J. metamorphic Geol.

, 2002, 20, 429–440

Calc-silicate reactions and bedding-controlled isotopic exchange

in the Notch Peak aureole, Utah: implications for differential
fluid fluxes with metamorphic grade
P . I . N A B EL E K
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
(nabelekp@missouri.edu)

ABSTRACT Fluid compositions and bedding-scale patterns of fluid flow during contact metamorphism of the Weeks
Formation in the Notch Peak aureole, Utah, were determined from mineralogy and stable isotope
compositions. The Weeks Formation contains calc-silicate and nearly pure carbonate layers that are
interbedded on centimetre to decimetre scales. The prograde metamorphic sequence is characterized by
the appearance of phlogopite, diopside, and wollastonite. By accounting for the solution properties of Fe, it
is shown that the tremolite stability field was very narrow and perhaps absent in the prograde sequence.
Unshifted oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios in calcite and silicate minerals at all grades, except above
the wollastonite isograd, show that there was little to no infiltration of disequilibrium fluids. The fluid
composition is poorly constrained, but X(CO2)fluid must have been >0.1, as indicated by the absence of
talc, and has probably increased with progress of decarbonation reactions.
The occurrence of scapolite and oxidation of graphite in calc-silicate beds of the upper diopside zone
provide the first evidence for limited infiltration of external aqueous fluids. Significantly larger amounts
of aqueous fluid infiltrated the wollastonite zone. The aqueous fluids are recorded by the presence of
vesuvianite, large decreases in d18O values of silicate minerals from c. 16ø in the diopside zone to c. 10ø
in the wollastonite zone, and extensive oxidation of graphite. The carbonate beds interacted with the fluids
only along margins where graphite was destroyed, calcite coarsened, and isotopic ratios shifted.
The wollastonite isograd represents a boundary between a high aqueous fluid-flux region on its higher-
grade side and a low fluid-flux region on its lower-grade side. Preferential flow of aqueous fluids within the
wollastonite zone was promoted by permeability created by the wollastonite-forming reaction and the
natural tendency of fluids to flow upward and down-temperature near the intrusion-wall rock contact.
Key words: calc-silicates; fluid composition; graphite; isotopic exchange; Notch Peak aureole; wollastonite
isograd.

