. Stryer et al, (2002) Biochemistry (5/e) WH Freeman and Co., USA

74
MTI – 602 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1 : Host microbe interaction 04

Host parasite relations. Infections: sources, basic types of clinical infections with
examples.

UNIT 2 : Clinical infections in host 04

Establishment, spread and pathologic effects, Patterns of Infection, Signs and
symptoms- warning signals of disease, Portal of exit, Persistence of Microbe and
Pathologic conditions

UNIT 3 : Epidemiology of infectious diseases 06

Terminology – Epidemiology, Virulence and mode of transmission, Microbial
virulence factors – Enzymes, Endotoxin, Enterotoxin (Salmonella), Exotoxin

UNIT 4 : Specific infections 26

All diseases of each system with emphasis on: Etiology and transmission,
Pathogenesis and clinical Manifestation, Lab diagnosis, treatment and Prevention.
Respiratory tract infections- URT – Candidiasis, Pharyngitis. LRT – Tuberculosis,
Influenza. Urinary tract infections - List of organisms related to Pyelonephritis,
Concept of Catheterization. Sexually transmitted infections – Syphilis, AIDS.
Gastrointestinal tract infections- Bacterial: E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Viral:
Rotaviruses, Protozoan: E. histolytica, Food poisoning cases of Staphylococcus
and Clostridium.Central nervous system- Bacterial: Meningitidis, Viral:
Poliomyelitis / Rabies. Skin infections – Leprosy, Vector borne – Malaria, Fungal
infection: Dermatophytosis and Candidiasis

Recommended Books:
1. Anantnarayan, Medical Microbiology, 6th ed. Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd.
2. Brock, Biology of Microorganisms, 11th ed., Pearson Education limited.

75
3. Greenwood, Slack and Peutheren, Medical Microbiology, 1997, 15th ed.
Churchill Livingstone Publication
4. Jawetz et al, Review of Medical Microbiology
5. Mims et al, Medical Microbiology, 3rd ed. Mosby Publication
6. Playfair J., Bancroft G, Infection and Immunity, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press.
7. Talarao and Talarao: Foundations in Microbiology, 2000, 3rd / 4th ed., McGraw
Hill publication

76
MTI - 603 DOWN STREAM PROCESSING 40hrs

UNIT 1 : Introduction to down stream processing 03

Role and Importance of downstream processing in Biotechnological processes,
Characterization of Fermentation broth

UNIT 2 : Release of Intracellular Components 06

Mechanical Cell Disruption, Cell Disruption by bead Mill, Cell Disruption by
Homogenizer, Nonmechanical Cell Disruption, Enzymatic Cell Lysis, Chemical
Cell Lysis, Physical Cell Lysis

UNIT 3 : Solid Liquid Separation 06

Filtration, Introduction to filtration, filtermedia, Types of filters, Fundamentals
for Pressure Filtration (Darcy Law), Sedimentation - Introduction to
Sedimentation, Fundamentals of sedimentation Rate (Stokes Law).
Centrifugation - Introduction to Centrifugation, Types of Centrifuges,
Fundamentals of centrifugation (Modified Stokes Law).

UNIT 4 : Concentration of Products I 08

Evaporation – Introduction, Types of evaporators. Extraction - Introduction to
Liquid liquid extraction, Extraction Fundamental, Phase Equilibrium and
distribution, Aqueous Two Phase extraction, Supercritical fluid extraction.
Membrane Processes - Fundamentals of membrane separation, Ultafiltration,
Reverse Osmosis, Cross Flow Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration, Diafiltration.

UNIT 5 : Concentration of Products II 06

Precipitation - Fundamentals of protein precipitation, Precipitation Techniques -
Isoelectric precipitation, Salting Out/ Salting In, Precipitation with organic
solvents, Precipitation with Organic Polymers, Dialysis, Electrodialysis.

77
UNIT 6 : Purification 08
General Chromatographic theory. Zone spreading, resolution, plate height
Concept. Adsorption Chromatography, Ion Exchange chromatography, Gel
Filtration Chromatography, Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography, Affinity
Chromatography.

UNIT 7 :Crystallization 01

UNIT 8 : Drying 01
Lyophilization, Spray drying, Tray Drying.

UNIT 9 : Economics of downstream Processing 01

Recommended Books:
11. Comprehensive Biotechnology Vol. 2 (1985) Moo-Young M, Pergamon Press Ltd.,
UK.
12. Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology (1999) El-Mansi EMT and Bryce
CFA, Taylor and Francis, USA.
13. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (1999) (2/e) Demain AL and
Davies, ASM, USA.
14. Principles of Fermentation Technology (1995) (2/e) Stanbury PF, Whitaker A and
Hall SJ, Butterworth-Hienemann Ltd., UK.
15. Biotechnology: Text Book of Industrial Microbiology; Walf Crueger and A.
Crueger; Panima Publishing Corp. 2nd Edition (2004).
16. Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts (2002) Shuler ML and Kargi F, Pearson
Education Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.
17. Biotechnology (1993) (2/e) Vols. 3 and 4 Rehm HJ and Reed G, VCH, Germany.

78
MTI - 604 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1 : Plant Tissue Culture 04

Introduction, History, Concept of cellular totipotency. Morphogenesis, Culture
conditions, medium & its constituents. Method of Sterilization

UNIT 2 : Applications of plant tissue culture- I 06

Callus culture. Cell Suspension culture. Somaclonal variation. Secondary
metabolite production from plant cell cultures.

UNIT 3 : Applications of plant tissue culture-II 10

Micropropagation - Pathways and steps, Introduction to commercial
micropropagation. Embryo culture, embryo rescue, meristem culture. Anther
culture & Ovary culture. Protoplast Culture and Somatic hybridization. Somatic
embryogenesis and Synthetic seeds

UNIT 4 : Methods of genetic engineering in plants 03

Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation. Direct methods of

gene transfer

UNIT 5 : Genetic manipulation in plants for the following traits 10

Herbicide resistance. Male sterility. Virus resistance, resistance towards fungal

pathogens. Insect resistance. Genetic engineering of plants for improvement of
crop yield and quality. Genetic engineering for introducing abiotic stress
tolerance in plants. Genetic engineering of nitrogen fixing bacteria; nif genes
and it control.

79
UNIT 6 : 07

Molecular farming - Production of modified carbohydrate, oil and recombinant

proteins, vaccines in plants. Molecular markers in crop improvement -
Detection of genetic diversity, Marker assisted selection and breeding.

Recommended Books :

1. Biotechnology: Fundamentals & Applications by S.S.Purohit, Agrobios Ltd.

(2001)
2. Trends in Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnology; L K Pareek and P L Swarnkar;
Published by AgroBios India (2002).
3. Plant Tissue Culture- Theories and Practices; S. S. Bhojwani and M K Rajdhan;
Published by Elsevier, (1996).
4. Methods in Plant Tissue Culture; U Kumar; AgroBios India, (2003)
5. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture Fundamental Methods; O L Gamborge;
Published by Narosa, New
Delhi (2004)

6. Plant Biotechnology: The genetic manipulation of plants; A. Slater, N. Scott, M.

Fowler; Published by
Oxford University press, New York (2003)

7. Transgenic Plants; V. Ranjan, Agrobios

80
MTI - 605 GENETIC ENGINEERING- II 40hrs

UNIT 1: Production of therapeutic agents: 12

Engineering human interferon and human growth hormone, r-haematopoeitic
growth factors, r-insulin, interleukins, interferon, r-tissue type plsminogen, r-
human deoxyribonuclease, Enzymes – DNAase I and Alginate lyase against
cystic fibrosis., Subunit vaccines –Peptide vaccines, , Atteneuated vaccines –
Vector vaccines.

UNIT 2: Synthesis of commercial products: 04

Restriction endonucleases, Small biomolecules, Ascorbic acid, Biopolymers.

