SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

A PROJECT REPORT

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for

EEE4018-Advance control theory

by

ARCHIT SRIVATSAVA 15BEE1021

RAJ KALE 15BEE1051
BRIJ PATEL 15BEE1209
NAVNEET SINGH 15BEE1200

under the guidance of

Dr.Chendur Kumaran R, Professor/SELECT

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VIT CHENNAI

APRIL 2018
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................. 1
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Motivation…………………………………………………………………1
1.1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Scope of the Work ...................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II................................................................................................................ 3
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................... 3
2.1 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT .............................................................................. 3
2.2 TASKS AND MILESTONES ........................................................................... 4
CHAPTER III .............................................................................................................. 5
3. DESIGN OF SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR................................................ 5
3.1 DESIGN APPROACH....................................................................................... 5
3.1.1 Codes and Standards ................................................................................... 6
3.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................ 7
CHAPTER IV .............................................................................................................. 9
4. PROJECT DEMONSTRATION ............................................................................. 9
4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 9
4.2 SIMULATION RESULTS ................................................................................ 9
4.3 HARDWARE PHOTO .................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER V ............................................................................................................. 11
5. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 11
5.1 COST ANALYSIS/applications/benefits ........................................................ 11
5.2 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 11
 CHAPTER I

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Today’s industries are increasingly demanding process automation in all sectors. Automation
results into better quality, increased production and reduced costs. The variable speed drives,
which can control the speed of A.C/D.C motors, are indispensable controlling elements in
automation systems. Depending on the applications, some of them are fixed speed and some of the
variable speed drives.

1.1.1 Motivation

The DC motor has been popular in the industry control area for a long time, because they have
many good characteristics, for example: high start torque characteristics, high response
performance and easier to be linear control. DC motor has a good speed control respondence, wide
speed control range. And it is widely used in speed control systems which need high control
requirements, such as rolling mill, double-hulled tanker, high precision digital tools, etc.

1.1.2 Objectives

The objectives of this project are as follows:

i. To develop the software of Arduino to measure and to control the speed of DC motor
ii. To analyze the performance of the proposed controller.
iii. To implement the controller using Visual Basic.
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1.1.3 Scope of the Work

This project is to design a PID controller that can be used to control the speed of a DC motor. As
a machine’s performance is a vital factor for a big production line, this project will examine the
efficiency and performance of a DC motor with implementation of control methodology. Thus, the
focuses of this project are as stated below:

i. Perform simulation by using MATLAB.

ii. Compare the performance of propose Arduino based PID and uncontrolled system.
iii. Implementing the proposed PID controller in the Arduino.
iv. Designing the programming structure for controller via Visual Basic.
v. Using Data Acquisition Card to interface between the computer and DC motor.

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 CHAPTER II

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Machines are easily damage without implementation of control methodology in it system.

Frequently, the desired performance characteristics of control systems are specified in terms of
the transient response. The transient response of a practical control system usually exhibits
damped oscillation before reaching steady state. As for machines, having a high overshoot is an
undesired condition since the starting current is very high. Thus, control methodology such as
Arduino controller is used to limit the maximum overshoot as well as to reduce the starting
current of the machine.

The IR module and photo diode are used to measure speed using basic Arduino codes. The input
is a set value as desire value and the difference between desire speed value and actual speed of
DC motor has been taken as an error to speed then the frequency (speed) is converted as an error
voltage and given to an op-amp based subtraction with the actual input voltage. The op-amp
based subtraction has been made between the error voltage and the actual voltage and output of
op-amp is given to DC motor and the speed of DC motor has been controlled via feedback
control.

2.1 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT

The DC motor has been popular in the industry control area for a long time, because they have
many good characteristics, for example: high start torque characteristics, high response
performance and easier to be linear control. DC motor has a good speed control respondence, wide
speed control range. And it is widely used in speed control systems which need high control
requirements, such as rolling mill, double-hulled tanker, high precision digital tools, etc.