front. Although the step can be smoothed out by

INTRODUCTION
Fluid flow, along with generation of metamorphic
minerals, is the major consequence of magma intrusion
into upper-crustal rocks. The flow systems may
include formation, metamorphic, magmatic and me-
teoric fluids. Understanding fluid sources and flow
patterns in contact aureoles is important because
fluids drive metamorphic reactions, lead to formation
of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits, and in some
cases drive shallow geothermal systems.
Alteration of stable isotope ratios and progress of
mineral reactions are the two most used indicators
of fluid sources and directions of fluid flow in contact
aureoles. For example, based on chromatographic
theory, Baumgartner & Rumble (1988) showed that
infiltration of a fluid that is out of isotopic equilibrium
with rocks in a metamorphic aquifer should produce
a step in the isotopic ratio profile of an element
that is retarded some distance behind the infiltration
# Blackwell Science Inc., 0263-4929/02/$15.00
Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Volume 20, Number 4, 2002
kinetic retardation (Lassey & Blattner, 1988; Bowman
& Willett, 1991), the difference in the isotopic ratios
on the two sides of the front can potentially be used
to infer the direction of fluid flow at a particular
location in an aureole. Similarly, the sequence of
calc-silicate metamorphic assemblages should yield
information about fluid compositions and the direc-
tion of flow (Baumgartner & Ferry, 1991). If flow
is up-temperature toward the intrusion, then the
prograde metamorphic sequence should include
broad zones of univariant assemblages (assuming
no solid solutions in minerals) as the T–X(CO2)fluid
path will follow extended segments of decarbon-
ation reactions. If there is down-temperature flow of
magmatic water into a calc-silicate aureole, then one
should observe only divariant mineral assemblages,
as the univariant reactions are driven to completion
at isothermal conditions by the infiltrating water.
Mineral assemblages on the two sides of an isograd
429
430 P. I. NABELEK
should be in equilibrium with fluids of different
compositions.
Application of these methods to contact meta-
morphism is complicated, however, by the inherently
two to three-dimensional patterns of fluid flow,
dispersion of fluid flow, kinetic retardation of isotopic
exchange and mineral reactions, and solid solutions
in minerals. Complex flow patterns can produce dis-
equilibrium mineral assemblages and scatter of
isotopic ratios even within a single aquifer formation
(Cartwright & Buick, 1996; Cartwright & Weaver,
1997). For example, in the Notch Peak contact aureole,
Utah, d18O values of whole rock calc-silicate samples
vary widely at a given distance from the intrusion
(Fig. 1), although there is an apparent broadened step
in the overall isotope profile at approximately the
wollastonite isograd. The scatter of values has led
to alternative interpretations of the overall isotopic
trend. Some have argued that the trend was caused by
down-temperature flow of magmatic water exsolved
from the crystallizing Notch Peak stock that was
out of equilibrium with the wall rocks (Nabelek et al.,
1984, 1992), while others have argued that it was
caused by up-temperature flow of formation and
metamorphic fluids that constantly equilibrated with
the host rocks along the flow path (Ferry & Dipple,
1992). However, up-temperature flow gives poor fit
to the overall pattern of isotopic data and cannot
explain enrichment of Ba and Zn in the highest-grade
rocks (Nabelek & Labotka, 1993). On the other
hand, the apparent presence of a univariant mineral
20
18
16
Whole rock δ 18O
14
12
unmetamorphosed
10 phlogopite grade
diopside grade
8 wollastonite grade
6
0 500 1000 1500
Distance (m)
18
Fig. 1. Whole rock d O values of calc-silicate samples in the
Weeks Formation and the Big Horse Member plotted against
distance from the contact with the Notch Peak stock. The
samples were collected along traverses where isograds are not
deflected away from the stock, as near the fault shown in
Fig. 2 (after Nabelek & Labotka, 1993). The different symbols
represent samples from the noted metamorphic zones. Note
the shifted and scattered d18O values in the wollastonite zone.
The 18O depletion pattern in the high-grade rocks is also
characteristic of several other contact aureoles.
assemblage tremolite+diopside+calcite+quartz in
part of the aureole (Hover-Granath et al., 1983)
seems to argue for up-temperature aqueous fluid flow
(Ferry & Dipple, 1992).
These interpretations were, however, based on
assumptions of one-dimensional fluid flow away from
or toward the intrusion. Two-dimensional numerical
simulations of fluid flow demonstrate that fluid flux will
likely be time-dependent, variable as the function
of distance from an intrusion, and the flow direction
may be reversed in some parts of the aureole during
the metamorphic event (Norton, 1984; Hanson, 1995;
Cook et al., 1997; Cui et al., 2001). Moreover, the
geometry of flow will probably be very heterogeneous
in at least two dimensions, from the scale of a hand
sample, to that of an outcrop (Gerdes & Valley, 1994),
to that of an aureole (Cook et al., 1997; Cui et al.,
2001). The flow can also be confined mostly to discrete
layers or fractures (Dutrow & Norton, 1995). The
geometrically complex flow patterns will result in
heterogeneous distribution of stable isotope ratios
and mineral assemblages even at the scale of a hand
sample (Cartwright & Weaver, 1997).
In order to examine how bedding-scale hetero-
geneities control patterns of fluid flow and to determine
fluid compositions and the extent of isotopic exchange
at different metamorphic grades, mineral assemblages
and stable isotope ratios were determined in detail
on mineralogically heterogeneous samples representing
the prograde metamorphic sequence of the Weeks
Formation in the Notch Peak contact aureole. This
work builds on previous studies of the aureole
that were done based on analysis of bulk samples
