Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in

Families
1
analysis n. process of breaking down a subject and studying it; examination ‫تحليل‬
approach n. access; drawing near; approximation; path or course leading to a specific location ‫درب‬
‫نهج‬
area DISTRICT, region, zone, sector, quarter; locality, locale, neighbourhood, parish, patch; tract, belt; informal neck
of the woods; Brit. informal manor; N. Amer. informal turf. ‫منطقة‬
assessment EVALUATION, judgement, rating, estimation, appraisal, analysis, opinion ‫تقييم‬
assume PRESUME, suppose, take it (as given), take for granted, take as read, conjecture, surmise, conclude, , , reason,
think, fancy, believe, understand, gather; N. Amer. figure; archaic ween. ‫يزعم‬
authority POWER, jurisdiction, command, control, charge, dominance, rule, sovereignty, supremacy; influence; informal
clout. ‫سلطة‬
available OBTAINABLE, accessible, to/at hand, at one's disposal, handy, convenient; on sale, procurable; untaken,
unengaged, unused; informal up for grabs, on tap, gettable. ‫متوفر‬
benefit GOOD, sake, welfare, well-being, advantage, comfort, ease, convenience; help, aid, assistance, service ‫ربح‬
‫فايدة‬
concept noun IDEA, notion, conception, abstraction; theory, hypothesis; belief, conviction,
opinion; image, impression, picture ‫مفهوم معنى‬
consistent CONSTANT, regular, uniform, steady, stable, even, unchanging, undeviating,
unfluctuating; dependable, reliable, predictable.
constitution LEGAL, lawful, legitimate, authorized, permitted; sanctioned, ratified, warranted,
al constituted, statutory, chartered, vested, official; by law.
context CIRCUMSTANCES, conditions, factors, state of affairs, situation, background, scene,
setting. text, subject, theme, topic ‫سياق‬
contract AGREEMENT, commitment, arrangement, settlement, understanding, compact, covenant,
bond; deal, bargain; Law indenture
create PRODUCE, generate, bring into being, make, fabricate, fashion, build, construct; design,
devise, originate, frame, develop, shape, form, forge
data FACTS, figures, statistics, details, particulars, specifics; information, intelligence, material,
input; informal info, gen.
definition n. explanation, meaning, interpretation (as of a word or term) ‫حديد‬ ْ َ ‫ت َْعريف؛ ت‬
derived ORIGINATE IN, stem from, descend from, spring from, be taken from.
distribution dividing and giving out among several people, places
economic connected with trade, industry, and the management of money; of economics:
environmen ٌ ‫حي‬
HABITAT, territory, domain; surroundings, background, , location; context ‫ط‬ ِ ‫م‬ َ ; ‫ِبيَئة‬
ُ ; ّ‫جو‬
t
established ّ َ ‫مؤ‬
ACCEPTED, traditional, orthodox, habitual, set, fixed, official ‫سس‬ ُ
estimate CALCULATE ROUGHLY, approximate, guess; evaluate, judge, gauge, reckon, rate,
determine; informal guesstimate. ‫ن ; قَد َّر‬
َ ‫م‬
ّ ‫خ‬
َ ;‫ن‬ ّ َ‫ث‬
َ ‫م‬
evidence PROOF, confirmation, verification, corroboration, affirmation, attestation ‫ سند‬، ‫ شهادة‬، ‫دليل‬
export SELL OVERSEAS/ABROAD, send overseas/abroad, trade internationally ‫يصدر‬
factor noun ELEMENT, part, component, ingredient, point, item, feature, aspect, characteristic,
consideration, circumstance. ‫ مظهر‬,‫عامل‬
financial Adj. MONETARY, money, economic, fiscal, banking, commercial, business, investment ‫ي‬ ّ ِ ‫مال‬
formula FORM OF WORDS, set expression, phrase, saying ‫صيَغة‬
function PURPOSE, task, use, role, RESPONSIBILITY, duty, role, concern ‫فة‬ َ ْ ‫وَظ ِي‬
identified RECOGNIZE, single out, pick out, spot, point out, pinpoint, put one's finger on, put a name
َ
to, name, know; discern, distinguish; remember, recall, recollect ‫دد‬ ّ ‫ح‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ -‫ة‬ َ َ ‫أث ْب‬
َ ّ ‫ت الهُوِي‬
income noun earnings, salary, pay, wages, revenue, N. Amer. take; formal emolument. ‫ الربح‬،‫الدخل‬
indicate be a sign of, be evidence of, evidence, demonstrate, show,signal, , suggest, imply ‫ل على‬
ّ َ‫د‬

1
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
individual SINGLE, separate, discrete, independent; sole, lone, solitary, isolated. ‫ مفرد‬، ّ‫فَْرد ِي‬
interpretatio EXPLANATION, clarification ‫سْير‬
ِ ‫ف‬
ْ َ‫ت‬
n
involved ASSOCIATED, connected, concerned ‫مك ْت ََنف‬ ُ
issues MATTER (IN QUESTION), question, point (at issue), affair, case, subject, topic; problem ‫شْأن‬
َ
‫سل‬ْ َ ‫ ن‬- ‫دد من مجل‬ ِ َ‫دد ; ق‬
َ َ ‫ ع‬-- ‫ضّية‬ َ ‫ص‬
َ ;
labour WORKERS, employees, workmen, workforce, staff, working people, blue-collar workers,
labourers, labour, force ‫العمال‬
legal LAWFUL, legitimate, within the law, legalized, valid; permissible, permitted, allowed,
above, acceptable; authorize informal legit. ‫ي‬ّ ‫ع‬ َ
ِ ‫شْر‬
legislation noun LAW, body of laws, rules N. Amer. formal ordinances ‫التشريع‬
major CRUCIAL, vital, great, considerable, utmost, prime ‫كبير‬َ

method PROCEDURE, technique, system, practice, routine, strategy, plan ‫قة‬ َ

َ ‫طري‬
occur HAPPEN, take place, come about, N. Amer. informal go down; poetic/literary come to pass
‫ حدث خطر فى البال‬، ‫ وقع‬، ‫وجد‬
percent n. one part of a hundred ‫فى المئة‬
period a length or portion of time - each of the set divisions of the day in a school ‫فترة زمنية‬
policy PLANS, strategy, stratagem, approach, code, system, guidelines, theory; line, position,
stance, attitude. ‫سة‬
َ ‫سيا‬
ِ
principle TRUTH, proposition, concept, idea, theory, assumption, fundamental, essential,
DOCTRINE, belief ‫ أساس‬، ‫ قاعدة‬، ‫مبدأ‬
procedure COURSE OF ACTION, line of action, policy, series of steps, method, system, strategy
‫جراءات‬
ْ ِ‫إ‬
process METHOD, system, technique, means, practice, way, approach, methodology. ‫مل ِّية‬ َ َ‫قة ; ع‬ ِ َ‫ط‬
َ ‫ري‬
required ESSENTIAL, vital, indispensable, necessary, compulsory, obligatory ‫ي‬ ّ ِ‫ضُرور‬
َ
research EXPERIMENTS, experimentation, tests, inquiries, studies. ‫ضوع‬ ُ ْ ‫مو‬ َ
َ ; ‫مطالَعة‬َ ُ ‫حث‬ ْ َ‫ب‬
response ANSWER, reply, rejoinder, retort, riposte; informal comeback ‫جواب‬ َ
role CAPACITY, position, job, post, office, duty, responsibility, place; function, par ‫د َْور‬
section PART, piece, bit, segment, component, division, portion, element, unit, constituent ‫طع‬ َ ْ‫مق‬
َ
sector PART, branch, arm, division, area, department, field, sphere. DISTRICT, zone, region, area,
belt. ‫ي‬ َ ِ‫ ق‬, ( ِ‫دائ َِرة‬
ّ ِ‫طاعٌ دائ ِر‬ َ ِ‫ق‬
ّ ‫طاع ) ال‬
significant NOTABLE, noteworthy, worthy of attention, remarkable, important, of importance, of
consequence; serious, crucial, weighty, momentous, uncommon, unusual, rare,
extraordinary, exceptional, special ‫ظيم‬ ْ َ ‫ُذو‬
ِ َ‫ن ; ع‬
ٍ ‫شأ‬
similar ALIKE, (much) the same, indistinguishable, almost identical, homogeneous; informal much
of a muchness ‫شبيه‬ َ
source ORIGIN, birthplace, spring, document, REFERENCE, authority ‫صد ٌَر‬ْ ‫م‬َ
specific PARTICULAR, specified, fixed, set, determined, distinct, definite; single, individual,
peculiar, discrete, express, precise ‫ي محدد‬
ّ ‫ع‬
ِ ْ‫¸ن َو‬
structure BUILDING, construction, pattern ‫ب ِن َْية‬
theory HYPOTHESIS, thesis, conjecture, supposition, speculation, postulation, postulate,
proposition, premise, surmise, assumption, presupposition; opinion, view, belief,
contention. ‫ن َظ َرِّية‬
variable CHANGEABLE, changing, varying, shifting, fluctuating, changeful, irregular, inconstant,
inconsistent ‫مت َغَّير‬
ُ
2
achieve ATTAIN, arrive at; realize, bring off/about, , accomplish, carry out/through, fulfill, , perform,
complete, finish, earn, win, gain, acquire, obtain, come by, get, secure, net; informal wrap
up, wangle, swing; formal effectuate. ‫ أحرز‬، ‫ أتم أكتسب‬، ‫أنجز‬
acquisition PURCHASE, gain, accession, addition, investment, possession; informal buy. ‫اك ِْتساب‬
administratio MANAGEMENT, direction, control, command, charge, conduct, operation, running,
leadership, government ‫ مصلحة‬،‫ إدارة‬, ‫ادارة حكومة‬

