Chapter 15 Nutrition

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Chapter 15
1. Poverty is a problem only for individuals without a source of income.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
2. The National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program are available in public schools, nonprofit
private schools, residential child-care institutions, and after-school enrichment programs.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
3. Malnutrition is a direct consequence of social circumstances.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
4. Food insecurity tends to be most ubiquitous and severe in nations with lowper capitaincomes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
5. Food insecurity is caused by insufficient worldwide food production.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
6. Which of the following are the principal factors related to worldwide food insecurity?
a. Eating disorders
b. Orthodox religious beliefs
c. Limited educational opportunities
d. Natural disasters
ANSWER: d
7. The word hunger is commonly used on a global level to describe:
a. a severe scarcity of natural resources.
b. a condition of severe malnutrition.
c. a chronic shortage of available food.
d. a deficiency of water in the body.
ANSWER: c
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Chapter 15
8. The shift in America's population from rural regions to urban ones, called _____, is both a consequence and cause of
food shortages in many parts of the world.
a. telecommuting
b. outsourcing
c. bureaucratization
d. urbanization
ANSWER: d
9. A major objective of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) is to:
a. assist low-income people in acquiring the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors necessary to maintain
nutritionally balanced diets.
b. offer nutrition assistance to millions of eligible, low-income individuals and families and provide economic
benefits to communities.
c. provide supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education to low-income pregnant,
breastfeeding, and nonbreastfeeding postpartum women.
d. provide children with nutritious meals, including fresh fruits, vegetables, and milk, for free or at reduced cost
both during the school year and summer.
ANSWER: a
10. The National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program:
a. do not extend their services to public schools and after-school enrichment programs.
b. are privately funded food assistance programs enacted in 1999.
c. are administered by the U.S. Department of Education.
d. provide nutritionally balanced meals to children either free of charge or at reduced cost.
ANSWER: d
11. Which of the following is a characteristic of households having low food security?
a. Reduced food quality
b. Excessive dietary intake
c. Disrupted eating patterns
d. Chronic starvation
ANSWER: a
12. One of the ways in which the U.S. Peace Corps fulfills its mission of promoting world peace and friendship is by:
a. offering financial reimbursement for individuals or communities that work to improve quality of life.
b. fostering environmentally sound farming methods that combat both hunger and environmental concerns.
c. assisting interested countries in meeting their need for trained men and women.
d. providing temporary relief by restoring hope, health, and dignity among those with few resources.
ANSWER: c

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Chapter 15
13. Lisa and her friends volunteer and run an initiative called FeedtheLocal. They collect foods that are donated by the
community and distribute them to the local shelters for the poor. In this case, FeedtheLocal can be categorized as a
_____.
a. food desert
b. food forum
c. food kitchen
d. food bank
ANSWER: d
14. The _____, a federally funded program formerly known as the Food Stamp Program, helps low-income households
pay for food.
a. National School Lunch Program
b. Child and Adult Care Food Program
c. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
d. School Breakfast Program
ANSWER: c
15. __________is defined as the condition whereby a person is able to obtain sufficient amounts of nutritious food to
support an active, healthy life.
a. Food dysmorphia
b. Food security
c. Food atrophy
d. Food neophobia
ANSWER: b
16. One of the factors that contributes to global food insecurity is _____.
a. global warming
b. telecommuting
c. gender inequality
d. outsourcing
ANSWER: c
17. __________is a humanitarian effort with a global commitment to foster environmentally sound farming methods that
combat both hunger and environmental concerns.
a. Feeding America
b. World Vision International
c. Heifer International
d. America's Second Harvest
ANSWER: c