(Hover-Granath et al., 1983; Nabelek et al., 1984,
1992; Labotka et al., 1988; Nabelek & Labotka, 1993).
In the present study, large samples representing the
lithological variations in outcrops at each metamorphic
grade were examined petrographically and analysed for
carbon and oxygen isotopes on the scale of layering
visible in thin sections. The results permit determi-
nation of the fluid pathways in the aureole and
elucidation of the conditions under which the prograde
metamorphic reactions occurred. The results demon-
strate that during contact metamorphism fluid flux can
be highly heterogeneous within individual sedimentary
units and can vary highly with metamorphic grade.
2000
GEO L OG Y O F T HE WEEKS F ORMATI ON
The Notch Peak contact metamorphic aureole is located in the House
Range of west-central Utah. It formed during intrusion of the
Notch Peak granitic pluton into a sequence of Cambrian sedimentary
rocks, including the Weeks Formation, in the Jurassic period. The
emplacement pressure of the magma was between 1.5 and 2 kbar
(Nabelek et al., 1986). The Weeks Formation overlies the Marjum
Formation and underlies the Orr Formation, including the Big
Horse Member (Fig. 2), which was the subject of several previous
metamorphic studies (Hover-Granath et al., 1983; Nabelek et al.,
1984; Labotka et al., 1988; Ferry & Dipple, 1992; Nabelek &
Labotka, 1993). Todd (1990) studied consumption of graphite in
the overlying Candland Canyon Member. In general, the Weeks
 R E A C T I O N S A N D I S O T O P I C EX C H A NG E I N T HE N O T C H P E A K A UR E O L E
Fig. 2. Geological map of the
north-eastern portion of the Notch Peak
contact aureole. Location of outcrops
that were sampled for this study are
denoted by large dots and letters.
Samples of the Big Horse Member and
the Weeks Formation described in
previous papers by Hover-Granath et al.
(1983), Nabelek et al. (1992), and
Nabelek & Labotka (1993) are shown by
small black dots. The map also shows
positions of the major isograds as
expressed in calc-silicate rocks. Note that
the isograds are deflected near the
preintrusion fault that is shown by the
dashed line. Broad scapolite-present zone
is also shown.
Formation is a thinly bedded unit consisting of alternating nearly pure
calcareous layers and calc-silicate layers. Graphite is an important
disseminated mineral in much of the formation, including most
of the outcrops described here. The dip of the pluton-Weeks
Formation contact is approximately 25–30u north along the northern
margin of the stock. The shallow dip of the contact and laccolithic
shape of the pluton suggest that the intrusion underlies the Weeks
Formation to some distance from the contact.
The prograde metamorphic sequence in the calc-silicate rocks
of the Weeks Formation and the overlying Big Horse Member is
defined by the occurrence of phlogopite, diopside and wollastonite
as the intrusion is approached. The estimated radial distances of the
respective isograds from the shallow-dipping top of the intrusion
are 1300, 700, and 350 m (Nabelek & Labotka, 1993). The distances
are smaller than the apparent map distances. A preintrusion fault
trends north-east from the northern contact of the stock. The iso-
grads are deflected away from the intrusion near the fault, possibly
because of localized fluid flux near the fault and/or close proximity of
the intrusion below the level of erosion (Nabelek et al., 1992).
SAMPLING STRATEGY AND PETROGRAPHY
Boulder-size samples were collected at several outcrops that represent
the normal prograde metamorphic sequence in the aureole (Fig. 2).
(In this paper, the locations are denoted by metamorphic grade, Un,
Ph, Di, Wo, and by increasing alphabetic order toward the intrusion.)
The sampling traverse was done where the isograds are not deflected
away from the intrusion. There are no apparent unusual structural
features, such as faults, that may have distorted the fluid flow
paths. The morphologies of the outcrops, including the scale of
bedding, mineralogical variations, and orientation of fractures, were
determined in the field.
Mineralogy of the highest-grade samples, which are relatively
coarse-grained, was identified in thin sections with a petrographic
microscope. Because most unmetamorphosed and low-grade samples
are too fine-grained and graphite-rich for successful petrographic
examination, their mineralogy was determined by X-ray mapping on
a Scanning Electron Microscope. Modes of minerals were obtained
from the digital X-ray maps using the publicly available computer
program NIH Image by calculating the percentage area defined by
the X-ray peaks of an element or combination of elements that are
characteristic of a given mineral. A quoted mode is the average of two
431
mapped areas, except when the range is large, in which case the modal
range is given.
MORP HOLOGY AN D MI NERALOGY
Unmetamorphosed rocks
At location Un-A, the Weeks Formation is thinly bedded with
laminae on the scale of millimetres to centimetres. Some laminae are
dominated by fine-grained calcite (84%) with small clasts of detrital
quartz (9%) and very fine-grained muscovite (7%) of unknown
structural state. Other laminae are less calcareous with, on average,
52% calcite, 21% of each muscovite and quartz, and 6% chlorite.
Calcite is fine-grained, on average c. 25 mm. Chlorite mostly occurs
in very thin fractures that cut across bedding. Trilobite skeletons
replaced by sparry calcite are observed. Similar rocks as at this loca-
tion occur at other stratigraphic positions in the Weeks Formation,
but not in the part of the aureole described here. The rocks contain
some ‘‘graphite’’, but not as much as rocks at the other locations.
(Oxidation of the ‘‘graphite’’ in phosphoric acid under vacuum
suggests that in the unmetamorphosed rocks it may still be partly
kerogen, rather than true graphite).
Rocks at location Un-B represent morphologically and mineral-
ogically better the protolith of the studied metamorphic sequence,
although with closer proximity to the contact, the sampling loca-