2
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
n
affect HAVE AN EFFECT ON, influence, act on, work on, have an impact on; change, alter, modify,
transform, form, shape, sway, bias. move someone (emotionally); ‫جدان‬
ْ ِ‫و‬
appropriate SUITABLE, proper, fitting, apt, right; relevant, pertinent, apposite; convenient, ‫ملِئم‬
ُ
aspects APPEARANCE, look, side, expression; atmosphere, mood, quality, ambience, feeling
ِ ‫مظ َْهر؛وا‬
‫جَهة‬ َ
assistance HELP, aid, support, backing, reinforcement, succour, relief, intervention, cooperation,
collaboration; a (helping) hand, a good turn; informal a break, a leg up ‫ إعانة‬،‫ معرفة‬،‫مساعدة‬
categories CLASS, classification, group, grouping, bracket, heading, set; type, sort, kind, variety,
species, breed, brand, make, model; grade, order, rank ‫فَِئة‬
chapter SECTION, division, part, portion ‫ن ك َِتاب‬
ْ ‫م‬ ْ َ‫ف‬
ِ ‫صل‬
commission PERCENTAGE, brokerage, share, portion, dividend, premium, fee, consideration, bonus; informal cut,
take, rake-off, slice; Brit. informal whack, divvy. ‫ تكليف‬،‫ مجلس‬،‫ لجنة‬،‫ سمسرة‬،‫عمولة‬
community POPULATION, populace, people, citizenry, (general) public, collective; residents,
inhabitants, citizens ‫مع‬
َ َ ‫جت‬
ْ ‫م‬
ُ
complex COMPLICATED, involved, intricate, convoluted, elaborate, impenetrable, Gordian; difficult,
ّ ‫مَر‬
knotty, tricky, thorny; Brit. informal fiddly. ‫كب‬ ُ ;‫ة‬
ٌ َ‫موع‬
ُ ‫ج‬
ْ ‫م‬
َ
computer
conclusion END,finish, close, termination, wind-up, cessation; culmination, denouement, coda. -DEDUCTION,
inference, interpretation, reasoning; opinion, judgement, verdict; assumption, presumption,
supposition ‫ه‬ ِ ِ ‫حو‬
ْ َ ‫ق ون‬
ٍ ‫قد ُ ) ا ِّتفا‬
ْ َ‫) إ ِْبرام ; ع‬
conduct BEHAVIOUR, performance, demeanour; actions, activities, deeds, doings, exploits; habits,
manners; formal comportment ‫إدارة; سلوك; تصرف; قيادة; السيرة‬
consequences RESULT, upshot, outcome, out-turn, effect, repercussion, ramification, corollary, concomitant,
aftermath; fruit(s), product, by-product, end result; informal pay-off; Medicine sequela. ; ‫مة‬
َ ‫سا‬
َ ‫ج‬
َ
َ ‫ع‬ ْ َ ; ‫طورة‬
ْ َ‫ظم ; ق‬
‫در‬ ِ ; ‫شأن‬ َ ُ ‫خ‬
ُ
construction BUILDING, erection, putting up, setting up, establishment; assembly, manufacture,
fabrication, creation. ‫إ ِْنشاء‬
consumer PURCHASER, buyer, customer, shopper; user, end-user; client; (the consumer or consumers) the
public, the market. ‫ست َهِْلك‬
ْ ‫م‬
ُ
credit PRAISE, commendation, acclaim, acknowledgement, recognition, kudos, glory, esteem, respect,
َ ِ ‫ا ِئ ْت‬
admiration, tributes, bouquets, thanks, gratitude, appreciation; informal brownie points. ‫مان‬
cultural ETHNIC, racial, folk; societal, lifestyle. ‫ي‬
ّ ِ‫ضار‬
َ ‫ح‬
َ ;‫ي‬ َ َ‫ي ; ث‬
ّ ِ‫قاف‬ ّ ‫ف‬ ِ ْ ‫ت َث‬
ِ ‫قي‬
design PLAN, blueprint, drawing, sketch, outline, map, plot, diagram, draft, representation, scheme, model.
distinction DIFFERENCE, contrast, dissimilarity, variance, variation; division, differentiation ‫َفاِرق ; فَْرق‬
elements COMPONENT, constituent, part, section, portion, piece, segment, bit; aspect, factor, feature, facet,
ّ َ ‫مك‬
ingredient, strand, detail, point; member, unit, module, item. ‫ون‬ ُ ; ‫وم‬
ّ ‫ق‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ ; ‫صر‬
ُ ْ ‫مل ; ع ُن‬
ِ ‫عا‬
َ
equation MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM, sum, calculation, question ‫ل‬ َ َ ‫ل ; ع َد‬
َ َ ‫ساَوى ; عاد‬
evaluation ASSESSMENT, appraisal, judgement, gauging, rating, estimation, consideration, analysis. ‫ت َث ِْمين ; ت َْخِمين‬
features CHARACTERISTIC, attribute, quality, property, trait, hallmark, trademark; aspect, ْ
facet, factor,
ingredient, component, element, theme; peculiarity, idiosyncrasy, quirk. ‫مح‬
َ ‫مل‬
َ ; ‫مة‬ َ َ‫ق‬
َ ‫س‬
final LAST, closing, concluding, finishing, end, terminating, ultimate, eventual. ‫ي‬
ّ ِ ‫ِنهائ‬
focus CENTRE, focal point, central point, centre of attention, hub, pivot, nucleus, heart,
cornerstone, linchpin, cynosure. ‫مْرك ََز‬
َ ; ‫مْرك ََز ; َرك َّز‬
َ َ ‫ت ََرك َّز ; ت‬
impact EFFECT, influence; consequences, repercussions, ramifications, reverberations. ‫صِدم‬ْ َ ‫ي‬,‫شر‬ َ ,‫ وَْقع‬,‫َثر‬
ْ ‫ح‬

injury HARM, hurt, damage, pain, suffering, impairment, affliction, incapacity. ‫ِإصاَبة‬
َ َ ‫مؤَسسة ; معهد ; من‬
institute an organization for the promotion of science, education, etc ‫شأة‬ ْ ُ َ ْ َ ّ ُ
investment n. the action or process of investing. ▶a thing worth buying because it may be profitable
ِ ْ‫ست ِْثمار ; ت َو‬
or useful in the future. ‫ظيف‬ ْ ِ‫ا‬
items thing, object, article; news story, piece of information ‫ب َْند ; خاَنة ; فِْقَرة ; ماّدة ; ُمْفَرَدة‬
journal a newspaper or magazine dealing with a particular subject.
maintenance Repairs ‫صيانة بدل إعالة‬
normal usual, typical, or expected ‫ي‬ ّ ‫س‬ ّ ِ‫ ط َِبيع‬، ‫عادى‬
ِ ‫ قَِيا‬، ‫ي‬

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 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
obtained Obtain = secure; earn, achieve ‫ يقتنى‬obtained ‫سب‬
َ َ ‫مك ْت‬
ُ ; ‫قت ًَنى‬
ْ ‫م‬
ُ ; ‫مد َّبر‬
ُ ;
participation n. involvement, partaking, taking part, joining in ‫اشتراك مشاركة‬
perceived adj. sensed, noticed, seen, discerned
positive n. photograph having true colors adj. not negative; favorable, beneficially; explicit, clear;
practical, not based on theory ‫ي‬ ّ ‫ق‬ِ ‫قي‬
ِ ‫ح‬
َ ،‫ي‬
ّ ِ‫ضع‬
ْ َ‫ و‬، ‫ي‬
ّ ِ ‫جاب‬
َ ‫ِإي‬
potential adj. possible n. possibility; ability ‫محتمل‬
previous adj. earlier, prior, preceding, antecedent; hasty, premature, rash (Slang) ‫سابق‬
primary adj. first, original; primeval, initial; principal, main, prime; basic, fundamental ‫ ابتدائي‬، ‫أولى‬
purchase purchase
ْ ‫ا ِْبتاعَ ; ا‬
v. buy, acquire in exchange for money; procure, obtain ‫شت ََرى‬
range extend, stretch; vary ‫َمجال‬
region n. area, territory, domain; field, area of activity or interest, sphere ‫ منطقة‬، ‫إقليم‬
regulations n. rule, statute, law; act of controlling, management, direction ،‫ تنظيمات‬،‫ تعليمات‬،‫ لوائح‬،‫نظم‬
‫قوانين العمل‬
relevant related, connected to the current subject ‫ وثيق الصلة بالموضوع‬، ‫مناسب‬
resident n. inhabitant, one who lives in a particular location ‫المقيم‬
resources n. wealth, financial means; ability, capability ‫ أموال ذاتية‬، ‫موارد‬
restricted adj. limited, constrained, confined ‫ مقيد مقصور‬،‫محدود‬
n. safety; protection, defense; ‫من‬ َ
security ْ ‫أ‬
sought Seek v. go in search of, look for; search for ‫ التمس‬، ‫بحث عن طلب‬
select adj. chosen, picked out; choice ‫ انتقى‬، ‫اختار‬
site n. place, location, area; Web site, location on the World Wide Web ‫ مكان‬،‫موقع‬
strategies n. plans or methods created for the purpose of achieving a goal; science of preparing
long-term battle plans (Military) ‫جّية‬
ِ ‫ست َِراِتي‬
ْ ِ‫ا‬
survey n. act of measuring and recording the characteristics of a plot of land ‫ معاينة‬، ‫ دراسة‬، ‫مسح‬
v. look over, observe; examine carefully, study
text script, words ‫ متن‬، ‫ منطق‬، ‫ أصل‬، ‫نص‬
traditional an inherited ‫موروث‬, established, or customary pattern of thought, action ‫تقليدي‬
transfer v. move from one place to another ‫ يحول‬- ‫نقل‬
3
alternative adj. optional ‫خيارى‬
circumstance condition of a person with respect to income and material state ‫ حالة‬،‫ظرف‬
s
comments v. make a remark; write an explanatory note; explain ‫تعليق‬
compensatio recompense, repayment; something done to make up for (a loss, deficiency or fault) ‫تعويض‬
n
components Ingredient, part, ‫ مكونات‬،‫صر مكونة‬
ِ ‫عََنا‬
consent v. agree; approve n. agreement, accord ‫قة‬َ َ‫مواف‬
ُ
considerable adj. important; sizable, substantial ‫جدير بِاعتبار‬
constant adj. continuous; firm ‫َثاِبت‬
constraints n. restriction; artificial manner, unnatural manner; force ‫كراه ; إ ِْلزام‬
ْ ِ ‫جبار ; إْرغام ; إ‬
ْ ِ‫إ‬
contribution n. act of donating; donation ‫مساهمة‬
convention n. conference; treaty; agreement; routine, custom ‫ اجتماع‬، ‫ عقد‬، ‫اتفاقية‬
coordination n. harmony, accord; working together ‫ تنظيم‬، ‫تنسيق‬
core n. central part of a fruit (containing the seeds); center, heart; ‫قلب الثمرة قلب‬