3
There are two major parts of this system:

i. Hardware Interfacing - connecting the computer to external equipment.

ii. Software Design.

2.2 TASKS AND MILESTONES

The major task was to measuring the motor speed and converting it to voltage i.e. F to V
converter. The F to V converter is made totally based on microcontroller. The analog input is
divided into 255 segments thus the ratio of set speed value to maximum speed value is multiplied
with the 255 segments of voltage i.e. 5 volt will give the error voltage.

The second task was to measure the speed of dc motor. The motor shaft was marked with
a white dot so that the photo diode will recognize it. When the photo diode detects the white dot
it will give 1 as an input to the microcontroller and the timer will start inside the microcontroller.
After the completion of one revolution of motor shaft the photo diode will again give a signal as
1 to microcontroller and the timer will stop. Now the code is made to calculate the RPM of motor.
The reciprocal of the difference between the on time and off time will give the speed in RPS, by
multiplying it by 60 will give the speed in RPM.

4
 CHAPTER III

3. DESIGN OF SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

3.1 DESIGN APPROACH

Fig 3.1 Basic feedback system block diagram

The above figure Fig 3.1 shows the basic model of negative feedback block diagram. The
feedback of DC motor is taken through speed sensor (in our case its IR and Photo diode with
Microcontroller) Thus the feedback is taken and given it to microcontroller and the
microcontroller will convert it to error voltage. The set value is also given as an input to the
microcontroller. Using IC 741 subtractor is design and the error voltage is subtracted from the
input voltage and thus the DC motor is feed with required voltage and the desire rpm value is
measured.

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3.1.1 Codes and Standards

int ir = 0;
int n = 0;
int f = 0;
int flag = 1;
float set = 100;
int err = 0;
unsigned long stime = 0;
unsigned long curtime = 1;
float rpm = 0;
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(2,INPUT);
pinMode(A0,OUTPUT);
analogWrite(A0, 0);
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(3000);
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
ir = digitalRead(2);
if(ir == 1 && n == 0){
stime = millis();
n = 1;
flag = 1;
}
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 if(ir == 0 && n == 1){
f = 1;
}
if(ir == 1 && f == 1){
curtime = millis() - stime;
n = 0;
f = 0;
flag = 0;
}
rpm = 60000/curtime;
if(rpm < set+10 && rpm > set-10){
err = 0;
}else{
err = (float) (set/350) * 255;
}
analogWrite(A0,err);
Serial.print("Error: ");
Serial.print(err);
Serial.print(" RPM: ");
Serial.println (rpm);
}

7
3.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The project is consist of DC motor, IR module, op-amp and Arduino.

i. DC servo motor 5 volts/9 volts

ii. IR and Photodiode
iii. Arduino
iv. Potentiometer 10k

iv. Operational amplifier IC 741

v. Resistors 1k,10k,330E

8
 CHAPTER IV

4. PROJECT DEMONSTRATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The IR module and photo diode are used to measure speed using basic Arduino codes. The input
is a set value as desire value and the difference between desire speed value and actual speed of
DC motor has been taken as an error to speed then the frequency (speed) is converted as an error
voltage and given to an op-amp based subtraction with the actual input voltage. The op-amp
based subtraction has been made between the error voltage and the actual voltage and output of
op-amp is given to DC motor and the speed of DC motor has been controlled via feedback
control.

4.2 SIMULATION RESULTS

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4.3 HARDWARE PHOTO

10
 CHAPTER V

5. CONCLUSION

5.1 COST ANALYSIS/applications/benefits

i. DC servo motor 5 volts/9 volts: 150/-

ii. IR and Photodiode : 15/-
vi. Arduino : 1400/-
iv. Potentiometer 10k : 10/-

vii. Operational amplifier IC 741 : 30/-

viii. Resistors 1k,10k,330E : 10/-

5.2 REFERENCES:

www.google.com

www.youtbe.com

http://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/the_pid_controller_part_1

http://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/the_pid_controller_part_2

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