tions are progressively higher within the stratigraphic section and
their composition may change further somewhat. The outcrop
contains two types of centimetre-scale beds – black calcareous beds
dominated by calcite (86%) with minor quartz (4%), dolomite (6%),
muscovite (3%) and disseminated graphite (0.1–0.3%), and buff-
coloured mixed calc-silicate beds dominated by dolomite (49–64%),
calcite (14 –38%), muscovite (7–13%) and quartz (6 –10%; Fig. 3).
Minor oxides and Fe-sulphides also occur. Graphite is also present
in the calc-silicate beds, but at smaller concentrations than in the
calcareous beds. Graphite gives the rocks an overall dark-grey
appearance. The grain size of calcite is similar in both beds,
on average c. 25 mm in diameter. Detrital quartz grains can be
somewhat larger. Except for minor millimetre-thick calc-silicate
beds, the beds are continuous over distances of at least tens of metres.
The calcareous beds are generally thicker than the calc-silicate beds,
but the calc-silicate beds become progressively thicker higher in the
section.
432 P. I. NABELEK
Fig. 3. Portion of an unmetamorphosed sample of the Weeks
Formation from location Un-B. The dark layers contain
predominantly calcite. The lighter calc-silicate layers contain
mostly dolomite, calcite, muscovite and quartz. The d18O and
d13C values of carbonate and silicate fractions in the layers are
shown.
Phlogopite zone
Morphologically, rocks at location Ph-C are similar to location Un-B.
Overall, the rocks are also dark-grey. The calc-silicate beds now
contain approximately 12% phlogopite, 34% quartz, 30% calcite and
24% anorthite. Dolomite and muscovite are no longer present.
The mostly calcareous layers are dominated by calcite (67%) with
equivalent amounts of anorthite (13%), phlogopite (8%), quartz
(11%) and minor K-feldspar (2%). The grain size of both calcite and
phlogopite is c. 25 mm. Minor tremolite in some upper phlogopite-
zone samples has been reported by Novick (1988) based on X-ray
diffraction patterns.
Diopside zone
In the diopside zone the rocks overall remain dark grey (Fig. 4).
However, the calc-silicate beds are lighter in colour than in the
phlogopite zone and stand out due to differential weathering.
Sporadic subvertical fractures, sometimes filled with calcite, cutting
across bedding are also present in the diopside zone. At location
Di-D, the beds have centimetre-scale thickness. The calc-silicate
beds contain equivalent amounts of diopside (27%), quartz (25%),
anorthite (25%), K-feldspar (21%), and minor calcite (3%). Graphite
is almost nonexistent in the calc-silicate beds. The dark calcareous
beds contain about 85% calcite with minor quartz (5%), diopside
(4%), K-feldspar (3%), anorthite (2%) and disseminated graphite.
There is a notable increase in the grain size of calcite in the calc-
silicate beds to c. 50 mm, whereas in the calcareous beds the grain size
remains at c. 25 mm.
At location Di-E, the two types of beds are thinner, on the scale
of millimetres and overall the calc-silicate beds are more calcareous.
The calc-silicate beds contain 31–59% calcite, 18–20% diopside,
5–23% K-feldspar, 3–10% quartz and, instead of anorthite, 4 –15%
poikiloblastic scapolite. The occurrence of scapolite at this location
defines the outer margin of a broad scapolite zone within the
Weeks Formation, as determined also from other samples (Fig. 2).
Scapolite is apparently the first mineral with appreciable Na and Cl
concentrations in the metamorphic sequence. The calcareous beds at
Fig. 4. Portion of an upper diopside-zone sample from
location Di-F. The rocks at this location are very dark due to
the presence of abundant disseminated graphite. In this
sample, calc-silicate layers have brown colour (darker grey
colour in the figure) given by diopside. Diopside grains also
occur as small millimetre-scale patches in the lighter grey,
mostly calcareous layers. d18O and d13C values of calcite in the
layers are shown.
Di-E contain 81% calcite, 10% quartz, 6% diopside, 2% K-feldspar
and 1% anorthite. The beds also contain disseminated graphite.
At location Di-F, the calc-silicate beds contain subequal amounts
of diopside (34%), calcite (24%), scapolite (21%) and K-feldspar
(18%). The beds are significantly coarser-grained than at lower grades
(Fig. 4). Calcite is on average c. 100 mm in diameter and prismatic
diopside is up to 500 mm long. Quartz is minor and graphite is not
present. The calcareous layers are again dominated by calcite (72%)
with minor quartz (15%), diopside (7%), K-feldspar (4%) and trace
of scapolite. The layers also contain disseminated graphite. The
calcareous beds are finer grained with minerals j50 mm in diameter.
At this location there is also about a metre-thick, light-coloured,
calc-silicate layer. It is dominated by equivalent amounts of diopside
(0.5–1 mm long), calcite (50–100 mm with some grains about 200 mm
in diameter), and scapolite (250 mm—mm in diameter). The layer is
light in colour because it has been ‘‘bleached’’ of graphite, i.e. the
graphite was consumed. Similar bleaching was described by Todd
(1990) in the graphitic Candland Canyon Member, which lies on top
of the Big Horse Member in the Orr Formation.
Wollastonite zone
In the wollastonite zone the bedding is thicker than at lower grades,
on the order of decimetres, consistent with increase in bedding
thickness with height in the stratigraphic section. The bedding is well
defined, although some beds were deformed. Many calcareous layers
were boudinaged with the calc-silicate beds forming partial or full
boudin necks (Fig. 5). Subvertical fractures that connect calc-silicate
beds on either side of calcareous beds are also very common, as are
diopside-filled fractures that are spaced on the order of metres and
cut across whole outcrops.
Extensive bleaching of graphite, has occurred in the rocks (Fig. 6).
The calc-silicate beds have no graphite. Graphite is also rare to absent
 R E A C T I O N S A N D I S O T O P I C EX C H A NG E I N T HE N O T C H P E A K A UR E O L E 433