4
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
corporate adj. incorporated; common, shared, collective; of or pertaining to a corporation ‫متحد مشترك‬
corresponding adj. similar, analogous, comparable, parallel ‫ متشابه‬، ‫ متماثل‬،‫متطابق‬
criteria criterion
n. standard against which something is measured (i.e. standard or principle)
َ
َ ِ ‫أدِّلة ; إ‬
‫مام ; د َِليل‬
deduction n. subtraction, reduction, discount; conclusion ‫ استدلل‬, ‫ حسم استنتاج‬, ‫اقتطاع‬
demonstrate v. exhibit, present; display emotion ‫يتظاهر = يقوم بمظاهرة او يشارك فيها‬
document v. record for evidence, provide with documentary evidence, substantiate ‫وثيقة‬
dominant adj. controlling, commanding ‫ مهيمن‬، ‫مسيطر‬
emphasis n. importance that is attached to something ‫تشديد )على كلمة او مقطع( توكيد‬
ensure v. make certain; guarantee; make secure ‫ كفل صان‬، ‫ضمن‬
َ َ
excluded ْ ِ ‫أب ْعَد َ ; أفَْرد َ ; ا‬
v. leave out, keep out; prevent from happening or being; reject َ ‫ست َب ْعَد‬
framework n. frame; support, skeleton; structure; system ‫ إطار الرئيسية‬، ‫ نظام نطاق‬، ‫هيكل بنية‬
funds n. monies, capital; cash ‫ الصناديق‬- ‫الموال‬
adj. demonstrated, exemplified; clarified, depicted with pictures or words ‫ن‬ َ
illustrated َ ّ ‫ح ; ب َي‬
َ ‫ض‬
َ ْ‫أو‬
immigration act of settling in a new country ‫هجرة‬
implies َ ‫م‬
v. indirectly suggest, hint, infer ‫ل‬ َ ;‫ن‬
َ ‫ش‬ َ ‫م‬
ّ ‫ض‬
َ َ‫ت‬
initial adj. placed at the beginning, first ‫اولى اول‬، ‫ابتدائى‬
instance example, illustration; ‫مثل – حالة‬
interaction n. mutual action, reciprocal action; communication (Computers) ‫تفاعل‬
justification support, defense, explanation, reason; adjustment of words and letters to make them
exactly fill a line of type ‫ دفاع‬، ‫ تأييد‬، ‫تبرير‬
layer َ َ ‫ط َب‬
n. thickness of some material that covers a surface; stratum, covering, bed ‫قة‬
link v. join; connect; be joined, be connected ‫ ربط بين‬، ‫وصل‬
location n. place; position; situation; site; spot ‫ مركز‬، ‫موقع‬
maximum adj. greatest, most, utmost, highest ‫ الحد القصى‬، ‫الحد العلى‬
minorities n. smaller group as opposed to the majority ‫داَثة أقلية‬
َ ‫ح‬
َ ,
negative denying, contrary; of a quantity less than zero ‫سلبى سالب‬
outcomes n. result, effect ‫جة‬
َ ْ ‫ن َت ِي‬
partnership n. association, collaboration, participation ‫ مشاركة شركة‬، ‫اشتراك‬
philosophy n. study of the nature of human thought and of the world ‫البحث عن الحقيقة الفلسفة‬
physical adj. bodily, corporeal; pertaining to physics ‫ فعلى‬، ‫حقيقى‬
proportion n. ratio; part, portion; rate ‫ اتساق‬،‫نسبة تناسب‬
published adj. (about printed material) produced and distributed; advertised ‫شَر‬ َ َ‫ن‬
reaction return to a previous state, restoration of a past condition ‫ تفاعل‬، ‫ استجابة‬، ‫رد فعل‬
registered adj. enrolled, entered into the records, recorded ‫مسجل مضمون‬
reliance n. dependence; trust, confidence ‫ اتكال‬، ‫ ثقة‬،‫ اعتماد‬، ‫تعويل‬
removed get rid of; eject, dismiss, discharge ‫ ناء بعيد‬،‫بعيد‬
scheme n. plan, design; system; plot, intrigue; diagram, outline ‫ برنامج‬، ‫ نظام‬، ‫ رسم‬، ‫ تصميم‬، ‫مشروع‬
sequence order, arrangement; chain of events ‫ تتابع‬، ‫تسلسل‬
sex n. gender, quality of being male or female; sexual intercourse ‫الجنس الذكورة أو النوثة‬
shift n. scheduled work period; change in position, change in direction; replacement ‫ تبديل وردية‬، ‫ نقل‬، ‫تغيير‬

specified adj. clearly described, indicated; itemized; marked ‫ محدد منصوص عليه‬، ‫معين‬

5
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
sufficient adj. enough, adequate ‫ واف‬،‫كاف‬
task n. mission, assignment; obligation; role ‫ واجب عمل شاق‬،‫مهمة = فرض‬
technical adj. of or pertaining to technique; relating to technology; specialized; mechanical ‫تقنى‬
n. method of performance, technical skill, manner in which technical details are treated ‫قة‬ َ
َ ‫طري‬
techniques
technology n. sciences of the industrial arts, applied sciences; technical methods and processes ‫تقنية‬
validity n. state of being valid, legitimacy; soundness, condition of being well-founded ‫صلحية‬
volume n. book, book forming one of a series of books; capacity, bulk, displacement; degree of
loudness ‫ مستوى‬،‫ كتاب‬،‫ مجلد‬،‫حجم‬
4
access n. approach; entry; attack of a disease; permission to enter a computer system and/or
retrieve data (Computers) ‫ يصل‬- ‫وصول‬
adequate adj. sufficient, suitable; barely passable, tolerable ‫ ملئم‬،‫كاف‬
annual adj. occurring once a year ‫سنوى‬
apparent adj. obvious; ostensible, pretended ‫ جلى‬، ‫ظاهر واضح‬
approximate َ َ ‫ب ; قَب‬
v. approach, come near ‫ل‬ َ ‫داَنى ; د َّنى ; قاَر‬
d
attitudes n. posture, policy; treatment, sentiment ‫ضَعة‬
ْ َ‫ و‬,‫موِقف‬
َ
attributed v. ascribe to; credit with ‫صّية‬
ّ ‫صة ; خا‬
ّ ‫خا‬
civil civil
adj. pertaining to citizens, of civilians; polite ‫ لطيف‬، ‫مدنى متمدن اهلى مهذب‬
code v. write in code, translate a message into code ‫ مجموعة قوانين الدستور شفرة او نظام شفرى‬: ‫المدونة‬
commitment n. obligation, promise; act of committing ‫ التزام‬، ‫ عهد‬، ‫وعد‬
communicatio n. exchange of information or ideas; transfer, passing along; letter, message ‫إتصال‬
n
concentratio n. careful attention; strength of a solution; assembly, gathering ‫ حشد‬،‫ تركز‬.‫تركيز‬
n
conference n. discussion; meeting; convention ‫ محاضرة‬، ‫ مداولة‬، ‫ اجتماع‬، ‫مؤتمر‬
contrast v. compare; be different in comparison with something else ‫ تباين‬، ‫اختلف‬
cycle n. series (of poems, stories, etc.); recurring period of time; long period of time ‫ دورة‬، ‫تسلسل‬

debate v. argue; discuss; consider ‫مناقشه مناظرة‬

despite prep. in spite of, notwithstanding ‫ أذدراء أستخفاف‬, ‫احتقار‬
dimensions n. measurements in length width and height of cargo (Transport); ‫ب ُْعد‬
domestic adj. pertaining to home, pertaining to family; relating the internal affairs of a country;
loving home and family ‫ وطنى‬, ‫ عائلى اهلى‬, ‫منزلى‬
emerged v. appear, come out, be revealed ‫ل‬ ّ َ‫ل ; أ َه‬
ّ َ ‫ح ; أ َط‬
َ َ ‫صب‬
َ
ْ ‫أ‬
error n. mistake, something that is incorrect ‫ غلط‬، ‫خطأ‬
ethnic adj. of different racial and social groups; of people from different countries
goals n. target, aim; destination; purpose ‫دف‬
َ َ‫مى ; ه‬
ً ‫مْر‬
َ
granted conj. admittedly, acknowledged as true ‫ موافق عليه‬، ‫مقبول‬
hence adv. therefore, then; from now; from this place ‫ لهذا السبب‬، ‫ من هنا من ثم‬، ‫بعيدا‬,
hypothesis n. explanation which gives a reason for observed phenomena, theory ‫ فرض‬، ‫ افتراض‬، ‫نظرية‬
implementatio n. execution, carrying out, performing; putting into effect ‫ تطبيق‬،‫تنفيذ‬
n
implications n. act of implying; something implied, indirect suggestion, connotation, hint ‫ضيات‬ َ َ ‫قت‬
ْ ‫م‬
ُ
imposed v. require, compel, force upon; enforce, institute; force oneself on others ‫رك‬ ‫ت‬‫ش‬ْ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫وها‬,‫ي‬ ‫م‬ّ
ََ ُ ٌ ُ ّ ِ َ َ ٌ ‫ه‬‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫جنو‬
ُ

integration n. merging, joining; unification into a whole; act of bringing people together as equals