UNIT 3: Application of plant genetic engineering: 12

Developing insect-resistance, disease-resistance and herbicide resistance in plants

and delaying fruit ripening. Developing stress and senescence-tolerance in plants -
oxidative, salt and submergence stress. Genetic manipulation of flower
pigmentation. Developing quality of seed storage. Provitamin A. Modification of
food plant taste and appearance, yield increase in plants, Wild plant relatives as a
source of novel genes, Plants as bioreactor - antibodies, polymers, foreign
proteins in seeds. Genome mapping efforts in rice & maize and its potential
applications

UNIT 4: Forensic medicine 07

Criminal investigation (personal identification), Immigration, Paternity dispute,

Identification of missing children, bodies found in plane crash, road accidents etc,
Varietal identification of plants

81
UNIT 5: Molecular Diagnostics: 07

Importance and advantageous, Hybridization based methods, Reverse

hybridization methods, Diagnostics based on DNA chips and Micro-arrays, PCR
based methods, Diagnosis of Cystic fibrosis by multiplex PCR , Detection of -
Thalassemia mutation using ARMS-PCR, Detection of Fragile X syndrome by
FMR-1 gene trinucleotide repeat analysis, To distinguish patient and donor cells
as different using hypervariable tandem repeat polymorphic DNA markers,
Identification of bacterial species based on the sequences of their 16S ribosomal
RNA genes. Nucleic acid amplification-End-point PCR Qualitative. Real time
PCR Qualitative and Quantitative. SNP based detection: Ligation assay by probe
ligation and amplification (e. g. MLPA). Sequencing based detection

Recommended Books:
1. Comprehensive Biotechnology by Moo-Young, Murray

2. Plant biotechnology In Agriculture : K. Lindsey and M.G.K. Jones (1990),

Prentice hall, New Jersey.
3. Agricultural Biotechnology by Arie Altman. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 270 Madison
Avenue, New. York, USA. 1998. 770 pp
4. Transgenic Plants Vol. 1 & 2 : S-d. Kung and R. Wu (1993), Academic Press,
San Diego
5. Nano Materials by A k Bandyopadhyay, New age International Publisher
6. Plant Cell Culture, Advances in Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology.
Anderson, L.A.,
7. Human Molecular Genetics. Strachan & Read. 3rd Edition.

8. Genetic Engineering and its applications. (2004) 2/e, Joshi. P: Agrobios, India

82
9. Gene Cloning and DNA analysis: An introduction, (2006) 5/e . T. A. Brown,
Black Well Publishing Company.

10. Principles of Gene Manipulation; S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman & R. W. old;

Blackwell Science, 6th Edition (2001).

83
MTI - 606 COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY I 40 hrs

UNIT 1: Molecular basis of evolution 03

Evolutionary tree of life,Mechanism of evolution, Structure and Functions of
Genes, Mutational Changes of DNA sequences

UNIT 2: Evolutionary Change of Amino acid Sequences 05

Amino acid Differences and proportion of different Amino acids, Poisson
Correlation Gamma Distances, Bootstrap variances and Covariances, Amino acid
substitution Matrix, Mutation rate and substitution rate

UNIT 3: Evolutionary change of DNA sequences 05

Nucleotide differences Between sequences, Estimation of the number of
nucleotide substitutions, Sequence alignment and evolutionary distances,
Evolutionary significance of genetic polymorphism

UNIT 4: Phylogenetic Trees 03

Types of Phylogenetics trees, Topological differences, Tree building Methods

UNIT 5: Distance based tree building methods 06

UPGMA, Least Squares methods, Minimum evolution methods, Neighbor joining

UNIT 6 : Character based tree building methods 06

Strategies of searching for MP trees, Weighted Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood
Methods, Computational procedure of ML methods, Protein likelihood methods,
Parameter estimation for a given topology

UNIT7: Phylogenetic information analysis 07

Phylogenetic information and the need for a phylogenetic database, The Tree of
Life Web Project, Tree pattern matching in phylogenetic trees, Automatic search

84
 for orthologs or paralogs, BranchClust: A phylogenetic algorithm for selecting
gene families, Phyutility: a phyloinformatics tool for trees, alignments and
molecular data, Phylofinder- A search engine for tree databases

UNIT 8: Statistical analysis and test of phylogenetic trees 05

Topological error and test of topological differences, Interior branch test and
Bootstrap analysis, Advantages and disadvantages of tree building methods

Recommended Books:
1. Molecular evolution and phylogenetics, Masatoshi Nei and Sudhir Kumar, ISBN-
13: 978-0195135855, Oxford University Press India

2. The Phylogenetic Handbook: A Practical Approach to DNA and Protein

Phylogeny, Marco Salemi and Anne-Mieke Vandamme, ISBN-13: 978-
0521803908, Cambridge University Press India Private Limited

3. Proteomics: Theory and Practice, Gomase VS and Chikhale NJ, Himalaya

Publication House

4. Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics, E. O.

Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-471-05975-2, John Wiley & Sons India Pte. Ltd.

5. Bioinformatics: Theory and Practice, Chikhale NJ and Gomase VS,

ISBN:978−81−8318−831−9, Himalaya Publication House

6. Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach, Roderick D.M. Page and Edward

C. Holmes, ISBN-13: 978-0865428898, John Wiley & Sons India Pte. Ltd.

7. Computational in Phylogenetic Analysis, Arun Jagota and Majid Masso, ISBN-

13: 978-0970029768, The Bay Press.

8. Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic

Acids, Richard Durbin and Sean R. Eddy, ISBN-13: 978-0521629713, Cambridge
University Press India Private Limited.

85
Practical I
1. Introduction to plant tissue culture laboratory and equipments
2. Preparation of plant tissue culture media
3. Establish the cultures from suitable explants to demonstrate various pathways of
micropropagation:
Axillary shoot bud proliferation
In vitro adventitious shoot bud differentiation
Callus induction and callus organogenesis
4. Inoculate the tissue culture raised shoots on suitable medium for in vitro and ex
vitro rooting
5. Hardening and acclimatization of in vitro raised rooted shoots
6. Encapsulate the shoot buds/ seeds to demonstrate the production of synthetic
seeds
7. Perform anther culture to demonstrate the production of haploid plants
8. Perform meristem culture to demonstrate the production of virus-free plants
9. Effect of plant growth regulators on callus induction : effect of harmone variation
: effect of charcoals
10. Embryo Culture

86
Practical II
1. DNA amplification using PCR: RAPD, Single locus
2. Ligation of vector and foreign DNA using Kit
3. Cloning of ligated product or PCR product in the host bacterium
4. Separation and isolation of PCR product on/from agarose gel
5. Transfer of DNA fragments from agarose gel to nylon membrane and
detection using chemiluminence (Southern blot)
6. Detection of genetic variation among the DNA using RFLP
7. Isolation and identification of microorganisms causing respiratory tract
infection
8. Isolation and identification of microorganisms causing gastrointestinal tract
infection
9. Isolation and identification of microorganisms causing urinary tract infection

10. Antibiotic Sensitivity tests using disc, cup and ditch method
11. Qualitative / quantitative Widal and VDRL tests

87
MTI - 701 ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1 : Introduction to animal cell culture 05

Historical Background. In-vitro and in-vivo cell metabolism. In-vitro growth
promoting factors : Physiological and nutritional factors, Growth factors [EGF,
FGF, PDGF, NGF, IGF, CSF, Erythropoietin], Hormones

UNIT 2 : Prerequisites of cell culture 05

Balanced salt solution. Media for culturing cells and tissues – Natural,
Artificial. Sterilization procedures. Bioethical issues related to animal
biotechnology

UNIT 3 : Establishment of Cultures and their maintenance 08

Initiation of primary cultures from anchorage dependant and non- anchorage
dependant cells. Routine maintenance of cultured cells. Detection and
prevention of contamination. Established cell lines- origin and properties and
cell-transformation. Commonly used cell lines- origin and characteristics. Organ
Cultures

UNIT 4 : Analysis of cell growth 03

Growth kinetics of primary and established cultures. Characterization of cell
lines. Measurement of cell death in-vitro

UNIT 5 : Specialized culture techniques 05

In-vitro generation of lymphocytes from embryonic stem cells. Isolation and
culture of skeletal muscle myofibres as means to analyze satellite cells.
Artificial Skin. Culture of human and rat Schwann cells. Long-term
preservation of animal cells/ cell lines.