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Chapter 15
18. Identify a true statement about the individual consequences of malnutrition.
a. Malnutrition can decrease the risk of neonatal death in pregnant women.
b. If a malnourished child survives, his or her growth and development will not be impaired.
c. Children with impaired growth tend to be in the highest height-for-age percentiles on a growth reference curve.
d. Malnutrition can increase a pregnant woman's risk of having a low-birth-weight baby.
ANSWER: d
19. Which of the following is a change brought by urbanization?
a. The composition of diets among city-dwellers has shifted toward processed foods.
b. A large number of Americans are moving from urban regions to rural regions.
c. Food supply has increased around the world.
d. Supermarket chains are increasingly buying products from local farms.
ANSWER: a
20. A food desert can be defined as:
a. a program that provides canned, boxed, and sometimes fresh foods directly to individuals in need.
b. an environment that lacks access to affordable and/or nutritious foods.
c. an agency that collects donated foods and distributes them to local food pantries.
d. an environment where advanced farming methods are fostered to combat hunger.
ANSWER: b
21. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, _____.
a. the number of undernourished people has increased over the last decade
b. the number of people who are undernourished globally continues to be unacceptably high
c. hunger does not affect wealthy countries like the United States
d. one in every three persons in the world experiences persistent hunger
ANSWER: b
22. The impact of malnutrition in adults is lower work productivity overall, which can affect the country's economic
growth and standard of living. The most appropriate conclusion that can be drawn from this situation is that:
a. nourishing children is essential in combating economic strife.
b. not only is urbanization a cause of food insecurity, but food insecurity is a cause of urbanization.
c. providing workforce training is critical in reversing the economic impact of malnutrition.
d. not only is poverty a cause of hunger, but hunger is a cause of poverty.
ANSWER: d

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Chapter 15
23. Identify a true statement about urbanization.
a. It has led to an increase in the rate of obesity among people.
b. It has made clean drinking water easily accessible.
c. It has contributed to the rise of small food producers and retailers.
d. It has led to increased consumption of traditional foods.
ANSWER: a
24. A__________is a program that provides canned, boxed, and sometimes fresh foods directly to individuals in need.
a. food bank
b. food desert
c. food pantry
d. food kitchen
ANSWER: c
25. A _____ is an agency that collects donated food and distributes it to food pantries, shelters, and soup kitchens.
a. food bank
b. food desert
c. food forum
d. food forest
ANSWER: a
26. In the context of experiencing food insecurity, unlike other populations, elders with limited mobility and poor health:
a. may shield their children from hunger by consuming less food themselves.
b. do not have food insecurity arising from poverty or lack of additional employment.
c. may have food available to them, but may experience anxiety associated with meal preparation.
d. are completely protected from the realities of food insecurity.
ANSWER: c
27. Which of the following is true of field gleaning programs?
a. They are programs that serve prepared meals to members of the community, but mostly to those who are
homeless or living in shelters.
b. They are programs that gather and donate damaged and/or dated canned and boxed foods from retail sources.
c. They are programs that collect unused perishable foods from retail grocery stores, gardens, restaurants,
campus dining facilities, hotels, and/or caterers.
d. They are programs that gather and distribute agricultural crops that would otherwise not have been harvested.
ANSWER: d

Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 15
28. A _____ is a program that serves prepared meals to members of the community, but mostly to those who are
homeless or living in shelters.
a. food bank
b. food desert
c. food pantry
d. food kitchen
ANSWER: d
29. Which of the following is a consequence of food insecurity in children?
a. Children who face food insecurity miss more days of school than children who have food security.
b. Children are completely immune to the physiological consequences of food insecurity.
c. Children experience the effects of food insecurity for a shorter period than others in the family.
d. Children often experience the negative consequences of food insecurity before their parents do.
ANSWER: a
30. The__________supports a Dietetic Practice Group to encourage dietitians to work with each other and with other
health professionals to reduce poverty and hunger in their communities.
a. Dietitians Association of America
b. National Dietetic Association
c. International Confederation of Dietetic Associations
d. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
ANSWER: d
31. Which of the following is a societal consequence of malnutrition?
a. Decreased risk of neonatal death among infants
b. Increased risk of having a high-birth-weight baby
c. Reduced capacities for physical work among adults
d. Higher height-for-age percentiles on a growth reference curve for children
ANSWER: c
32. Who among the following are at high risk for food insecurity?
a. Older adults
b. Bachelors
c. Young adults
d. Middle-aged men
ANSWER: a