in portions of the calcareous beds that are adjacent to the calc-silicate
beds and along boudin necks and fractures that cut across the
calcareous beds. The unbleached calcareous beds are dominated by
relatively fine-grained 50–100 mm calcite. In the bleached portions of
the calcareous layers, calcite is significantly coarser, 100–500 mm
in diameter. Wollastonite blades and poikiloblastic vesuvianite
enclosing small diopside crystals often dominate the interface
between the calcareous and calc-silicate beds. Wollastonite and
scapolite usually occur near vesuvianite. The vesuvianite forms char-
acteristic brown bands at the layer interfaces and patches within the
calc-silicate beds.
There is also internal centimetre-scale layering within the calc-
silicate beds. In some layers diopside is the predominant mineral
(>80%) with minor K-feldspar. In other layers diopside is less
abundant, as wollastonite and vesuvianite also occur on the order of
several tens of percent. K-feldspar is again minor and calcite is rare.
The grain size of diopside is generally 150–200 mm, although grains
larger than 1 mm are also found.

15 cm Summary of observations
Petrography of the metamorphic rocks shows that reaction progress
was far greater in the calc-silicate beds than in the calcareous beds.
The occurrence of scapolite, the extensive bleaching of the calc-
silicate beds, and the coarsening of calcite in the bleached margins
of the calcareous beds suggests preferential infiltration of saline,
oxidizing fluids into the calc-silicate beds. Although prograde
Fig. 6a reactions have occurred in the calcareous beds, an appreciable
Fig. 6c change in grain size is mostly confined to their bleached portions
in the wollastonite zone. The lack of grain-size coarsening and the
presence of graphite in central portions of the calcareous beds
indicate that the beds were largely closed to cross-flow of fluids, even
if the thickness of the beds is only a few centimetres. Fluid flow across
the calcareous beds occurred through fractures and boudin necks.
silicate calcareous unbleached calcareous bleached

