GERMAN JORDANIAN UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES

MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES LAB

POST LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT №: 6
CNC

STUDENT’S NAMES: TAREQ AL-ZABEN 2008103060

ALI TILAWI
 Computer Numerical Control

In the past, preparing a work piece used to take so much time, and then old ways
were used to machine and grind those work pieces. Nothing electronic was used,
until some electrical machines have been introduced, like grinding machine, drilling
machine ….etc. then the CNC machines were introduced to make those pre-
mentioned operations easier and more precise.

The method of controlling machines by the application of digital electronic

computers and circuitry, machine movements that are controlled by cams, gears,
levers, or screws in conventional machines are directed by computers and digital
circuitry in computer numerical control (CNC) machines.

Computer numerical control provides very flexible and versatile control over
machine tools. Most machining operations require that a cutting tool be fed at some
speed against a work piece. In a conventional machine such as a turret lathe, the
turning tool is mounted on a slide with hand-operated in feed and cross feed slides.
The operator manually turns a crank that feeds the cutting tool into the work piece
(in feed) to the desired diameter. Another crank then moves the turning tool along
the longitudinal axis of the machine and produces a cylindrical cut along the work
piece. The feed rate of the turning tool is sometimes controlled by selecting feed
gears. These gears move the axis slide at the desired feed. A CNC machine replaces
the hand cranks and feed gears with servomotor systems.

Computer numerical controls allow the desired cut depths and feed rates to be
“dialed in” rather than controlled by cranks, cams, and gears. This provides precise,
repeatable machine movements that can be programmed for optimal speeds, feeds,
and machine cycles. All cutting-tool applications, whether on a lathe, drill press, or
machining center, have optimum speeds and feeds, which are determined by
carefully weighing the economics of tool life, required production rates, and
operator attentiveness. With computer numerical control these parameters are set
once, and then they are repeated precisely for each subsequent machine cycle.

In computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computers are used to assist in

programming CNC machines. In sophisticated CNC manufacturing operations,
machined parts are first designed on computer-aided-design (CAD) equipment. The
same electronic drawing is then used to create the CNC part program automatically.
A less advanced version of CAM is the use of high-level part programming languages
to write part programs.

Computer numerical control machines are used mainly when flexibility is required or
variable and complex part geometries must be created. They are used to produce
parts in lot sizes of a few pieces to several thousand. Extremely large manufacturing
lot sizes frequently call for more product-specific machines, which can be optimized
for large production runs.
Writing a code using the M-code and the G-code.

There are two codes for writing the program for the CNC machines; they are the
G-code and the M-code. The following paper lists an example of a work piece, and
how to write its code, to be performed on the CNC machine.

Abstract:
-How to deal with programming CNC – machine tools, and how to set the correct
cutting variables (speed, feed and depth of cut), and also how to choose the most
proper cutting tool (tool geometry and tool material) and to set a good machining
approach (how to hold the work piece on the machine, right sequence of machining
operations, chip removal).

Introduction:
Programming CNC machines involve:
-Absolute and incremental coordinates:
The first step in programming the part to be machined is to define the coordinates of
each jumping point on the part, that is to assign the (x, y, z) valves of these points.
The jumping point is the point at which the tool goes from one entity to another.
There are two ways to assign coordinates:
1. Absolute coordinates: each point is assigned according to one fixed point
(origin).
2. Incremental (relative) coordinates: the points coordinates are assigned
successively, the first point assigned to be the origin, or of any other valve,
and each other point is assigned according to its previous one.
-The G and the M code:
The machining operations in CNC machine tool are controlled through two groups of
functions: the G functions which control the part geometry, and the M functions
(Miscellaneous functions) which control the machining environment.
-The NC-program structure:
The CNC-machine tool control unit executes the so-called NC-code or NC-program.
The NC-program consists of blocks. The block is a complete executable statement
like: M03 S400;
G00 X50 Y30 R25 F100;
M05;
Note that each block ends with “ ; ” which means bad of block. Each block consists of
woods; these woods may be functional like G00, G03, M30, (G-M functions). It is
obvious that each word consists of two parts: a character (letter) G, M, S, T, X, Y,
F… called the address, and a number.
-Programming CNC lathe:
1. On the part drawing, define the origin (point # 1).
2. Assign the jumping points: mark them and number in proper sequence (points
2, 3, 4 …etc.)
The lathe is a two axis machines: the X-axis in the diametric direction and the Z-axis
coincide with the axis of rotation of the work piece. The positive direction of both
axis points away from the work piece (with respect to tool position).
For absolute programming, the jumping points coordinates are set as follows: the X-
value of a point is the diameter at that point, and the Z-value is the distance of that
point from the origin in Z-direction.
For relative programming: the X-values are the difference in diameter from one point
to its next and the Z-values are the difference in Z from one point to its next.

-Canned cycles:
The depth of cut for light to medium machining does not exceed 5 mm, so we mostly
can’t produce a part with a single machining shot. Rough machining of the part
should be the part should be quick and harsh in which we don’t care the surface
quality.

Procedure:
-We defined the origin and the jumping points on the drawing, and then we wrote the
coordinates for these points (X and Z and R), after that we wrote a program for the
machine to get the proper results (the proper piece of work).

Results:
-We get the proper shape, like the drawing one.

Discussion and Conclusion:

-We learned from this experiment how to deal with programming CNC – machine
tools, and we learned some functions for programming the CNC machine.
-In writing the program, the first thing we should write is O with 1-4 digits then “;” to
save the program, and the last statement should be M 30 with “;” to end the program.
-In our life, we use the lathe machine (CNC machine or manual) to make some
different shape of pieces, such as the specimens that we use it for testing, and also to
make some different shape of pieces that we need it in our industries, such as car
industry.