6
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
regardless of race or religion ‫ اتحاد‬، ‫ تجميع‬، ‫تكامل‬
internal adj. interior, inner, inside, located within; of a country's domestic affairs ‫داخلى معد للستعمال ذاتى باطنى‬
investigation n. probe, examination, inspection ‫ بحث‬، ‫ تحقيق‬، ‫تحر‬
ْ ‫س‬
job v. do paid work
ُ ْ
now and then, do odd jobs; work as a middleman, buy and sell ; ‫طو‬ َ ‫ مهمة‬، ‫ عمل‬، ‫وظيفة‬
‫صّية ; ن َْهب‬
ِ ‫صو‬
ُ ‫سلب ; ل‬
َ
label v. affix a label to, affix a tag or sticker to; call, name, give a nickname to; classify ‫ لفتة‬، ‫ علمة‬، ‫بطاقة مميزة‬

mechanism automatic self-protective behavior ‫ أسلوب عمل‬، ‫طريقة عمل‬

obvious adj. clear; unmistakable; apparent, evident; plain
occupational relating to a profession, work ,job ‫ حرفى‬، ‫مهني‬
option n. choice, alternative, possibility, selection, election ‫ حق الخيار‬،‫خيار‬
output n. yield; product, manufacture; information sent out from a computer (Computers) ‫ محصول‬، ‫نتاج‬
overall adv. in general, generally ‫ ككل‬، ‫عموما‬
parallel adj. even, equal; analogous, similar ‫ متطابق‬، ‫متواز مواز متماثل‬
parameters n. variable which determines the form of a function ‫مَتثاب َِتة‬
ُ
phase n. stage; side, angle, aspect; period ‫مرحلة‬
َ
predicted adj. prophesied, forecast, foretold, announced in advance ‫ب‬ َ ّ‫) ت َك َه‬
ِ ) ‫ن ; ت َن َب ّأ‬
principal adj. chief, head, leading; primary, main, major ‫رئيس‬، ‫رئيسى‬
prior adj. previous, earlier, preceding, antecedent, former ‫ قبل‬،‫ سالف‬،‫سابق‬
professional n. person who works in a skilled occupation, specialist ‫ محترف‬،‫ حرفي‬،‫مهني‬
project n. plan, scheme, program; task, assignment, activity ‫خطة مشروع‬
promote encourage sales; aid, help, assist; obtain through trickery (Slang) ‫ يرقي‬،‫ يشجع‬،‫يعزز‬
regime n. mode of rule, system of government, form of government ‫ رجيم النظام‬، ‫حمية‬
resolution n. ruling, decision; solution, answer; analysis, breakdown ‫ اقتراح‬، ‫ حل‬، ‫قرار‬
retained v. keep in possession; keep in practice, continue to use; hold, keep; employ ‫ غير موزع‬، ‫محتجز‬
series n. sequence, succession; television program broadcast in installments ،‫ مجموعة‬،‫سلسلة‬
‫ تتابع‬،‫سياق‬
statistics n. branch of mathematics that deals with the collection and interpretation of numerical
information ‫ إحصاءات‬، ‫إحصاء‬
status n. individual's social or professional standing, position, rank; state of things ‫ وضع‬، ‫ منزلة‬، ‫حالة‬
stress v. subject to stress or strain; emphasize, accentuate ‫ أهمية نبرة‬، ‫ وطأة تأكيد‬، ‫ضغط‬
subsequent adj. succeeding, following, ensuing, happening after ‫لحق تال‬
sum n. amount that is determined by adding two or more numbers; whole amount ‫ جملة‬، ‫مبلغ‬
summary brief and comprehensive overview of the main points of a body of material, abstract ‫ملخص‬
undertaken v. take on, receive responsibility for a task; guarantee َ ‫ل ; عاهَد َ ; وَع َد‬ ّ َ ‫ت َك‬
َ ‫ف‬
5
academic adj. learned, educated; scholastic; theoretical ‫جامعى أكاديمى‬
adjustment n. adjusting, adaptation; state of being adjusted ‫تسوية‬
alter v. change, modify; be changed, be modified ‫ عدل خصى‬، ‫ غير‬، ‫بدل‬
amendment n. correction, revision; alteration, change ‫ تحسين‬، ‫تعديل‬
aware adj. attentive; conscious of ‫ مطلع على‬، ‫ مدرك‬، ‫واع‬
capacity n. volume which can be contained or received; function, role ‫ طاقة‬،‫ قدرة‬،‫سعة‬
challenge test one's ability, dare, invite to engage in a contest; stimulate ‫تحدى‬
clause part of a sentence which contains a subject and predicate (Grammar)‫ أحكام قانون‬، ‫فقرة عبارة بند‬
compounds ّ ‫ ي َُر‬,‫ب‬
n. enclosed area; mixture, substance composed of different elements ‫كب‬ ٌ ّ ‫مَرك‬
ُ

7
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
conflict v. oppose, disagree, quarrel, fight ‫ تضارب‬، ‫ خلف‬.‫ن َِزاع‬
consultation n. counseling, advising; conferring َ ‫م‬
ٌ‫شاوََرة‬ َ ِ ‫ست‬
ُ ,‫شاَرة‬ ْ ِ‫ا‬
contact v. establish communication, connect (with someone or something ‫ علقة‬، ‫اتصال‬
decline v. refuse; go down, decrease ‫ انحدار يهبط‬، ‫ هبوط‬،‫تدهور‬,
discretion n. caution, wisdom, careful judgment ‫ تمييز‬، ‫ فطنة‬، ‫ حرية التصرف‬،‫قدير‬
draft n. rough outline, sketch; check ‫ يجرى القرعة‬, ،‫ مسودة‬،‫حوالة‬
enable v. make possible, make capable; allow, give power to ‫ول‬ ّ ‫يم‬
ّ ‫كن يخ‬
energy n. power; vigor, liveliness, intensity ‫طاقة‬
enforcement n. execution, putting into force, act of enforcing ‫إلزام تنفيذ‬
entities n. being, something that exists; thing ‫كاِئن ; ك َِيان‬
equivalent adj. equal in worth or value, equal in importance; corresponding ‫مساو مرادف متكافئ‬
evolution n. development, progression, unfolding, growth ‫تطور; نشوء; تحول; نمو; تقدم‬
expansion n. enlargement, increase, spread; development ‫ انتشار‬، ‫ إنماء‬، ‫توسع‬
exposure placement, location (in relation to the sun) ‫ كشف‬،‫تعرض‬
external adj. exterior, outer; outside ‫خارجي‬
facilitate v. make easy ‫ ييسر‬، ‫يسهل‬
َ
fundamental adj. basic, elemental; essential ‫ي‬ ّ ‫س‬ِ ‫سا‬
َ ‫أ‬
v. create, produce َ ‫جد‬ َ ّ َ‫شأ َ ; أ َه‬
َ ْ ‫أ َن‬
generated َ ْ‫ل ; أو‬
generation n. group of people born around the same time; production ‫ جيل‬، ‫ عصر‬، ‫ توليد‬، ‫إنتاج‬
image v. imagine; draw a likeness; describe, picture; likeness ‫ تصور‬، ‫ فكرة‬، ‫صورة‬
liberal tolerant, open-minded; generous; abundant ‫ كريم‬، ‫متحرر‬
n. one who supports a progressive political philosophy ‫تحرري‬
licence n. permit, certificate; authority; authorization; freedom (action, belief, etc.); ‫حرية; إذن; ترخيص; رخصة‬
‫قيادة‬
logic n. reasoning, common-sense; science of inference and reasoning ‫علم المنطق منطق‬
marginal close to the limits; minimal, slight ‫دي‬ّ ‫ح‬
َ ،‫ي‬
ّ ‫ش‬
ِ ‫م‬
ِ ‫ها‬
َ
medical adj. of or relating to the science or practice of medicine; curative ‫طبي‬
mental adj. of or relating to the mind, intellectual, cerebral; mentally ill (Slang); ‫ ذهنى‬، ‫عقلى‬
modified adj. adjusted; changed; moderated; attributive (Grammar); adapted ‫ور‬ ّ ‫ح‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ
monitoring n. supervision; surveillance; scanning; guarding, watching ‫مَراقََبة‬
ُ ,‫صد‬ ‫ر‬
ْ َ
network coordinated system involving a number of things or people ‫شبكة‬
notion n. concept; opinion; idea ‫ نظرية أو عقيدة‬، ‫فكرة عامة‬
objective n. aim, purpose, goal; objective case (Grammar) ‫ موضوعي‬، ‫ هدف‬، ‫غرض‬
orientation direction, tendency; direction of printing ‫جه‬
َ ّ ‫مت‬
ُ ; ‫جه‬
ّ َ‫ت َو‬
perspective n. viewpoint, outlook; vista, view ‫ وجهة نظر‬،‫ نظرة‬،‫منظور‬
precise adj. exact, not more and not less ‫ دقيق‬، ‫مضبوط‬
adj. principal, major, chief; central, main; select, choice ‫ي‬ َ
prime ّ ‫س‬
ِ ‫سا‬
َ ‫ أ‬، ‫ ممتاز‬، ‫أول‬
psychology n. study of the mind, study of human behavior ‫علم النفس‬
pursue v. chase after, follow; aspire to, strive for; continue, carry on; persist in, work at ‫ يلحق‬،‫يطارد‬
ratio n. proportional relation, relationship of quantity or size between two things ‫نسبة‬
rejected v. refuse, decline, deny, turn down ‫مْرُفوض‬
َ ; ‫مْرُدود‬
َ
revenue n. income, return, gains; government income earned through taxation ‫اليرادات‬
stability n. solidity, firmness, permanence, ‫ توازن‬، ‫ استقرار‬، ‫ثبات‬