88
UNIT 6 : Scaling up of animal cells 02
Bioreactors for monolayer cultures. Bioreactors for suspension cultures.
Immobilized cultures - Immurement cultures, Entrapment cultures

UNIT 7 : Applications of animal biotechnology 06

Use of cell culture for production of a regulatory protein. Use of cell culture for
production of a hormone (e.g. Insulin). Use of cell culture for production of
vaccines. Cell hybridization and human hybridization. Use of cell culture in
drug targeting and drug toxicity analysis. Transplantation of cultured cells

UNIT 8 : Stem cell Biotechnology 03

Types and characteristics of stem cells. Culture conditions/equipments essential
for embryonic stem cell cultures. Use of stem cell cultures for treatment of
genetic disorders

UNIT 9 : Transgenic animals 03

Methods of transgenesis. Vectors involved. Biopharmaceutical applications of
transgenic animals.

Recommended books :
1. C. Helgasson; Basic cell culture protocols, 3rd edition, Human press
2. E. D. Rang, H.P. Dale, M.M. Ritter; Pharmacology, 5th edition
3. J. Mather and d. Barnes; Animal cell culture methods, Elsevier, vol 57
4. J.R.W. Masters; Animal Cell Culture- A practical approach, Oxford university
press
5. J. Paul Basic Protocols in cell and tissue culture
6. M. Butler; Animal cell technology-Principles and products, Open University press
7. M. Butler and M. Dawson, Cell culture lab fax, Bios scientific Pvt. Ltd.
8. M. Cylnes; Animal cell culture techniques, Springer Verlag
9. M.M. Young; Animal Biotechnology, Pergamon press, Oxford

89
10. N. Jenkins; Animal cell biotechnology-Methods and protocols, Human Press
11. R.I. Freshney; Culture of animal cells: A manual of basic techniques, John Wiley
and sons, 4th edition.

90
MTI - 702 NEUROBIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE 40 hrs

UNIT 1 : Overview of the Nervous system and anatomy of the Nervous system 02

UNIT 2: Introduction to Neurobiology 04

The neuron. Electrophysiology of the Neuron. Electrical signals. Membrane
permeability. Channels and pumps. Synaptic transmission. Neurotransmitter-
neurotransmitter receptors and their effects. Synaptic plasticity.

UNIT 3 : Modulation of movement 02

Construction of Neural Circuits. Modification of Brain Circuits.

UNIT 4 : Electrical Signaling and Neurons communication 06

Electrical Signaling within the Neuron. The chemical senses. Spinal cord
circuits and motor control. Descending control of spinal cord circuitry.
Introduction to Synaptic transmission. Synaptic integration & Modulation.
Neurotransmitters and their release.

UNIT 5 : Neurophysiology and Cognition 02

Sensory Systems, Motor Systems

UNIT 6 : Study of Behaviour 02

Various approaches, innate behaviour, learned behaviour
UNIT 7 : Core Competency and Building Positive Attitude 05
Self confidence, Self image. Meaning and nature of attitude. Components and
Types of attitude. Importance and relevance of attitude

UNIT 8 :Thinking as a tool for Problem Solving and Plan of Action 05

What is thinking: The Mind/Brain/Behavior. Critical Thinking and Learning.
Making Predictions and Reasoning. Construction of POA. Monitoring.
Reviewing and analyzing the outcome.

91
UNIT 9 : Creative Thinking 03

Definition and meaning of creativity. The nature of creative thinking -

Convergent and Divergent thinking, Idea generation and evaluation (Brain
Storming).

UNIT 10 : Interpersonal Relationship Development 03

Importance of Interpersonal Relationships. Interpersonal Relationships Skills.

Impression Management:Meaning & Components of Impression Management.
Impression Management Techniques(Influencing Skills)

UNIT 11 : Teams 03

Meaning and nature of teams. External and internal factors effecting team.
Leadership- styles in organization, Leadership in Teams

UNIT 12 : Managing Personal Effectiveness 03

Setting goals to maintain focus. Dimensions of personal effectiveness ( self

disclosure, openness to feedback and perceptiveness). Time management.
Identifying long-term goals.

Recommended Books:
1. Neurobiology:Molecules,Cell and Systems.(second-edition),
GaryG.Matthews,Blackwell Science.
2. Vangelist L. Anita, Mark N. Knapp, Inter Personal Communication and Human
Relationships: Third Edition.
3. Bates, A. P. and Julian, J.: Sociology - Understanding Social Behaviour.
4. Phil Lowe Koge Page: Creativity and Problem Solving.

92
5. Dick, Mc Cann & Margerison, Charles: Team Management, 1992 Edition.
6. Geoff Petty: How to be better at creativity?
7. Organizational Behaviour, Davis, K.

93
MTI - 703 CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 40 hrs

UNIT 1 : Laboratory principles and instrumentation in clinical biochemisty 02

Automation-instrumental concepts, chemical reaction phase, measurement,
approaches, selection of instruments. Quality assurance-control of pre-analytical
variables, control of analytical variables, external and internal quality control
measurements. Collection and preservation of biological specimen such as
blood, urine, CSF, bile, saliva and faeces.

UNIT 2 : Body fluids 10

Blood-composition cells,anticoagulants,blood clotting (extrinsic and intrinsic),
disorders of blood –anemias, haemoglobinopathies, agranulocytosis,
thrombocytopenia, haemostatis and thrombosis. Total and differential count of
WBC’s, RBC counting ,prothrombin time hematocrit. Urine-normal and
abnormal constituents. CSF, ascitic fluid, lymph-chemistry, composition,
function.

UNIT 3 : Disorders of acid base balance and minerals 05

Acidosis, alkalosis, hyper and hypocalcimeia, hypo and hyper natremia, hypo
and hyperkalemia,

UNIT 4 : Hormonal disturbances 08

Protein hormones-anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary hormones, steroid
hormones-adrenocortial steroids, reproductive hormones.

UNIT 5 : Organ function tests 15

Assessment and clinical manifestations of renal,hepatic,thyroid,
pancreatic,gastric and intestinal functions. Bilirubin metabolism. Clinical
presentation and diagnosis of various organ diseases. Prenatal detection of

94
 inborn errors of metabolismin the foetus and and the heterozygous carriers by
enzyme assays in amniotic fluid, plasma cells and biopsy specimens.

Recommended Books:
1. Practical Biochemistry-Plummer,D,3rd Edn.,Tata McGraw Hill publishing Co.,1988
2. Laboratory Manual of Biochemistry-Jayaraman J,New age international
publication,1981.
3. Practical Biochemisty-Swahney, Singh, Narosa Publication,2005.
4. Practical Clinical Biochemistry-Varley;H,CBS publications

95
MTI – 704 FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 40 hrs

UNIT 1 : Introduction to Food Science 02

Dimensions of food science, Food processing Industry, Food Science education

UNIT 2 : Food components 08

Role of carbohydrates in foods, Role of lipids in foods, Role of proteins in foods
and food enzymes, Importance of water in food, water activity and shelf-life of
food, Food pigments and colours, Vitamins and Minerals in food

UNIT 3 : Microorganisms in foods 09

Microbial growth pattern, physical and chemical factors influencing microbial
growth, Types of micro- organisms associated with food- Bacteria, Mold, Yeast.
Biochemical changes caused by micro-organisms,deterioration of various types
of food products. Food poisoning and microbial toxins

UNIT 4 : Food Processing 06

Scope and importance of food processing: national and international
perspectives.Principles and methods of food preservation - Heat Preservation,
Refrigeration & Freezing, Dehydration/ Concentration, Radiation processing,
Canning, Fermentation

UNIT 5 : Food Products 08

Milk product processing – cream, butter, cheese, cheese spread, condensed
milk, evaporated milk, whole and skimmed milk powder, ice-cream, paneer,
dairy based beverages, yoghurt and whey products. Technology of meat, fish
and poultry products – aging, pickling and smoking of meat. Canning, smoking
freezing and dehydration of fish. Preservation of nutritive value and functional
properties of eggs by different methods. Technology of bread, biscuits and
cakes. Preparation of fruit and fresh juices, syrups, jams, jellies, pickles and

96
 vinegar production. Processing of tea, coffee and cocoa. Process of making
protein isolates and concentrates.

UNIT 6 : Food biotechnology 07

Applications of genetics to food production. Methods of molecular cloning.
Immobilization of microbial and cultured plant cells.Industrial production of
pectinase, amino acids, vitamins, proteases, amylase, single cell protein.
Production of food flavour and colour. Regulatory and social aspects of
biotechnology of foods.