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Chapter 15
33. _____ are federally funded food assistance programs.
a. Field gleaning programs
b. Nonperishable food collection programs
c. Head Start and Early Head Start Programs
d. America's Second Harvest Programs
ANSWER: c
34. In the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the electronic benefit transfer card can be used to
purchase:
a. medicines.
b. foods.
c. intoxicants.
d. vitamins.
ANSWER: b
35. Which of the following is the best solution to alleviate food insecurity?
a. Health experts must focus on malnutrition rather than increasing food availability.
b. Policymakers must address political and economic issues rather than societal problems.
c. Governments must focus on increasing food production because increased food supply can lead to food
security.
d. Nutritionists and policymakers must work both diligently and carefully in a culturally appropriate manner.
ANSWER: d
36. Mark's income is low. He has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. He has to pay high medical bills. It can
be said that:
a. Mark is likely to have food security.
b. Mark is likely to be a part of a food bank.
c. Mark's household is likely to have access to a variety of foods.
d. Mark's food-related expenses are likely to decrease.
ANSWER: d
37. Which of the following is a similarity between a food bank and a food pantry?
a. Both provide electronic benefit transfer cards that can be used like debit cards to make food purchases.
b. Both are administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
c. Both are federally funded food-based assistance programs available in the United States.
d. Both rely on community donations to stock their shelves with nonperishable and perishable items.
ANSWER: d

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Chapter 15
38. Which of the following is a factor that contributes to global food insecurity?
a. Global warming
b. Urbanization
c. Privatization
d. Population decline
ANSWER: b
39. Urbanized individuals shifting toward unhealthy, unbalanced diets is an example of:
a. food neophobia.
b. undernutrition.
c. overnutrition.
d. field gleaning.
ANSWER: c
40. Which of the following is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies that affects billions of people
worldwide?
a. Vitamin A deficiency
b. Vitamin C deficiency
c. Vitamin D deficiency
d. Vitamin E deficiency
ANSWER: a
41. In contrast to households classified as having low food security, households with very low food security are:
a. more likely to have access to a variety of food.
b. more likely to report reduced food intake.
c. less likely to have decreased desirability for food.
d. less likely to report disrupted eating patterns.
ANSWER: b
42. To eradicate micronutrient deficiencies in a child, an intervention must be done:
a. between the child's fourth and fifth birthdays.
b. between conception and the child's second birthday.
c. after the age of two.
d. after the first 1,000 days.
ANSWER: b

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Chapter 15
43. Which of the following is true of a food recovery program?
a. It is a federally funded food-based assistance program available in the United States.
b. It donates discarded food to food pantries, emergency kitchens, and homeless shelters.
c. It is administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
d. It provides people with electronic benefit transfer cards that can be used like debit cards to make food
purchases.
ANSWER: b
44. Which of the following households are at high risk of food insecurity?
a. Households of Black and Latino people
b. Households that are near supermarkets
c. Households led by earning men
d. Households in suburban regions
ANSWER: a
45. Food insecurity in prosperous countries:
a. is not usually associated with detectable signs of malnutrition.
b. can only be indicated by clinical measurements of nutritional status.
c. cannot be assessed by data regarding food availability and access.
d. is evaluated in the same manner as in poor countries.
ANSWER: a
46. Which of the following is true of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC)?
a. It provides individuals with electronic benefit transfer cards that can be used like debit cards to make food
purchases.
b. It provides individuals with coupons to buy a variety of WIC-approved, nutrient-dense foods.
c. It is a privately funded food assistance program staffed on a volunteer basis by members of the community.
d. It allows farmers to use WIC coupons to buy a variety of nonfood items such as vitamins and medicines.
ANSWER: b
47. Which of the following is true of food rescue initiatives?
a. They serve prepared meals to members of the community, but mostly to those who are homeless or living in
shelters.
b. They gather and donate damaged and/or dated canned and boxed foods from retail sources.
c. They collect unused perishable foods from retail grocery stores, gardens, restaurants, campus dining facilities,
hotels, and/or caterers.
d. They gather and distribute agricultural crops that would otherwise not have been harvested.
ANSWER: c