8
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
styles v. plan, design; name, call ‫سُلوب‬
ْ ‫أ‬
substitution n. replacement; act or instance of substituting ‫ست ِْبدال‬
ْ ‫ا‬
sustainable endurable, livable, sufferable, supportable, tolerable ‫ دائمي‬, ‫طاق‬ َ ‫م‬
ُ ; ‫مل‬
َ َ ‫حت‬
ْ ‫م‬
ُ
symbolic Figurative ‫رمزى‬
target objective, aim, object, goal; goal or situation one intends to achieve ‫هدف عام‬
transition n. passage, change, transformation ‫تحول‬/‫انتقال‬
trend n. tendency, course, bearing; fashion, mode ‫ نزوع‬، ‫ ميل‬، ‫اتجاه‬
version n. particular form of something, variant, rendering; translation ‫قلب‬
ِ ْ ‫ا ِن‬
welfare well-being; happiness, prosperity; support, aid ‫رفاهية‬،
whereas conj. since, inasmuch as; this being the case; but; while ‫حيث ان‬
6
abstract Adj. unconnected to concrete reality; theoretical, not practical ‫نظرى‬
v. v. remove, take away; steal; theorize, conceptualize; summarize ‫فصل او يزيل سرق‬
accurate adj. precise, exact ‫ صحيح دقيق‬، ‫مضبوط‬
acknowledge adj. recognized; received ‫مقبول او معترف به‬
d
aggregate v. bring together ‫ يتكتل‬، ‫يتجمع‬
allocation Portion ‫ عملية التوزيع والتنسيق‬، ‫تخصيص‬
assigned given as a requirement ‫ محول‬،‫ متنازل عنه‬، ‫معين‬
attached adj. bound, fastened ‫ كلف‬، ‫ مولع‬، ‫متعلق‬
author n. writer, one who writes a book ‫المؤلف‬
bond n. link; obligation ‫ وثاق ميثاق حبل‬، ‫قيد‬
brief n. abstract, summary, concise report; instructions ‫ موجز دعوى‬،‫خلصة الوقائع‬
capable adj. skilled, able, proficient ‫ قابل لـ‬،‫ مؤهل لـ‬، ‫قادر على‬
ْ
cited adj. quoted; referenced to ‫واَرث‬ ُ ; ‫مأُثور‬
َ َ ‫مت‬ َ
cooperative adj. willing to work together ‫تعاونى متعاون‬
discrimination unequal treatment ,ability to choose well (in matters of taste) ‫مييز‬
ْ َ‫ت‬
display v. put out for others to see, show, exhibit ‫ استعراض ينشر يعرض‬، ‫عرض‬
diversity n. variety; difference, unlikeness ‫تنوع فرق‬
domain n. field ‫ حيز‬، ‫ مجال‬.
edition n. total number of copies printed at the same time (of a book, newspaper, etc.); form in
which a book is published ‫طبعة= مجموع النسخ المطبوعة دفعة واحدة نسخة‬
enhanced adj. improved; increased ‫عوم‬ُ ْ ‫مد‬
َ ; ‫عم‬ ُ ; ‫مؤَّيد‬
ّ َ ‫مد‬ ُ
estate n. extensive piece of land usually with a large house on it; person's property, wealth ، ‫حالة‬
‫ ممتلكات‬، ‫ منزلة رفيعة طبقة اجتماعية ملكية‬، ‫ و بخاصة‬، ‫وضع منزلة‬
exceed v. go beyond, pass; excel ‫ يتخطى يفوق‬، ‫يتجاوز‬،
expert adj. skilled, knowledgeable ‫ فََنى‬، ‫ متخصص‬، ‫خبير‬
explicit adj. clear ‫حوظ‬ ُ ْ ‫مل‬
َ ‫ب َّين‬
federal adj. of or pertaining to a form of government in which separate states unite under a
central authority while retaining limited powers of government ‫ي‬
ّ ِ ‫ا ِّتحاد ٌ فِد َْرال‬
ُ َ َ
fees payment for services rendered; cost of admission; commission ‫أْتعاب ; أْجر ; أْجَرة‬
flexibility capable of bending easily without breaking. ‫مُروَنة‬
ُ
able to change readily to meet new circumstances
furthermore adv. in addition to, moreover ‫علوةً على ذلك‬
gender n. sex of a person or animal ( ‫س‬ ِ (‫النوع البشرى‬
ٌ ْ ‫جن‬

9
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
ignored Rejected , refused ‫ل ; ت ََناك ََر‬
َ َ‫جاه‬َ َ‫ت‬
incentive Stimulating ‫عث ; حاِفز ; داِفع‬ ِ ‫با‬
incidence n. frequency ‫دوث ; تكرار ; وُُقوع‬
ُ ‫ح‬
ُ
incorporated Adj. united , combined into one body ‫مج‬
ِ َ ‫من ْد‬
ُ ; ‫موم‬
ُ ‫ض‬
ْ ‫م‬
َ ; ‫موج‬
ُ ْ ‫مد‬
َ
index
inhibition
initiatives
input
instructions
intelligence
interval
lecture
migration
minimum
ministry
motivation
neutral
nevertheless
overseas
preceding
presumption
rational
recovery
revealed
scope
subsidiary
tapes
trace
transformatio
n
transport
underlying
utility
7
َ
adaptation َ ‫مَلَء‬
n. process of making one thing fit another; modification, adjustment ‫مة ; ت َوِْفيق‬ ُ ; ‫مَهاي َأة‬
ُ ; ‫مة‬
َ ‫واَء‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ
‫ت َك َّيف‬
adults mature person, mature animal ‫شد ; باِلغ‬
ِ ‫را‬
advocate n. defense counsel; attorney; supporter, follower, ٍ ‫حام‬ َ ‫م‬ َ ‫أ َُفو‬
ُ ; ‫كاُتو‬ V. َ ‫س‬
‫خ‬ ّ ‫م ; َرفَد َ ; َر‬
َ ‫س‬
ّ ‫خ ; َر‬ َ ّ‫د َع‬
aid v. help; assist n. help; assistance; accessory ‫عاَنة‬
َ ِ ‫سعاف ; إ‬ْ ِ‫إ‬
َ
channel ِ ِ ‫قة ; َقناة ُ ت ِل‬
n. canal; station; television station and its programs; ‫فْزُيون‬ ِ َ ‫ريق ; ط‬
َ ‫ري‬ ِ َ ‫أَداة ط‬
chemical used in a chemical process ‫ي‬ ّ ِ ‫كيمَيائ‬
ِ
classical adj. excellent; timeless; traditional ‫ من الطراز الول تقليدي‬،‫ممتاز‬