Recommended books :
1. Bender, A.E. 1978. Food Processing and Nutrition. Academic Press, London.

2. Fellow, P. and Ellis H. 1990. Food Processing Technology: Principles and

Practice, New York.

3. Jelen, P. 1985. Introduction to Food Processing. Prentice Hall, Reston Virginia,

USA.

4. Jay J.M. 1986. Modern Food Microbiology. 3rd Edn. VNR, New York.

5. Birch, G.G., Cameron, A.G. and spencer, M. 1986. Food Science, 3rd Ed.
Pergamon Press, New York.

6. Fannema, O.R. Ed. 1976. Principles of Food Science: Part- 1 Food Science.
Marcel Dekker, New York.

7. Meyer, L.H. 1973. Food Chemistry. East- West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

8. Scicharow, S. and Griffin, R.C. 1970. Food Packaging. AI, Westport.

9. Crueger, W. and Crueger A. 1984. Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial

Microbiology. Science Tech. Madison, USA.

10. Knorr, D. 1982. Food Biotechnology. Macel Dekker, New York.

97
11. Early, R. (1998) The Technology of Diary Products. Blackie Academic and
Professional, London.

12. Byong H. Lee (1996) Fundamentals of Food Biotechnology, VCH Publishers,

NY.

13. Dey, S. (1994) Outline sof Dairy Technology, Oxford University Press, New
Delhi.

14. Srivastava, R. P. and Kumar, S. (1998) Fruit and Vegetable Preservation:

Principles and Practices, 2nd Ed. International Book Distributing Co. Lucknow.

98
MTI – 705 MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS 40 hrs

UNIT 1 : Introduction 02
Introduction to pathogenesis, components of microbial pathogenicity,
epidemiology

UNIT 2 : Host defenses I 02

Host defense against pathogens, clinical importance of understanding host
defense, body’s first line of defense like skin and mucosal membranes, special
defenses of mucosal membranes, eyes, intestinal tract, urinogenital tract.

UNIT 3 : Host defenses II 03

Defense of tissue and blood, cellular defenses (defensive cells, phagocytes and
phagocytosis, inflammation; acute and chronic, repair and regeneration).

UNIT 4 : Host- pathogen interaction 04

Virulence and virulence factors, colonising virulence factors, virulence factors
damaging the host tissues, virulence genes and regulation of the virulence
genes.

UNIT 5 : Experimental methods 04

Experimental methods to study host-pathogen interaction, selecting the
pathogen model, measurement of virulence, identification of potential virulence
factors

UNIT 6 : Vaccines and other approaches to modulation of immune response 02

Modulation of immune response by vaccines, properties of vaccines, other
immuno modulators, action of antibiotics and bacterial resistance.

UNIT 7 : Study of pathogenesis at molecular level 14

Diphtheria: virulence factors, regulation of toxin production, treatment and

99
 prevention. S aureus and S pyogenes : scarlet fever and toxic shock syndrome.
Disease without colonization: Clostridium botulinum, C. perfringens and
Staphylococcus aureus. Intestinal infections, Shigella and E. coli infections;
Vibrio cholera, Salmonella infections; Whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis),
E. coli urinary tract infections, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, fungal infections.

UNIT 8 : Future challenges 11

Gastric and duodenal ulcers - are they due to infections? Lyme disease and
Syphilis - unsolved mystery. Legionnaires disease. Tuberculosis, reemergence
of resistant strains. Rheumatic fever and glomerulo nephritis - still a question to
be solved.

Recommended books:
1. Iglewski B.H and Clark V.L " Molecular basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis ",
Academic Press, 1990.
2. Talaro K. and Talaro A. " Foundations in Microbilogy ", W.C Brown Publishers,
1993.
3. Roitt I, “Essentials of Immunology, 8 th edition ", Blackwell Scientific Publishers,
1994.
4. Janeway C.A Jr.and Travers P.T. " Immunobiology ", Blackwell Scientific
Publishers, 1994.
5. Austyn J.M and Wood K.J “Principles of Cellular and Molecular Immunology ",
Oxford University Press, 1993.
6. Abigail Salyers and Dixie Whitt. “Bacterial Pathogenesis, a molecular approach”
7. Cedric Mims. “Medical Microbiology”
8. Barbara Bannister, “Infectious Disease”

100
MTI - 706 COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY - II 40 hrs

UNIT 1 : Biodiversity I
Introduction to biodiversity informatics: concept and the rapid development,
biological databases, molecular database, taxonomic databases and biodiversity
database.

UNIT 2 : Biodiversity data

Forms,, Categories, Usage, Taxonomic Database Working Group (TDWG)
standards, compatibility and interpretability, taxonomically intelligent systems.

UNIT 3 : Biodiversity analytical tools

Introductory Geographical Information system (GIS), models, bioclimatic and
genetic algorithms for rule set production modeling Statistical analyses,
Temporal analyses,Spatial analyses, biodiversity hotspot analyses.

UNIT 4 : Applications of Informatics in Biodiversity

Systematic, Biogeography and evolution (binomial species naming and
classification, description, taxonomy keys and phylogenetics data, sampling and
observation data and spices distribution),spatial distribution of organisms
(Software applications for the analysis of territoriality, correlations of
population and ecological factors, statistical analysis of biocommunities),
Behavioral analysis, management of biological collections, metadata
management, visualization, knowledge networking, data mining. The
application of biodiversity data from non-experts: uncertainty analysis,
reasoning with incomplete information, automatic summarization.

101
Recommended Books:

1. Atkinson, P.M. and Tate, N.J. (Eds.) 1999 Advances in remote sensing and GIS
analysis., Wiley, New York
2. Gunther,O. 1998 Enviornmental Information Systems. Berlin, New York,
Springer.
3. Pankhurst, R.J.1981 Practical taxonomic computing. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, U.K.
4. Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S. Kellogg, E. A., Stevens, P.F. and Donoghue, M. J.
(2002) Plant Systematic: A phylogenetic Approach, 2nd., Sinauer Assocuiates,
Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, U. S. A.
5. Nordenstam, B, El Gazaly, G. and Kassas, M. 2000 plant systematics for 21st
Century. Porltand Press Ltd., London. 13
6. Design for a Global Plant Species Information System (Bisby, F. A., Russel, G. F.
Nad Pankhurst, R. J. )1993.
7. Taxonomic Database Working Group Standards (Cook, F.E. M.)1995

102
Practical I
12. Lab design, sterilization procedures, media preparation for ATC and
cryopreservation
13. Primacy culture from chick embryo
14. Characterization of cell line
15. Isolation and cultivation of lymphocytes
16. Estimation of microbial load in milk by spc and Dye reduction tests (MBRT,
RRT)
17. Isolation and enumeration of lactic acid bacteria from various foods
18. Sugar and alcohol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
19. MIC of antibiotic by tube method and agar dilution method
20. Alcohol estimation by dichromate method
21. Extraction and estimation of pectinases (clarification of fruit juices)
22. Estimation of Vitamin C. by DNPH method

103
Practical II

1. Study of Databases and Data retrieval.

2. Database Similarity Search BLAST AND FASTA PROGRAMS.
3. PSI/ PHI -BLAST
4. Multiple sequences Alignment using ClustalW.
5. Phylogenetic Analysis using Clustalw and Phylip software.
6. Profile Analysis, Motif searching against Motif databases.
7. Rasmol (3D structure visualisation)
8. Protein Manipulation using SPDBV
9. Introduction to modeller
10. Homology modelling using modeller, and swiss model
11. UNIX Commands
12. Different versions of Linux

104
MTI - 801 BIOPHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY 40 hrs

UNIT 1 : Absorption and Distribution 09

Absorption of Drugs, Mechanisms of Drug Absorption, Physiochemical Factors
of Drug Absorption, Distribution of Drugs, Tissue permeability of Drugs,
Protein Binding of Drugs, Tissue Binding, Factor Affecting protein Binding,
Drug Interaction.

UNIT 2 : Biotransformation and Elimination 09

Biotransformation of Drugs, Phase I Reaction, Phase II Reaction, Factor
Affecting Biotransformation of Drugs, Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity,
Prodrugs, Enhancement of Bioavailability, Reduction to Toxicity, Renal
Excretion of Drugs, Factor Affecting Renal Excretion of Drugs, Non-renal
Routes of Drugs Excretion.