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Chapter 15
48. __________is a condition characterized by reduced food quality, variety, and/or desirability, but not reduced food
intake.
a. Very low food security
b. Low food security
c. Amenorrhea
d. Urbanization
ANSWER: b
49. Food insecurity exists when a person:
a. does not have adequate physical, social, or economic access to food.
b. has difficulty making decisions about which foods to purchase or eat.
c. lacks confidence in preparing meals.
d. has an irrational fear of trying new foods.
ANSWER: a
50. Mark's family starves because his income is very low. Mark is given an electronic benefit transfer (EBT) card under
a federally funded program. With the EBT card, he can purchase food items for his family. It can be inferred that
Mark is benefitted by the _____.
a. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
b. Head Start and Early Head Start Program
c. Child and Adult Care Food Program
d. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
ANSWER: a
51. Which of the following is true of the global food insecurity caused by political unrest?
a. Relief agencies can easily eradicate food insecurity in regions of political unrest.
b. In countries with large refugee populations, food insecurity and malnutrition are rampant.
c. The number of refugees has come down due to the progress made by repatriation movements.
d. Those living in refugee camps have the lowest rates of malnutrition of any group worldwide.
ANSWER: b
52. As part of the living loans program of Heifer International, in which of the following ways can a community repay a
gift of livestock to Heifer?
a. By gifting the offspring of the livestock to another community
b. By gifting the same livestock to a farmer of another community
c. By giving the offspring of the livestock back to the organization after a year
d. By buying livestock of equivalent worth and donating them to the organization
ANSWER: a

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Chapter 15
53. Elisa lives with her parents and two siblings. They usually eat two meals a day. When there is no food, they finish
their meals with stews and soups. Elisa's household:
a. has adequate physical and social access to food.
b. has food neophobia.
c. can be classified as having low food security.
d. can be classified as having very low food security.
ANSWER: d
54. Stephen, a farmer, has excess crop production this year. It is not economically feasible for him to harvest all of his
crops. He contacts an agency that sends trained volunteers to harvest the remaining crops and then distribute them to
people in need. In this scenario, the agency is part of a _____.
a. field gleaning program
b. nonperishable food collection program
c. food pantry
d. food kitchen
ANSWER: a
55. Identify an effect of malnutrition.
a. It increases the risk of death in underweight children.
b. It does not affect a child's growth and development.
c. It increases a child's height-for-age percentile on a growth reference curve.
d. It decreases a pregnant woman's risk of having a low-birth-weight baby.
ANSWER: a
56. Discuss how food insecurity can be alleviated.
ANSWER: Answers will vary. Although the problem of food insecurity may seem staggering both at home and
abroad, it is important to remember that there is much an individual can do to take action against hunger.
Despite the scope of the problem, your actions can make a difference in the lives of others. Working
alone or collectively toward the elimination of hunger and malnutrition is a worthwhile (and noble)
personal and professional priority. For example, most universities and colleges offer alternative spring
break opportunities that organize faculty-led trips abroad. These types of volunteer experiences offer
college students exceptional experiential learning opportunities that are specifically designed to help
students gain global perspectives. In addition, many are designed to help poverty-stricken populations,
often times in a way that improves nutritional status. Many nutrition-related academic societies also
focus some of their efforts on global nutrition. For example, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
(AND) is one of several professional organizations that work to alleviate world hunger by challenging its
members to take action. For instance, the AND supports a Dietetic Practice Group to encourage
dietitians to work with each other and with other health professionals to reduce poverty and hunger in
their communities. The American Society for Nutrition and Nevin Scrimshaw International Nutrition
Foundation are other organizations committed to the development of international strategies and policies
that can help alleviate hunger and poverty around the world.