10
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
comprehensive adj. extensive, including much, large in scope ‫مل‬ ِ ‫ي ; شا‬ ّ ِ ‫جمال‬
ْ ِ‫إ‬
v. include; be composed of ‫وى ) عََلى‬ َ ‫م‬ َ ‫م‬ َ
comprise َ َ ‫حت‬
ْ ِ‫ل ; ا‬ َ َ ‫حت‬
ْ ِ‫ل ; ا‬ َ ‫ج‬
ْ ‫)أ‬
confirmed adj. shown to be true; habitual ‫مؤ َّيد‬ ّ َ ‫مؤ‬
ُ ; ‫كد‬ ُ
contrary adj. contradictory, opposed; stubborn, obstinate ‫قيض‬
ِ َ ‫كس ; ن‬ ِ ; ‫خَلف‬
ْ َ ‫ضد ّ ; ع‬ ِ
converted َ ّ‫حو‬
v. change religions; exchange money; transform, change ‫ل‬ َ ّ ‫ ت َب َد‬adj. ‫دل‬
َ َ‫ل ; ت‬ َ ْ ‫ست َب‬
ْ ‫م‬
ُ
couple n. pair, group of two persons or things ‫جة‬ َ ِ‫مْزد َو‬
ُ
decades n. ten years; group of ten ‫قد من الزمان‬
ْ َ‫ع‬
definite adj. clear, decisive; limited; specific ‫محدد واضح‬
deny v. say that something is not true; refuse; renounce ‫ع‬
َ َ ‫من‬
َ ;‫م‬
َ ‫حَر‬
َ
differentiation n. act of distinguishing; discrimination; act of changing ‫مِييز‬
ْ َ ‫ماُيز ; ت‬
َ َ ‫ريق ; ت‬
ِ ‫ف‬
ْ َ‫ت‬
disposal n. getting rid of; arranging; device that grinds up garbage ‫ظيم‬ ِ ْ ‫سِيير ; ت َن‬ْ َ ‫ت َد ِْبير ; ت َْرِتيب ; ت‬
dynamic adj. forceful, energetic, vigorous, spirited ‫ي‬ ّ ‫م‬ ِ ‫ي ; د َي َْنا‬ ّ ِ ‫ميك‬ ِ ‫ي ; ِديَنا‬ّ ِ ‫حَرك‬ َ
v. remove, get rid of ‫د‬ ‫ع‬‫ب‬ ‫ت‬‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ; ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬ ; ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬َ ‫أ‬
eliminate َ َ َْ ْ ِ َ َ ْ َ َْ
empirical adj. learned through observation ‫ي‬ ّ ِ ‫ريب‬
ِ ‫ج‬ ْ َ‫ت‬
ُ
equipment n. supplies, necessary items, tools or other objects for completing a task ‫أهَْبة‬
extract v. remove, take out; squeeze, press ‫صار ُموَجز ; ن َب َْذة‬ َ ِ ‫خت‬ ْ ِ ‫ِإيجاز ; ا‬
file n. collection of documents on a subject ‫ف‬ ّ َ ‫مل‬ِ ; ‫سيه‬ ِ ‫ ُدو‬v. ‫شَر‬ ّ َ‫شَر ; ق‬ َ َ‫ق‬
finite adj. having limitations ‫دود‬ ُ ‫ح‬
ْ ‫م‬
َ ; ٍ ‫ه‬‫نا‬
َ َ ‫ت‬‫م‬ُ
foundation n. base, substructure; establishing, founding; institution ‫مؤسسة; قاعدة أساس‬
global adj. worldwide, universal, of the whole world ‫ي‬ ّ ِ ‫جمال‬ ْ ِ‫إ‬
grade n. mark; level, degree, rank ‫ب ََيان ; ت َْرِتيب ; د ََرَجة ; ُرت َْبة‬
guarantee v. promise, assure n. security; warranty ‫ن‬ َ ‫م‬ِ ‫ض‬َ ; ‫ل بـ‬ َ ّ ‫من ; عاِئل ت َوَك‬ ِ ‫ضا‬
hierarchical adj. belonging to a hierarchy, arranged according to rank ‫سل‬ ِ ْ ‫سل‬ َ َ ‫مت‬ُ ;‫ي‬ّ ‫ج‬ ِ ‫ت َد َّر‬
identical adj. exactly alike, same; equal in every respect, interchangeable ‫شاِبه‬ َ َ ‫مت‬
ُ ; ‫جاِنس‬ َ َ ‫مت‬
ُ
ideology n. study of the origin and nature of ideas (Philosophy); doctrine, philosophy
‫ مجموعه نظاميه من المفاهيم فى موضوع الحياة او الثقافة البشرية= طريقه‬: ‫وضع النظريات اليدولوجية‬
‫التفكير المميز لفرد او جماعه او ثقافة فكر‬
inferred v. derive, conclude; guess, surmise; hint ‫ج‬ َ َ ‫ست َن ْت‬ ّ َ ‫ست َد‬
ْ ِ‫ل ; ا‬ ْ ِ‫ا‬
innovation n. introduction of something new; change, new method or practice ‫خت َِراع‬ َ ِ ‫ا ِب ْت‬
ْ ِ ‫كار ; ا‬
َ ‫خ‬ َ
insert v. place in, put in; add to ‫ل‬ َ ْ ‫أد‬
intervention n. interference, mediation; interference by one country in the affairs of another ; ‫ت َد َّخل‬
ّ َ ‫ت َط‬
‫فل‬
isolated adj. solitary, alone; separated from others ; ‫زل‬
ِ َ‫من ْع‬
ُ ; ‫كف‬
ِ َ ‫معْت‬
ُ
َ
media n. channels of mass communication (radio, newspaper, television, etc.), medium ‫أَداة‬
َ ِ ‫قة ; ن‬
mode n. style, way, manner; fashion; situation ‫ظام ; ن َْهج‬ ِ َ‫ط‬
َ ‫ري‬
paradigm n. model, ideal; mold, form; example, pattern ‫ نموذج‬، ‫مثال‬
phenomenon n. event or circumstance that can be observed; something unusual; something detected by the
senses ‫ظاه َِرة‬
priority n. preference, precedence; higher rank ‫ضلّية ; أ َوْل َوِّية‬ َ
َ ْ‫قّية ; أف‬ ِ َ ‫سب‬ َ
ْ ‫أ‬
prohibited adj. outlawed, forbidden by law; banned, enjoined ‫مُنوع‬ ْ ‫م‬َ ; ‫ظور‬ ُ ‫ح‬ ْ ‫م‬َ ; ‫حّرم‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ
publication act of publicizing, act of advertising ‫ب إلخ‬
ٍ ‫دار ) ك َِتا‬
َ ‫ص‬
ْ ِ ‫عة ; إ‬َ ‫خراج ; إ َِذا‬ ْ ِ‫) إ‬
quotation n. act of repeating the words of another person ‫سِعير‬ ِ ْ ‫ت َث‬
ْ َ ‫مين ; ت‬
release n. freedom, liberation; newly distributed film ‫سراح‬ ْ
َ ُ‫طلق ; إ ِطلق‬ ْ ِ ‫سِبيل ; إ‬
َ ‫خلُء‬
ْ ِ ‫إ ِْبراء ; إ‬
reverse َ َ ‫كس ع َك‬
cause to move in the opposite direction; revoke, cancel, annul; change, alter ‫س‬ ِ ‫مَعا‬
ُ ; ّ ‫ضاد‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ

11
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َ َ ‫; قَل‬
‫ب‬
simulation n.act of pretending; imitation, imitation of the operation or features of one system using another
system ‫دعاء‬ّ ِ‫ا‬
solely adv. only, exclusively; merely ‫ فقط‬,‫ فحسب‬,‫ل غير‬
somewhat adv. slightly; to a certain extent; quite ‫سَمة‬ ْ َ‫سط ; ق‬
ْ ِ‫سم ; ق‬ ْ ِ‫ق‬
submitted v. give
َ
in, surrender, yield; subject oneself to a process or condition; present, propose
َ
َ َ ‫سل‬
‫م‬ ّ َ ‫أذ‬
ْ ‫ل;أ‬
successive adj. continuous, sequential, following one after another ‫متعاقب; متوالي‬
survive
thesis n. hypothesis, proposition to be proven; dissertation ‫سة‬ َ ‫فاُوض ; د َِرا‬
َ َ ‫داُول ; ت‬
َ َ ‫حث ; ت‬
ْ َ‫ب‬
topic v. continue to live after another has died, outlive; remain in use, continue in existence ;‫ي‬
ّ ‫ح‬
َ
‫ش‬
َ ‫ي ; عا‬
َ ِ ‫حي‬
َ
transmission n. sending; broadcast; transmittal, conveyance ‫نقل; إنتقال; إرسال; بث; إذاعة‬
ultimately adv. in the end, eventually; in an ultimate manner ‫ فى النهاية اساسيا‬، ‫اخيرا‬
unique adj. singular, matchless, unequaled, rare ‫ استثنائي‬،‫ مفرد‬،‫وحيد‬
visible adj. can be clearly seen; in view, observable; obvious, apparent ‫ منظور‬,‫ي‬ ّ ِ ‫مْرئ‬
َ
voluntary adj. done by free choice; unpaid; having free will ‫ي‬ّ ‫ع‬ َ
ِ ّ‫خت َِياريّ ; ت َطو‬
ْ ِ ‫إ َِراد ِيّ ; ا‬
8
abandon v. forsake, leave behind, desert ‫ يتخلى عن‬. ‫ يهجر‬. ‫يتنازل عن‬
accompanie adj : having accompaniment or companions or escort ‫ب بـ‬
ٌ ‫حو‬
ُ ‫ص‬
ْ ‫م‬
َ
d
accumulatio n. gathering; collection; agglomeration, pile ‫ شيء متراكم‬. ‫ تراكم‬. ‫تكديس‬
n
ambiguous obscure, vague ‫ ملتبس‬. ‫غامض‬
appendix n. small sac attached to the intestines ‫الزائدة زيل أو ملحق‬
appreciation n. esteem, high regard; increase in value ‫ إدراك‬. ‫ إعجاب‬. ‫قَد ُْر الشيء حقّ قد ِْره‬
arbitrary adj. wanton, reckless; uncontrolled, unrestricted ّ‫ استبدادي‬. ‫ي‬ّ ‫ كيف‬. ‫ي‬ ّ ‫كم‬ّ ‫ تح‬. ‫ي‬ ّ ‫اعتباط‬
automaticall adv. unintentionally, in an automatic manner ‫ه‬
ِ ‫س‬
ِ ‫ف‬ ْ
ْ َ ‫ن ت ِلقاِء ن‬
ْ ‫م‬ِ . ‫قائ ِّيا‬َ ْ ‫ت ِل‬
y
bias n. prejudice; tendency, leaning ‫ تحيز‬،‫ انحراف‬،‫ميل‬
chart n. graph, diagram ‫ جدول أو رسم بياني‬. ‫خريطة‬
clarity n. clearness ‫وضوح‬
conformity correspondence in form or character, agreement, compliance ‫ انسجام‬. ‫ مطابقة‬. ‫انطباق‬
commodity n. merchandise, goods ‫ مواد‬، ‫ منتجات أولية‬،‫ بضاعة‬،‫سلعة‬
complement n. that which makes perfect; something added to complete ‫ملحق‬ ُ . ‫ تكملة‬. ‫مة‬
ّ ‫تت‬
contemporary adj. modern, current ‫ حديث‬. ‫ متعاصر‬. ‫ متعاصٌر مع‬. ‫معاصٌر ِلـ‬
contradiction n. denial; opposition; inconsistency ‫ تناقض‬. ‫إنكار‬
crucial adj. critical, decisive, very important ‫ عصيب‬. ‫حاسم‬
currency n. money; circulation; custom ‫ نقد‬، ‫ عملة متداولة‬، ‫تداول‬
denote v. symbolize; mark ‫ ُيظِهر‬. ‫ ُيعِلن‬. ‫ يشير إلى‬. ‫ل على‬ ّ ‫يد‬
detected v. discern, discover ‫ يستبين‬. ‫يكتشف‬
deviation n. act of deviating; aberration, abnormality ‫جاه‬ َ ّ ‫ تغيير ا َِلت‬،‫انحراف‬
displacemen n. act of moving something from its usual place ‫ تغيير المحل‬، ‫ انتقال‬، ‫نقل‬
t
dramatic having the base of drama; emotional, surprising ‫ مثير‬, ‫مسرحى مفاجئ‬