UNIT 3 : Pharmacokinetics Drug Interactions 09

Mechanism of Drug interactions, Plasma Drug Concentrations, Order of
Reaction, Pharmacokinetic Methods, Compartment Modeling, Multi-
Compartment Modeling, Nonlinear Pharmacokinetic, Estimation of Km and
Vmax.

UNIT 4 : Bioavailability and Bioequivalence 09

Measurement of Bioavailability, Plasma Level Time Studies, Acute
pharmacologic Response, In Vitro Drug Dissolution Studies, Bioequivalence
Studies, Enhancement of Bioavailability, Designing of Dosage Regimens,
Monitoring Drug Therapy, Application of Pharmacokinetics,

UNIT 5 : Controlled Release Medication 09

Drug Concentration, Therapeutic Concentration Range, Concentration Response
Relationship, Design of Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Drug Release
Pattern, Oral Controlled Release Systems, Parenteral Controlled Release

105
 Systems, Transdermal Controlled Release Systems, Ophthalmic Controlled
Release Systems, Intrauterine and Intravaginal Drug Delivery Systems,
Controlled Release Formulation.

Recommended books:
1. Biopharmaceuticals, S.N. Jogdand, ISBN:81-8318-620-3, Himalaya Publication
House

2. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, G.R. Chatwal, ISBN:81-7866-631-6,

Himalaya Publication House

3. Advanced Technologies in Biopharmaceutical Processing, Roshni Dutton and

Jeno Scharer, ISBN: 978-0-8138-0517-7, John Wiley and Sons India Pte. Ltd.

4. Modern Biopharmaceuticals: Design, Development and Optimization, Jörg

Knäblein, ISBN: 978-3-527-31184-2, John Wiley and Sons India Pte. Ltd.

5. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics: A Treatise, DM Brahmankar and Sunil

B Jaiswal, ISBN:818573039, Vallabh Prakashan

6. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, K. Sambamurthy and Ashutosh Kar, ISBN : 978-

81-224-1911-5, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers

7. Pharmaceutical Engineering, K. Sambamurthy, ISBN : 978-81-224-1169-0, New

Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers

8. Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis, Ashutosh Kar, ISBN : 978-81-224-1674-9, New

Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers

9. Biopharmaceuticals: Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gary Walsh, ISBN: 978-0-

470-84327-7, John Wiley and Sons India Pte. Ltd.

106
MTI - 802 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1 : Environmental Biotechnology: Vision and Development 02

Biodiversity, ecology. Pollution control. Agriculture. Bioenergy

UNIT 2 : Biodiversity and Ecology 05

Biosphere. Ecosystem. Natural cycles (Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus, Sulfur).
Energy flow.

UNIT 3 : Environmental Pollution and Control 16

Water pollution. Sources of pollutants. Waste water processing. Advanced
waste water treatment in different industries (Brewery, Petroleum, paper and
pulp). Soil pollution. Sources of pollutants. Bioremediation - In-situ (intrinsic,
genetically engineered), Ex-situ (solid phase treatment slurry phase treatment,
vermicomposting). Air pollution - Sources of pollutants, Removal and control.
Hazardous waste management - Physical treatment, Chemical treatment,
Biological treatment. Xenobiotic compounds and their degradation -
Characteristics of xenobiotic compounds, Examples of xenobiotic compounds,
Mechanism of degradation

UNIT 4 : Environmental Impact Assessment 03

Need and objectives of EIA. Factors involved in EIA. Environmental attributes.
Methods of EIA - Ad-hoc, Overlay, Network, Matrix, Checklist, Cost benefit,
limitations and problems of EIA

UNIT 5 : Global Warming and Green House Effect 02

Reasons for global warming. Technique of Green house effect. Applications of
Green house effect

107
UNIT 6 : Agricultural Biotechnology 08
Pesticides - Insecticides- types, mode of action and applications, Herbicides-
types, mode of action and applications, Fungicides- types, mode of action and
applications. Biopesticides - B. thuringensis- mode of action and applications,
Viral pesticides- example, mode of action and applications, Neem pesticides-
mode of action and applications. Biofertilizers - Nitrogen fixing organisms-
example, mode of action and applications, Phosphorus solublising organisms-
example, mode of action and applications. Genetically modified organisms –
Need, Application, Stress tolerant plants

UNIT 7 : Bioenergy 03
Renewable sources of energy. Biomass as a source of energy. Energy crops –
Production, Applications

UNIT 8 : Integrated Environmental Management (overview) 01

Recommended Books:

1. Environmental Biotechnology; M. H. Fulekar; Oxford & IBH Publishing Company pvt

ltd; 1st edition
2. Environmental Biotechnology; Dilipkumar Markandey; APH Publishing Corporation;
1st Edition
3. Environmental Biotechnology: theory and applications; G. Evans & J. Furlong; Wiley
& Sons pvt ltd; 1st edition
4. Textbook of Environmental Engineering; P. Venugopal Rao; PHI pvt ltd; 1st edition
5. Environmental Biotechnology; Alan Sragg; Oxford University Press; 2nd edition
6. Biotechnology; B. D. Singh; Kalyani Publications; 1st edition
7. Water and Waste Water Technology; Hammer & Hammer Jr.; PHI pvt ltd; 4th edition
8. Green House Technology for controlled Environment; G N Tiwary; Narosa Publishing
House; 1stedition

108
MTI - 803 CANCER AND STRESS BIOLOGY 40 hrs

UNIT 1 : Fundamentals of cancer biology 01

Characteristics of cancer cells, different forms of cancers, diet and cancer.

UNIT 2 : Principles of carcinogenesis 02

Environmental factors, Physical (UV and X-Ray radiation) and chemical
carcinogens and their mode of action, Role of viruses in cancer.

UNIT 3 :Genetics of cancer 10

Oncogenes: Oncogenes/Proto Oncogene activity, Regulation of Cell cycle,
mutations in signalling molecules, effects on cell receptors, signal switches,
Identification of Oncogenes, Retroviruses and Oncogenes, Tumor suppressor
genes, their role in signal transduction and apoptosis modulation of cell cycle in
cancer, oncogene and tumor suppressor models

UNIT 4 : Principles of cancer metastasis 08

Clinical significances of invasion, hetrogeneity of metastatic phenotype,
Metastatic cascade, Basement Membrane distruption, Three step theroy of
Invasion, Proteinases and tumour cell invasion.

UNIT 5 : New molecules for cancer therapy 08

Different forms of therapy, Chemotherapy, radition Therapy, kinases as targets,
GTPases as targets, cdk inhibitors, metabolic inactivation and detoxification of
cancer drugs.

109
UNIT 6 : 02
Detection of Cancers, Prediction of aggressiveness of Cancer, Advances in
Cancer detection, RNA expression profiling in cancers, genome wide search for
mutation in cancer.

UNIT 7 : Stress and cellular functions 06

Stress definition and terms, Response and adaptation toward stress.
Regulation of the Stress Response from Prokayotic Models to Mammalian
Cells, Chaperones and Proteases: Guardians of Protein integrity in Eukaryotic
Organelles, Hypoxia and Stress, Endoplasmic reticulum Stress, Variation in
Stress Responses within a Bacterial Species and the Indirect cause of Stress
resistance.

UNIT 8 : Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer 03

Stress in plants: Different types of stresses, mechanism of stress response, role
of phytohormones in plants response to stress.

Recommended Books:
1. Grace, JIO Ford and PG jorvis 1980- plants & their atmospheric environment-
Blackwell publishers
2. Jacksen M.B. Black C.R. 1993 interacting stresses in plants in a changing climate.
Springer- Verlag, Berlin- Heidelbery- Newyork, London, Paris, Tokyo.
3. Abiotic stresses – M Asharaf, P.J. C. Harris editor
5. Cell Signalling 2nd Edition- John T. Hancock.
6. The Biochemistry of Cell Signalling-Ernst J. M. Helmreich.
7. The Oncogenomics Handbook- LaRochelle Shimkets.
8. Oncogenomics, Molecular approaches to cancer, Edited by Charles Brenner, David
Duggan.
9. Tumor suppressor genes in human cancer-David Fisher.