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Chapter 15
57. Explain the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
ANSWER: Answers will vary. Millions of women, infants, and children in the United States benefit from the Special
Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). This federally funded
program, administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, assists pregnant women and families with
young children in making nutritious food purchases. Individuals enrolled in WIC receive coupons that can
be used to buy a variety of WIC-approved, nutrient-dense foods such as peanut butter, milk, rice, beans,
cereal, and canned tuna. Many farmers' markets accept WIC coupons, allowing parents to purchase a
variety of fresh, locally grown fruits and vegetables. In addition to subsidizing food purchases, WIC
provides health assistance and nutrition education to eligible women, young infants, and children. WIC's
educational programs encourage exclusive breastfeeding and other optimal infant feeding guidelines set
forth by the American Academy of Pediatrics.
58. Explain how political unrest contributes to global food insecurity.
ANSWER: Answers will vary. The availability of and access to food are often limited by civil strife, war, and
political unrest. Political turmoil can displace millions of people from their homes and force them to
relocate to crude facilities set up for refugees. In countries with large refugee populations (such as
Turkey, Pakistan, and Lebanon), food insecurity and malnutrition are rampant. According to the United
Nations (UN), those living in refugee camps have the highest rates of disease and malnutrition of any
group worldwide. Because of the danger and logistical problems associated with political unrest, it can
be difficult for relief agencies to provide much-needed aid to innocent civilians. Despite recent progress
made by repatriation movements, the number of refugees is once again on the rise. Mainly attributable to
violence taking place in the Middle East, the worldwide number of forcibly displaced persons is
approaching 60 million. During 2014, an average of 42,500 individuals were forced to leave their homes
and seek protection elsewhere, either within the borders of their own country or within other countries.
59. Discuss poverty as an underlying factor associated with food insecurity.
ANSWER: Answers will vary. A person's risk of experiencing food insecurity in the United States is associated with
income, ethnicity, family structure, and location of the home. Because many of these risk factors are
interrelated, it can be difficult to determine the extent to which each one independently contributes to
food insecurity. Although many factors may play a role, a link between income—specifically poverty—
and food insecurity is indisputable. In fact, poverty is often the common thread that ties the other factors
together.It is important to recognize that poverty is not just a problem among individuals without a source
of income—many people who live in poverty maintain steady employment. Based on data provided by
the U.S. Census Bureau, the poverty rate for children was 21 percent in 2014. Fourteen percent of
people 18 to 64 years old live in poverty, and the poverty rate for people 65 years and older is 10
percent.When money is limited, people are often forced to reduce food-related expenses to pay for such
things as housing, utilities, and health care. Although one in three households living in poverty is food
insecure, some households with incomes above the poverty line also experience food insecurity. An
unexpected expense such as a medical problem or a repair bill can cause some people, at least
temporarily, to not have the financial means to purchase sufficient amounts of food.

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Chapter 15
60. Discuss how the prevalence of food insecurity is assessed in prosperous countries.
ANSWER: Answers will vary. Assessing the prevalence of food insecurity in prosperous countries can be
particularly challenging because it is not usually associated with detectable signs of malnutrition. For this
reason, clinical measurements of nutritional status (such as weight and height) are not always useful
indicators of food insecurity. Instead, the prevalence of food insecurity in U.S. households is typically
assessed using data regarding food availability and access. For example, the U.S. Department of
Agriculture issues a yearly survey that asks individuals questions about their behaviors related to food
access and availability. Depending on the responses to this survey, a person or household is classified as
having either low food security or very low food security. Households classified as having low food
security experience reduced food quality, variety, and/or desirability, although there is little indication of
reduced food intake. This is not the case with households classified as having very low food security.
These households are more likely to report disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake.

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