12
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eventually adv. finally, in the end ‫ في آخر المر‬. ً ‫أخيرا‬
exhibit v. show, demonstrate ‫رض‬ ِ ْ‫ ي َع‬. ‫ يرسم‬. ‫ ُيبدي‬. ‫ُيظِهر‬
exploitation n. selfish use, imposition, utilization ‫ تشغيل‬، ‫ استثمار‬، ‫استغلل‬
fluctuations n. vacillation, instability, wavering, inconstancy, change ‫وج‬ ّ ‫م‬
َ َ‫ت‬
guidelines n. outline or indication of acceptable conduct or procedure ‫شادِّية‬ ُ ِ ‫َدلئ‬
َ ‫ل إ ِْر‬
َ َ َ
highlighted adj. stressed, emphasized, accented ‫دى ; أب َْرَز‬
َ ْ ‫ن ; أب‬ َ ‫أَبا‬
implicit adj. implied, indirectly suggested ‫ غير صريح‬، ‫ي‬
ّ ِ ‫من‬
ْ ‫ض‬
ِ
induced adj. caused, brought about, produced ‫دث‬َ ‫ح‬ْ ‫م‬
ُ ‫حّرض؛‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ
inevitably adv. unavoidably, inescapably, certainly ‫ حتميا‬، ‫حتما‬
َ ‫ةا‬
infrastructur n. foundation, basis, substructure ‫حت ِّية‬
ْ ّ ‫ة الت‬
ُ َ ‫سّية ; الب ِن ْي‬
ِ ‫لسا‬ ُ َ ‫الب ِن ْي‬
e
inspection n. act of looking over carefully and critically ‫ فحص‬، ‫ مراجعة‬، ‫فِتيش‬
ْ َ‫ت‬
intensity n. quality of being intense; strength, energy ‫دة‬
ّ ‫ش‬
ِ . ‫دة‬
ّ ‫ح‬
ِ . ‫ كثافة‬. ‫قوة‬
manipulation n. act of manipulating; ‫ تداول‬، ‫ مضاربة‬، ‫ تلعب‬، ‫ ممارسة‬، ‫ نقل‬، ‫معالجة باليد‬
v. make small, reduce; reduce as much as possible ‫فَلى‬
ْ ‫س‬ َ
minimised ُ ; ‫صَغر‬
ْ ‫أ‬
nuclear adj. of or pertaining to a nucleus ‫ي‬
ّ ِ‫ن َوَو‬
offset v. compensate; balance ‫وض عن‬ ّ ‫ يع‬. ‫يوازن‬
paragraph n. passage, distinct portion of text ‫ بند‬، ‫فقرة‬
plus n. sign for addition; advantage, benefit ‫ علمة زائد‬. ‫ فائض‬. ‫ي‬
ّ ‫ عدد إيجاب‬. ‫ي‬
ّ ‫شيء إضاف‬
practitioners n. professional, one who works in a profession or career ‫مماِرس‬ ُ
predominantl adv. generally, prevalently, usually; mainly ‫مال‬
َ ِ ‫حت‬
ْ ِ ‫مكان ِّية ; ا‬
ْ ِ‫إ‬
y
prospect hope, promise; view, vista, scene; outlook, perspective ‫ شيء متوّقع أو مأمول‬. ‫ مشهد‬. ‫منظر‬
radical adj. having extreme political views; fundamental, pertaining to a root ‫ جوهرى‬، ‫ اساسى‬، ‫اصلى‬
‫ خلقى متطرف‬، ‫فطرى‬
random adv. accidentally, by chance, fortuitously ‫ي‬
ّ ‫جزاف‬
ُ .‫ي‬ ْ َ‫ع‬
ّ ‫شوائ‬
reinforced adj. strengthened, fortified ‫معَّزز‬
ُ
restore v. return, bring back ‫مم‬
ّ ‫ ير‬. ‫دد‬
ّ ‫ يج‬. ‫يعيد‬
revision n. act of changing, alteration; act of reviewing ‫ إعادة نظر‬، ‫مراجعة‬
schedule n. timetable, agenda ‫دد المواعيد‬
ّ ‫ برنامج مح‬. ‫ قائمة‬. ‫جدول‬
tension n. tautness, strain, nervousness ‫ توتر‬، ‫ شدة‬، ‫ضغط‬
termination n. end, conclusion, completion ‫ خاتمة‬،‫ انقضاء نهاية‬، ‫إنهاء انتهاء‬
theme n. subject, topic, main idea ‫ مقالة‬. ‫ فكرة‬. ‫موضوع‬
thereby adv. by means of that, in that connection ‫ بتلك الوسيلة فى ما يتصل بذلك‬، ‫بذلك‬
uniform n. distinctive and identifying dress of a particular group ‫ موحد‬،‫ زي رسمي‬،‫زي موحد‬
vehicle n. means of transport ‫ أداة نقل‬،‫ عربة‬،‫مركبة‬
via prep. by way of, by means of ‫ بواسطة كذا‬. ‫من طريق كذا‬
virtually adv. in essence, in effect, almost, practically ً ‫ واقعي ّا‬. ً ‫ فعلي ّا‬. ً ‫عملي ّا‬

widespread adj. common, popular, extensive, prevalent ‫ واسع النتشار‬. ‫ منتشر‬. ّ ‫ممتد‬
visual adj. relating to or used in vision; seen; ‫ي‬
ّ ‫ مرئ‬. ّ‫صرِي‬
َ َ‫ب‬
9
accommodatio n. housing; residence; lodging; adjustment; arrangement ‫إ َْيواء‬
n
analogous adj. parallel; similar, comparable ‫ متشابه‬. ‫ُمشابه‬

13
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
anticipated adj. expected, foreseen, predicted, envisioned ‫قب‬ ُ . ‫مت َوَّقع‬
َ َ ‫مْرت‬ ُ
assurance n. promise, pledge; confidence, security ‫ تأكيد‬،‫ تعهد‬،‫تأمين‬
attained ِ ْ ‫ل عَل َي‬
adj. achieved, fulfilled ‫ه‬ َ ‫ص‬
ِ ‫ح‬
ُ . ‫قق‬
ّ ‫ح‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ . ‫حَرز‬
ْ ‫م‬
ُ
behalf n. representing; support ‫تأييد‬، ‫منفعه دافع‬، ‫مصلحه‬
bulk n. volume, mass; main part, most ‫ معظم الشيء‬. ‫ جسم‬. ‫جم‬ ْ ‫ح‬
َ
ceases v. stop, halt ‫ف عن‬ َ
ّ ‫ يك‬. ‫قطع‬ْ َ ‫ ي‬. ‫وقف‬
ْ ُ‫ي‬
n. stop, halt, break ‫ توقف‬.‫انقطاع‬
coherence n. sticking together; consistency ‫ا ِقِْتران ; ا ِل ِْتحام ; ت ََراُبط‬
coincide v. be compatible; happen at the same time; agree; take up the same place ‫ يتوافق‬. ‫يتطابق‬
commenced ّ ‫يسته‬
v. begin, start ‫ يبدأ‬. ‫ل‬
incompatible adj. incongruous, unsuitable; discordant; opposed, irreconcilable ‫ متعارض‬. ‫ متضارب‬. ‫متنافر‬
concurrent adj. unanimous, in agreement; convergent ‫ منسجم‬. ‫ متفق في الرأي‬. ‫معاون‬
confined adj. constricted, restrained; limited ‫ مقتصر )على‬.‫جوز‬
ُ ‫ح‬
ْ ‫م‬
َ ; ‫جز‬
َ َ ‫حت‬
ْ ‫م‬
ُ ; ‫حُبوس‬
ْ ‫م‬
َ )
controversy n. disagreement, debate, argument ‫خلف‬
ِ . ‫جدل‬
conversely adv. in an opposite manner, in a contrary manner ‫قُلوب‬ ْ ‫م‬َ ‫ بال‬. ‫كس‬ ْ َ‫س بالع‬
ُ ْ ‫ والعَك‬. ‫كس‬
ْ َ‫بالع‬