Fig. 5. Sketch of a wollastonite-zone outcrop at location MINERAL REACTIONS

Wo-G. The dark portions of calcareous layers are dominated
by calcite with disseminated graphite. The margins of the
layers (light grey) have coarser calcite and have lost graphite.
The silicate layers (white) contain mostly diopside,
wollastonite, scapolite, and vesuvianite and minor calcite.
Boudinage features and fractures, as shown in the figure, are
typical of outcrops in the wollastonite zone. They probably
served as pathways for the vertical component of fluid flow.
Noted are locations of samples shown in Fig. 6(a,c).
The principal minerals in the Weeks Formation fall in
the KCFMASHC (K2O-CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-
H2O-CO2) system. The presence of FeO increases the
variance of the system compared to the usually used
Fe-free system and significantly impacts the topology
of mineral stability fields in T–X(CO2)fluid space.
T–X(CO2)fluid phase diagram pseudosections were

Fig. 6. Portions of samples from the wollastonite zone at location Wo-G. In part (a), the dark portion of the calcareous layer is
dominated by calcite with disseminated graphite. The margin of the layer (light grey) has coarser calcite and has lost graphite. The
silicate layer (white) contains mostly diopside, wollastonite, scapolite, and vesuvianite and minor calcite. In part (b), unbleached
portion of the calcareous layer (top specimen) is dark and the bleached portion is almost white. The silicate portion (bottom
specimen; banded medium grey) is greenish. d18O and d13C values of calcite and silicate fractions are shown. Note the decrease of
both d18O and d13C values away from the unbleached portions of the calcareous layers toward the silicate layers. Part (c) is a
drawing of a calcareous layer that has a horizontal bleached zone and vertical bleached zones next to fractures. The first number
for each analysed spot is the d18O value and the second number is the d13C value.
434 P. I. NABELEK

constructed for the average major element composition F=2 F=3 F=4 +cal+qtz
450

ms+bt+tc
of analysed bulk phlogopite-zone samples (Nabelek & mc+bt+ ms+bt+an
an+tc
Labotka, 1993). The average composition also includes
bt+mc+
Weeks Formation samples from parts of the aureole dol+an