110
MTI - 804 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 40 hrs

UNIT 1 : Overview of Medicinal Chemistry 05

Drug Discovery from Natural Products. Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics in Drug Design. Molecular Modeling and Drug Design.
Receptors and Drug Action. Physicochemical and Biopharmaceutical Properties
of Drug.

UNIT 2 : Drugs Affecting Neurotransmission 10

Cholinergic Neurotransmission. Adrenergic Neurotransmission. Serotonin
Receptors and its Neurotransmission. Amino Acid Neurotransmitters. Local
Anesthetics. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors.

UNIT 3 : Drugs Affecting Central Nervous System 10

General Anesthetics. Sedative-Hypnotics. Antiseizure Drugs. Antidepressants.
Psychotherapeutics Drugs. Opioid Analgesis. Neuromuscular Disorder.

UNIT 4 : Drugs Affecting Cardiovascular System 10

Cardiac Agents. Diuretics. ACE-Inhibitors, Antagonists and Calcium Blockers.
Central and Peripheral Sympatholytics and Vasodilators. Drugs Affecting
Hormonal System. Insulin and oral Hypoglycemic Drug. Adrenocorticoids.
Estrogens, Progestins and Androgens. Thyroid Drugs.

UNIT 5 : Chemotherapeutics Agents 10

Antibiotics and Antimicrobials Agents. Antiparasitic Agents. Antifungal Drugs.
Antimycobacterial Agents. Cancer Chemotherapeutics. Antiviral Agents and
Protease Inhibitors.

111
Recommended Books:
1. Medicinal Chemistry: An Introduction, Gareth Thomas, ISBN: 978-0-470-02598-
7, John Wiley & Sons India Pte. Ltd.

2. Molecules and Medicine, E. J. Corey, Barbara Czakó, László Kürti, ISBN: 978-0-
470-22749-7, John Wiley & Sons India Pte. Ltd.

3. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas L Lemke and David A

Williams, ISBN-13: 9780781768795, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

4. Wilson & Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical

Chemistry, John Block and John M Beale, ISBN-13: 978-0781734813, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins

5. Pharmaceutical Chemistry- II, G.R.Chatwal, ISBN:978-81-8318-786-2, Himalaya

Publication House

6. Medicinal Chemistry, Sriram, ISBN:9788131700310, Pearson Education

7. Medicinal Chemistry, Ashutosh Kar, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers

8. Textbook Of Biochemistry And Human Biology, Talwar G.P., Srivastava L.M.,

ISBN:81-203-1965-6, Prentice-Hall of India

9. Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis, Ashutosh Kar, ISBN:9788122415827, New Age

International (P) Ltd., Publishers

112
MTI - 805 Functional genomics / High throughput Research Tools 40 hrs

UNIT 1 : Genomics 08
History of Genomics. The Genomics project. Biotechnology and Genomics in
Medicine. From Recombinant DNA to Molecular Medicine. The Human
Genome Project. Genomics and the Challenge of Infectious Disease. Analyzing
And Treating Genetic Diseases.

UNIT 2 : Transcriptomics 10
Introduction. History. The Human Transcriptome Project. Transcriptomics
Strategies. Transcriptomics Technologies. Applications.

UNIT : 3 Transgenomics 10
Introduction. History. Trans-NIH Mouse Initiatives. Transgenomics Strategies.
Transgenomics Technologies. Applications

UNIT 4 : Toxicogenomics 10
Introduction. History. The Human Toxicogenome Project. Toxicogenome
Strategies. Toxicogenome Technologies. Applications.

UNIT 5 : Proteomics 07
Introduction. History. Key Technologies. Prokaryotic Proteomics. Eukaryotic
Proteomics. Current Strategies. Applications

Recommended Books:
1. Genomics: Applications in Human Biology, Sandy B. Primrose, Richard
Twyman, ISBN: 978-1-4051-0819-5, Wiley-Blackwell.
2. Frontiers in Computational Genomics, Michael Y. Galperin and Eugene V.
Koonin, ISBN: 978-0-9542464-4-0, Caister Academic Press.

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3. The Dictionary of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics, Guenter Kahl,
ISBN: 978-3-527-32073-8, Wiley.
4. Transcriptomics, Somnath Tagore and Virendra S. Gomase, ISBN-10:
1848290217, Anshan Ltd & Ane Books India (April 2009).
5. Omics: An approach for drug targets, Virendra S. Gomase and Somnath Tagore,
Himalaya Publication Pvt.Ltd (May 2009).
6. Introduction to Proteomics: Tools for the New Biology, Daniel C. Liebler, ISBN:
0 89603-991-9, Totowa, NJ:Humana Press, Inc.
7. Proteomics- Theory and Practice, Gomase V.S. And Chikhale N.J., Himalaya
Publication House, India, 2008
8. An Introduction to Toxicogenomics, Michael E. Burczynski, ISBN: 0-8493-1334-
1, FL:CRC Press.

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MTI - 806 FRONTIERS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 40hrs

UNIT 1 : Stem cell technology 08

Introduction to concepts in stem cell biology (renewal, potency, etc.); definition
of terms; adult stem cells, Embryonic stem cells. Representative stem cell
types/organ system; Germ line stem cells, Neuronal stem cells, Muscle and bone
stem cells, Hematopoietic stem cells, Epithelial stem cells (skin, intestine,
breast), Prostate and breast stem cells (segue into cancer). Stem cells and
therapeutics. Ethical issues associated with stem cell technology.

UNIT 2 : Gene therapy 08

Overview of Gene Therapy - advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of gene
therapy, vectors in gene therapy. Adenovirus and Adeno-associated Virus
Mediated Gene Transfer - Herpes Virus-based Vectors, In vivo Gene Delivery
using HSV Vectors, Pox Virus-based Vectors, Retrovirus based vectors. Non-
viral Approaches to Gene Therapy - Gene therapy and clinical applications e.g.
cancer.

UNIT 3 : Design of SiRNA vectors and Gene silencing and Applications 02

UNIT 4 : Bioremediation and Phytoremediation 03

Bioremediation of petroleum. Bioremediation of pesticide contaminated soil.
Bioremediation of explosives. Biological treatment of metaliic pollutants and
organic pollutants.

UNIT 5 : Microarray Technology 06

Introduction to DNA microarray technology: design on glass slide, affymetric
microarray and detection data acquisition. Protein microarray: protein arrays
fabrication, principles and limitation, use and application in antigen-antibody
interactions, phage display libraries, etc. In vitro analysis of gene expression:

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 identification of differentially transcribed genes. Microarray technology
application in agricultural research.

UNIT 6 : SNP’s: Introduction, Features 04

Detection of SNP’s using agarose based and PCR based methods, SNP typing
using degenerate oligonucleotide primed – PCR – amplified products (DOP –
PCR).

UNIT 7 : Whole genome amplification 04

Introduction, whole genome amplification by primer-extension preamplification
PCR,Global amplification using SCOMP: method and approaches Multiple
displacement amplification of genomic DNA (MDA).

UNIT 8 : Other Development 06

For Nucleic acid variation detection: GOOD assay, FAFLP genotyping, QADAV
analysis. For Nucleic acid Quantization: Real-time – PCR, SAGE, REAPS,
Substractive hybridization. For Sequencing: pyrosequencing, octamers primed
cycle sequencing. PNA: Introduction, Synthesis, PNA beacons, PNA clamping,
production of PNA arrays.