device n. apparatus; scheme; hardware component which can send or receive data (Computers)
‫ وحده جزء وظيفى من جهاز او من وحدة ضمن نظام الحاسوب‬، ‫جهاز‬,
devoted adj. faithful, dedicated, loyal ‫صص‬
ّ ‫ مخ‬،‫ مكّرس‬. ‫مخلص‬
diminished ُ ; ‫قّلص‬
adj. lessened, reduced, decreased, made smaller ‫مت ََناِقص‬ َ َ ‫مت‬
ُ ; ‫ضاِئل‬َ َ ‫مت‬
ُ
distortion n. deformity, twisting out of shape ‫ تشويه‬، ‫ تزييف‬، ‫تحريف‬
duration n. period of time that something continues ‫ مدة‬، ‫ امتداد‬، ‫فترة‬
erosion n. gradual
ْ
wearing away of the Earth by wind or water; disintegration; deterioration
ُ ‫ ت َأ‬، ‫تجريف‬
‫ تعرية‬، ‫كل‬
َ ْ َ‫أ‬
ethical adj. moral, pertaining to values and principles ‫ي‬ ِ ُ ‫خل‬
ّ ‫ق‬ ُ ;‫ي‬
ّ ِ ‫ي ; أد َب‬
ّ ِ‫خلق‬
format n. structure, pattern, design ‫تصميم ـ صيغة ـ هيئة ـ تشكيل‬
founded adj. established, set up, instituted ‫ مرتكز على أساس‬، ‫قائم على‬
inherent adj. intrinsic, existing as a natural and integral part, natural, inborn ; ّ‫ي ; فِط ْرِي‬
ّ ِ‫ي ; ط َِبيع‬ ِ ْ ‫خل‬
ّ ‫ق‬ ِ
‫مَلِزم‬َ
ُ ; ‫صل‬
ّ ‫مت َأ‬
ُ
insights n. perception, discernment, understanding, astuteness, intuition ‫ نفاذ البصيرة‬. ‫صر‬
ّ َ ‫الت َب‬
integral adj. pertaining to or part of a whole ‫مل‬ َ َ ‫مت‬
ِ ‫كا‬ ُ ;‫م‬
ّ ‫مت ََتا‬
ُ ; ‫مل‬
ِ ‫كا‬
intermediate adj. mediatory, acting between persons or parties; existing between two stages ‫سط‬
ّ َ‫مت َو‬
ُ
manual adj. of or pertaining to the hands; hand-operated ‫ي‬
ّ ِ‫ي َد َو‬
mature adj. ripe; full-grown, adult; fully developed ‫ناضج; راشد‬
mediation n. act of mediating between two parties ‫طة‬ َ ‫َوسا‬

medium adj. intermediate in size or degree ‫ وسيط‬، ‫متوسط‬

military adj. of or pertaining to the military n. army, armed forces ‫حة‬ َ ّ ‫سل‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ ‫ت‬ ّ ُ‫سك َرِيّ ق‬
ٌ ‫وا‬ ْ َ‫ ع‬-
َ
adj. least possible, very small, smallest ‫صغَرِيّ ; أد َْنى‬ َ
minimal ْ ‫أ‬
mutual adj. shared by each of a pair, reciprocal ‫ مشترك‬،‫ي متبادل‬ ّ ِ ‫ت ََباد ُل‬،
norms n. standard; quota; rule ‫ قواعد‬، ‫ معايير‬، ‫نماذج‬
overlap ُ ‫َترا‬
v. extend over, cover a part of n. something that is superimposed ‫ يتراكب‬. ‫ يتداخل‬- ‫كب‬
passive adj. submissive, unresisting ‫سلبي‬
portion n. part, piece ‫صة‬
ّ ‫ح‬
ِ ; ‫حْرز‬
ِ ; ‫جْزء‬
ُ
adj. early, advance; introductory ‫ي‬ َ
preliminary ّ ِ ‫مِهيد‬
ْ َ ‫ضيرِيّ ; ت‬
ِ ‫ح‬
ْ َ‫ي ; ت‬
ّ ِ ‫أوّل‬
protocol n. method of dealing with a certain subject ; rules of behavior ‫بروتوكول‬

14
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
qualitative adj. pertaining to quality, pertaining to characteristics ‫ي‬
ّ ‫ع‬
ِ ْ‫ي ; ن َو‬ ِ ْ ‫ك َي‬
ّ ‫ف‬
refine v. purify, filter ‫ ي َُهذب‬. ‫قي‬
ّ ‫ ُين‬. ‫يكّرر‬
relaxed adj. informal, not strict; at ease, calm ‫ مستريح‬، ‫مسترخ‬
restraints n. control of one's own emotions, constraint, reserve ‫ قيد‬،‫ تقييد‬،‫كبح‬
revolution n. overthrow of the government ‫ دوران‬، ‫ثورة‬
rigid adj. hard, stiff, inflexible ‫ قاس‬. ‫ صارم‬. ‫صلب‬
route n. track, path ‫ مسلك‬،‫ درب‬،‫طريق‬
scenario n. script, storyline, synopsis of a plot ‫سيناريو‬
sphere n. domain, realm, area ‫ منطقة مجال‬، ‫ محيط‬، ‫دائرة‬،
subordinate adj. inferior, of secondary importance ‫ تبيع‬،‫تانوي‬
ِ ْ ‫ت َك‬
supplementar adj. serving as a supplement; additional, extra ‫ إضافي‬، ‫ميِلي‬
y
suspended adj. hung; stopped for a period of time; postponed ‫ معطل‬، ‫معلق موقوف‬
team n. group, crew ‫فريق‬
temporary adj. impermanent ‫مؤقت‬
trigger v. start, precipitate, initiate; activate ‫يثتير )فكرة‬..)
unified adj. combined, integrated ‫ مترابط‬،‫متحد‬
violation n. transgression; desecration ‫ حرمة‬-‫)انتهاك )حق‬
vision n. act or power of seeing with the eye ‫ إبصار‬،‫رؤية‬
10
adjacent adj. near; next; adjoining ‫ مجاور‬. ‫ متاخم‬. ‫قريب‬
albeit conj. although, even though ‫ وإن يكن‬. ‫ولو‬
assembly n. meeting, conference; gathering ‫ تجميع‬. ‫ مجلس نواب‬. ‫ جمعية تشريعية‬. ‫اجتماع‬
collapse n. breakdown, crash; falling in; compression ‫ يخفق‬. ‫انهيار ينهار‬
colleagues fellow worker ‫الزميل‬
compiled v. collect, gather together in one place; ‫ يؤّلف‬. ‫ يصّنف‬. ‫مع‬ َ ‫ج‬
ْ َ‫ي‬
conceived v. understand; think of an idea; become pregnant ‫ يعتقد‬. ‫ يرى‬. ‫ يفهم‬. ‫ يتخّيل‬. ‫ور‬ ّ ‫يتص‬
ّ َ‫مت َو‬ َ
ّ ‫مت َأ‬
convinced adj. persuaded, certain, sure ‫قت َِنع‬
ْ ‫م‬
ُ ; ‫قن‬
ّ َ ‫مت َي‬
ُ ; ‫كد‬ ُ ; ‫قق‬
ّ ‫ح‬
َ َ ‫مت‬
ُ ; ‫كد‬ ُ
depression n. sadness, low spirits; lowering, sinking ‫ هبوط في النشاط‬. ‫ كآبة‬. ‫ ضعف‬. ‫ انخفاض‬. ‫فض‬
ْ ‫خ‬
َ
encountered v. meet by chance; face, meet with (difficulties, hardship, etc ‫ يلقي‬. ‫ يناوش‬. ‫ يصادم‬. ‫يواجه‬
enormous adj. very large, immense, huge ‫ هائل‬. ‫ضخم‬
forthcoming adj. coming, approaching; outgoing ‫ قادم‬، ‫ ِفي وقت قريب‬، ‫قريب‬
inclination n. tendency; liking, preference; slope ‫مْيل‬
َ . ‫ هوى‬. ‫ رغبة‬. ‫انحناءة‬
integrity n. honesty, uprightness, morality ‫ أمانة‬. ‫ استقامة‬. ‫ كمال‬. ‫سلمة‬
intrinsic adj. inherent, innate, essential, fundamental ‫ حقيقي‬. ‫جوهري‬
invoked v. requests help or protection (from a deity) request, make an appeal ً ‫ يستحضر روحا‬. ‫سل‬ ّ ‫يتو‬
levy n. act or process of collecting or conscripting (money, property, etc.) by a government or
other authority ‫فرض أو جباية الضرائب‬
likewise adv. in addition, also, too, as well; in the same manner, ‫أيضا; كذلك; فوق ذلك; بطريقة مماثلة‬
َ ِ ‫م ذ َل‬
nonetheless adv. however, nevertheless ‫ك‬ َ ِ ‫معَ ذ َل‬
َ ْ ‫ َرغ‬. ‫ك‬ َ
notwithstandin adv. however, nevertheless ‫ على الرغم من‬.‫ومع ذلك‬
g
ّ ‫ ع ََرض‬. ‫ غريب‬. ّ ‫شاذ‬
odd adj. strange; irregular; random ‫ي‬

15
 Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in
Families
ongoing adj. continuous; existing; in progress ‫ متقدم باستمرار‬، ‫ متطور‬، ‫نام‬
panel n. group of judges; board, flat piece of wood ‫ لوحة‬،‫جدول المحلفين لوح‬
persistent adj. tenacious, stubborn; persevering; constant ‫صّر‬
ِ ‫م‬ ُ َ ‫م ) ع ََلى ( ; ل‬
ُ ; ‫جوج‬ ٌ ِ‫; د َُءوب ; داِئب ; عاز‬
posed adj : arranged for pictorial purposes ‫ضع‬ّ َ‫مت َو‬
ُ
reluctant adj. hesitant, unwilling, disinclined ‫ مقاوم‬،‫ راغب عن‬،‫ كاره‬،‫ممانع‬
so-called adjective commonly designated by the name or term specified ‫ المزعوم‬. ‫المعروف بـ‬
straightforward adj. frank, candid; sincere; honest ‫ صريح‬. ‫ مباشر‬. ‫مستقيم‬
undergo v. endure, experience, go through, suffer ‫ َيخضع لتغّير‬. ‫ يقاسي‬. ‫يتحّمل‬
whereby adv. in accordance with, by, through, by means of ‫الذي به أو بواسطته أو وفقا ً له‬

16