Recommended Books:
1. Gene therapy for cancer-Hunt KK,Vorburger SA,Swisher SG,Humana
press,2007
2. Gene therapy and gene deliverypSchaffer DV,Zhou W,Springer publications
3. Stem cells Habndbook-Sell S,Humana Press.
4. Applied bioremediation and phytoremediation-Singh A,Ward OP,Springer
Publications.
5. Microarray Technology through Applications: Editor, Falcini F,2007, Taylor
and Francis group.
6. Protein Microarrays: Mark Schena Jones ad Barlett Publishers 2005

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7. A Biologists guide to analysis of DNA microarray data: Steek Knudsen, 2002,
Wiley-Liss, Wiley and sons, inc, Publication
8. Microarray: Gene Expression data Analysis: 2004, Causton Helen,
Quackerbush John, Brazma. Alvis., Blackweel Publishing.
9. Fnctional protein microarray in Drg discovery. 2007 Paul. F. Predki, CRC
Press.
10. PCR Technology: Current innovations: 2nd Edition, 2003, Griffin Hugh ad
Annette Griffin, CRC press
11. PCR: 2007, Hughes and Moody, The method express series, Scion Publishing
Limited
12. Whole genome Amplification: 2005, Hughes and R. Lasken, The Methods
Express series, Scion Publishing limited
13. Peptide Nucleic acids: Protocols and amplification: 2nd Edition 2004, Nielson
Peter British Library Cataloguing-in Publication

117
Practical I

1. Bioassay of Vitamin B12 - Effect of agar concentration, culture density,

Diffusion time
2. Bioassay of penicillin - Effect of agar concentration, culture density, Diffusion
time
3. Estimation of BOD of effluent water
4. Estimation of COD of effluent water
5. Waste water treatment- Removal of organic amines by peroxidases from
germinating soya seed.
6. Estimation of urea and uric acid from serum
7. Estimation of bilirubin and creatinine from serum
8. Estimation of serum cholesterol and glucose by GOD- POD
9. Estimation of SGOT and SGPT
10. Routine analysis of blood - RBC , WBC and Differential Count

118
Practical II
1. Prediction of secondary structure
2. Pair-wise alignment strategies
3. Multiple alignment strategies
4. Phylogenetic Analysis
5. Metabolic pathway analysis

119
MTI - 901 IPR, BIOSAFETY, BIOETHICS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
40hrs

UNIT 1 : IPR 17
General Overview of Intellectual Property Rights, WIPO, WTO, Trade Related
Intellectual Property Rights. Patent- Basic requirements of Patentability,
Patentable Subject Matter, Procedure For Obtaining Patent, Provisional and
Complete Specification. Copyright-Objectives of copyright , Rights conferred
by registration of copyright , Infringement of copyright. Trademarks-Basic
Principles of Trademark , Rights conferred by Registration of Trademark ,
Infringement of Trademark. Geographical Indications-Objectives of
Geographical Indications , Rights conferred , Infringement of Geographical
Indications , International Position , Indian Position, Bioprospecting and
Biopiracy.

UNIT 2 : Biosafety and Bioethics 11

Biosafety and Bioethics Management-Key to environmentally responsible use
of biotechnology. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, Ethical implications of
Biotechnological products and techniques. Contempory ethics of healthcare.
Ethical aspects of hazardous worte and toxic substance. Ethical aspects of
scientific publishing. Farmers rights, plant breedeis right.

UNIT 3 : Entrepreneurship 12
Need, scope and characteristics of entrepreneurship management of self and
understanding human behaviour, business ethics, performance appraisal, and
(SWOT) analysis. Market survey techniques - Criteria for the principles of
product selection and development. Elements of Marketing and Sales
Management - Nature of product and market strategy, Packaging and
advertising, After Sales Service, Pricing techniques. Financial institutions,
financial incentives, books of accounts and financial statements. Technical

120
 feasibility of the project, plant layout & process planning for the product,
Quality Control, Critical Path Method (CPM) and Project Evaluation Review
Techniques (PERT) as planning tools for establishing SSI.

Recommended Books:
1. Entrepreneurship: New Venture Creation, David H. Holt

2. Patterns of Entrepreneurship : Jack M. Kaplan

3. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management: C.B. Gupta, S.S. Khanka,

Sultan Chand

121
MTI – 902 NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 40 hrs

UNIT 1: Bionanotechnology-Introduction 08
Nanoscale, natural nanomachines, tools to make nanostructures.

UNIT 2 : Biomolecular design and biotechnology 04

Bio-molecular structure determination, molecular modeling, docking simulations

UNIT 3 : Structural principles of Bio-nanotechnology 08

Bimolecular structure and stability, protein folding, self-assembly and self
organization, molecular recognition and flexibility

UNIT 4 : Functional principles of bionanotechnology 06

Energetics, chemical transformation, biomaterials, bio-molecular motors, Traffic
across membrane, bio-molecular sensing, self-replication, ,machine phase bio-
nanotechnology, cell nanostructure interactions.

UNIT 5 : Applications 12
Designing nanomolecules, artificial self-assembly, quantum dots,
bionanoelectronics, nanocomputing, molecular motors, molecular design using
biomaterials, artificial life, hybrid materials, biosensors, nanomedicine,
nanopharmaceuticals, nanosensing.

UNIT 6 : Future prospects of nanotechnology 02

Recommended Books:

1. Bionanotechnology-Lessons from Nature- David S. Goodsell,

2. Nanobiotechnology—Concepts,applications and perspectives-Edited by
C.M.Niemeyer,C.A. Mirkin,Wiley –VCH Publications
3. Nanobiotechnology protocols-Sandra J .Rosenthal, David W. Wright.

122
4. Nanoiotecnology –Ilan Levy, Oded Shoseyov
5. Nanotechnology-Mark Ratner, Daniel Ratner.

123
MTI - 903 BIOTECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT 40hrs

UNIT 1: Project Management in Biotechnology 23

Basic concepts and definations, steps in hi-tech BT-projects, Goal setting and
establishing milestones for BT projects, Network analysis and generic quantitative
techniques, Monitoring of project progress through self and peer assessment,
Fundamentals of time value of money and cost management, Holistic approach to
projects-technical and non technical dimensions, Planning communication-
technical and non technical in projects management, Organization, coordination,
integration of different activities in the project

UNIT 2: Regulatory affairs in Biotechnology 10

US regulatory authority, rules regulations, Europe regulatory authority, rules
regulations, Compliance for Export.

UNIT 3: Concept of GLP and GMP 07

Different GLP and GMP practices across US and Europe

Recommended Books:

1. Best Practices in Biotechnology Business Development: Valuation, Licensing,

Cash Flow, Pharmacoeconomics, Market Selection, Communication, and
Intellectual Property by Yali Friedman
2. Building Biotechnology: Business, Regulations, Patents, Law, Politics, Science
by Yali Friedman
3. Building Biotechnology: Starting, Managing, and Understanding
Biotechnology Companies - Business Development, Entrepreneurship, Careers,
Investing, Science, Patents and Regulations by Yali Friedman
4. The Business of Biotechnology by Yali Friedman
5. Best Practices in Biotechnology Education by Yali Friedman

124
6. Pocket Biotech Industry Primer by Yali Friedman
7. Project Management- Managerial approach by Jack R. Merediph, willey India
ltd.

125
MTI - 904 PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION, MODELING AND DESIGN
40hrs

UNIT 1 : Principle of Drug Action 07

Basic Principles Drug Action, Drug Interactions. Pharmacodynamics and
Pharmacokinetics. Drug Metabolism. Drug Evaluation and Regulation.
Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology. Cholinoceptor-Activating and
Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs. Cholinoceptor Blockers and Cholinesterase
Regenerators. Sympathomimetics, Adrenoceptor Blockers.

UNIT 2 : Cardiovascular and Bronchodilators 07

Cardiovascular Drugs. Diuretic Agents. Histamine, Serotonin, and the Ergot
Alkaloids. Vasoactive Peptides. Prostaglandins and Eicosanoids. Nitric Oxide,
Donors, and Inhibitors. Bronchodilators

UNIT 3 : CNS 07
Drugs That Act in the Central Nervous System. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs,
Alcohols. Antiseizure Drugs. General Anesthetics, Local Anesthetics. Drugs
Used in Parkinsonism & Other Movement Disorders. Antipsychotic Drugs &
Lithium, Antidepressants. Opioid Analgesics & Antagonists. Drugs of Abuse

UNIT 4 : NSAIDS and Hormones 07

Agents Used in Anemia and Hematopoietic Growth Factors. Drugs Used in
Coagulation Disorders. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Hyperlipidemias.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones.
Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs. Corticosteroids and Antagonists. Gonadal
Hormones and Inhibitors. Pancreatic Hormones, Antidiabetic Agents and
Hyperglycemic Drugs. Drugs that Affect Bone Mineral Homeostasis

126
UNIT 5: Chemotherapeutic Agents 07
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics and Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors. Aminoglycosides.
Antimycobacterial Drugs, Antifungal Agents. Antiviral Chemotherapy and
Prophylaxis. Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, Antiprotozoal Drugs. Anthelmintic
Drugs. Cancer Chemotherapy. Immunopharmacology. Vaccines, Immune
Globulins, and Complex Biologic Products. Vitamins, Heavy Metals and
Chelating Agents

UNIT 6 : Modeling Methods 05

MO Theory. Empirical Methods. Geometric Optimization. Conformational
Space-searching Algorithms and FEP. Global minimum problem. Simulated
Annealing. Dynamic Monte Carlo Simulation. Docking simulations of host-
guest complexes

UNIT 7 : AI-based drug design support system 05

The Castlemaine Project. Role of AI techniques in Castlemaine project. Various
Computational methods for drug design. Expert Systems. Computer Languages
for AI applications. QSAR and Multivariate QSAR

Recommended books :
1. Medical Pharmacology at a Glance, Michael J. Neal, ISBN: 978-1-4051-3360-9,
John Wiley and Sons India Pvt. Ltd.
2. Pharmacology: From Drug Development to Gene Therapy, Robert A. Meyers,
ISBN: 978-3-527-32343-2, John Wiley and Sons India Pvt. Ltd.
3. Essentials of Pharmacotherapeutics, Barar FSK, ISBN: 8121904447, S Chand &
Company Ltd
4. Current Trends in Pharmacology, Arunabha Ray and Kavita Gulati,
ISBN:8188237779, I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd
5. The Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine, John P. Griffin, New Age
International (P) Ltd., Publishers

127
6. An Introduction to Drug Design, S.N. Pandeya, ISBN : 978-81-224-0943-7, New
Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
7. Medical Pharmacology at a Glance, M.J. Neal, New Age International (P) Ltd.,
Publishers
8. Katzung and Trevor's Review of Pharmacology, Anthony Trevor, Bertram
Katzung, Susan Masters, ISBN13: 9780071488693, McGraw-Hill
9. Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications, Charles R Craig and Robert E
Stitzel, ISBN-13: 978-0-7817-3762-3, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
10. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, ISBN-10: 0-7817-7155-2,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
11. Molecular Modelling and Drug Design, J. G. Vinter, Mark Gardner, ISBN-13:
978-0849377723, CRC presss.

128
MTI - 905 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 40 hrs

UNIT 1 : Database system concept 08

DBMS, ER Diagram, Types of the Database system, Data Normalization- 1NF,
2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF . Multi User Environment and Data Security,
Levels of authority, Access rights and permission, Service levels, Recovery
Concepts, Recovery Techniques, Performance Tuning, Query optimisation,
Back-up procedures, Properties of Transactions, Concurrency issues, ACID,
Locking.

UNIT 2 : Basic concepts of pl/sql 08

Types of SQL: DDL, DML, DCL. Store Procedures, Triggers Views,
Materialized Views in DW, Indexes, Integrity constraints, SQL for Aggregation
in Data Warehouses, Case study for database development system, Overview of
the query execution and database architecture

UNIT 3 : Data Warehousing 08

Introduction, Meaning and characteristics of Data Warehousing, Online
Transaction Processing (OLTP), Data Warehousing Models, Data warehouse
architecture & Principles of Data Warehousing, Data warehousing Schemas,
Cubes, ROLAP, MOLAP, Dimensions, Data Cleaning, Introduction to Data
Mining.

UNIT 4 : Building a data warehouse project 08

Case Study for building the biological/life science Data warehouse using oracle
or SQL Server: Structure of the Data warehouse, Data warehousing and
Operational Systems, Organizing for building data warehousing. Important
considerations: Tighter integration, Empowerment, Willingness. Business

129
 Considerations: Return on Investment Design Considerations, Technical
Consideration, Implementation Consideration, Benefits of Data warehousing

UNIT 5 : Managing and implementing a data warehouse project 08

Project Management Process, Scope Statement, Work Breakdown Structure and
Integration, Initiating a data warehousing project, Project Estimation, Analyzing
Probability and Risk, Managing Risk: Internal and External, Critical Path
Analysis

Recommended Books:
1. Pieter Adriaans, Dolf Zantinge Data Mining, Pearson Education, 1996

2. George M. Marakas Modern Data Warehousing, Mining, and Visualization: Core

Concepts, Prentice Hall, 1st edition, 2002

3. Alex Berson, Stephen J. Smith Data Warehousing, Data Mining, and OLAP (Data
Warehousing/Data Management), McGraw-Hill, 1997

4. Margaret H. Dunham Data Mining, Prentice Hall, 1st edition, 2002

5. David J. Hand Principles of Data Mining (Adaptive Computation and Machine

Learning), Prentice Hall, 1st edition, 2002

6. Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber Data Mining, Prentice Hall, 1st edition, 2002

7. Michael J. Corey, Michael Abbey, Ben Taub, Ian Abramson Oracle 8i Data
Warehousing McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2nd edition, 2001

8. Elmasri R, Navathe S , Fundamentals of Database Systems, Pearson Education,

2002

9. Cornel R, Database Systems, Galgotia Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2001

10. Mcfadden F, Hoffer J, Prescot M, Modern Database Management, Pearson

Education, 2001

130
11. Date C, Database Systems, Pearson Education, 2002

12. Hansen G, Hansen J, Database Management and Design, Prentice Hall, 2001

131
MTI -906 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC WRITING
40hrs

UNIT 1 : Methodology and Literature collection

Introduction to Research Methodology - Meaning of Research, Objective of
Research, Significance, Type of Research: Basic, Applied, Research
Approaches, Research Methods versus Methodology, Research and Scientific
method, Criterions of good Research, Problems / Bottlenecks faced by
Researchers. Defining the Research Problem. Literature collection - Need of
review of literature, Review process and Review Reading, Discriminative
Reading, Consulting Source material. Literature citation - Different Systems of
citing Reference:- Name – Year System citation in the text, Name – Year
System – List of Reference, Citing Reference in the text, Alphabet – Number
System, Journal Abbreviation.

UNIT 2 : Research, Data collection and Analysis.

Research Design - Meaning, Need of Design, Feature of good Design, Different
Principle of Experimental Design. Sample Collection - Step in Sampling Design,
Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure, Different types of Sample Design,
Random Sample, Complex Random Sample. Data Collection - Primary Data
Collection, Observation, Interview, Collection through Questionnaires/Schedules,
Secondary data collection, Case study method. Processing and Analysis of data -
Processing operation, Type of Analysis, Simple Regression Analysis, Partial
Correlation, etc.

UNIT 3 : Scientific Writing

Interpretation and Report Writing. Meaning of Interpretation. Techniques of
Interpretation. Precaution of Interpretation. Significance of Report Writing. Step
in Report Writing. Types of Report Writing. Component of a Research Report -

132
 Title, Authors, Abstract, Summary, Synopsis, Key Words, Introduction, MM,
Result, Discussion, Acknowledgements, Appendixes, references, Plagiarism.
Use of Table / Figures in Report Writing - Need, Introduction and Placement of
Table / figure, Numbering, Box Heading, Caption photographs. Formatting and
Typing – Introduction, Margins, Spacing, Alignment, Fonts, etc., Format of
Thesis.

Recommended Books:
1. Research Methodology for Biological Sciences (2006), N. Gurumani MJP
Publishers
2. Research Methodology : Methods and Techniques. 2nd Edition C.R.Kothari, New
age international Publishers 2004
3. Research methods for the bioscience: 2006 International Student Edition. Oxford
University Press, Edition, D. Holmes, P. Moody, D. Dine.
ISBN – 13 : 978-0-19-568631-9

133
Practical I
1. Isolation of amylase from fungal source
2. Purification methods.
a. Ammonium sulphate precipitation
b. Dialysis
c. Gel Filtration
3. Electrophoresis of purified amylase
4. Data analysis and report writing of amylase purification
5. Study of Bioreactor
a. Sterilization
b. Working
c. Preparation of Fermentation medium
d. Run of any standard Fermentation

134
Practical II
1) Database Manipulation using SQL command. DDL, DML
2) Five Small Database designing, normalisation and implementation.
3) One Small Biological database designing, normalisation and implementation.
4) Using PL/SQL
5) Creation of Multimedia Database
6) Web page designing using HTML and XML.
7) Heading, Text: Adding the attributes to the Web pages (Color, font, Style)
8) Format of Web page Data,
9) Inserting Image and URL in the Web page.
10) Interactive and animated Web pages creation.
11) Table Creation and adding text into the table.

135