Temperature (ºC)
ms+bt+an
other than the traverse discussed here. The pseudo-
sections were calculated with the computer program bt+a
n
400 dol+
THERMOCALC 3.1 using the Holland & Powell (1998) ms+
ms+bt+ ms+dol+mc+bt
thermodynamic database, following the procedures an+tc
ms+dol+bt
outlined in Powell & Holland (2001). The average

ms+bt+tc
Mg /(Mg+Fe) ratio (Mg#) in the Weeks Formation is
0.8. Mg and Fe were assumed to exchange ideally in 350
muscovite, biotite, amphibole and clinopyroxene. The ms+dol

other minerals partaking in the reactions were assumed ms+dol+mc

to have end-member compositions and calcite with
quartz was assumed to be in excess. The presence of
minor oxides and Fe-sulphides that may have been in
the rocks was ignored in calculation of reactions,
although they affect the bulk Mg# of the rocks and
have undoubtedly partaken in low-grade reactions.
The solution effects of Na, Ti, Fe3+ and other minor
elements were also ignored. The amount of Fe3+ was
probably small given the graphitic nature of the rocks.
The pseudosections were constructed for 1.5 kbar, the
apparent emplacement pressure of the upper portions
of the Notch Peak stock (Nabelek, 1983), and assum-
ing Pfluid=Ptot. Pressure has the dominant effect on
temperatures of volatile-forming reactions because
it profoundly affects the activity of the fluid phase.
An increase of pressure from 1.5 to 2 kbar leads to
approximately a 20 uC increase in temperature of a
reaction at a given X(CO2)fluid. Mineral abbreviations
in this paper are from Kretz (1983).
Phlogopite isograd
Figure 7 shows a pseudosection that illustrates the
production of the mineral assemblages from those that
exist below the phlogopite isograd to those that exist
above the isograd. Examination of the assemblages
suggests that microcline appeared at about the same
temperature as phlogopite. If indeed the two minerals
appeared together, then their production must have
occurred at X(CO2)fluid the above point, where the
divariant ms+dol+mc+bt field reaches its lowest
stability in terms of X(CO2)fluid. It is noted, however,
that the boundary between the trivariant ms+dol+mc
field and the quadrivariant ms+dol field is extremely
sensitive to the K2O/Al2O3 ratio in the rocks; thus it is
poorly constrained. The sensitivity in turn affects the
extent of the divariant ms+dol+mc+bt field. More-
over, the small density of sampling in the phlogopite
zone due to Tertiary and alluvial cover and the
fine-grained nature of the unmetamorphosed and
low-grade rocks precludes accurate determination
of the paragenetic sequence of minerals from the
unmetamorphosed rocks into the phlogopite zone.
Thus, it is uncertain that the X(CO2)fluid values were as
elevated during the phlogopite-forming reaction as the
mineral assemblages may suggest.
ms+dol+
bt+tc
300
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
X(CO2)
Fig. 7. Isobaric pseudosection showing mineral stability fields
in the KCFMASHC (K2O-CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-
CO2) system for the average composition of several bulk
phlogopite-zone samples from the Weeks Formation (Nabelek
et al., 1992). The bulk Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio of the samples is
0.8. The pseudosection shows the possible progressive changes
in mineralogy during initial stages of metamorphism of
samples that initially contain muscovite+dolomite (+excess
quartz and calcite), as a function of X(CO2)fluid. Boundaries
shown by dashed lines are poorly constrained, as they are very
sensitive to the K2O/Al2O3 ratio.
The topology of the pseudosection shows that if the
production of phlogopite and the disappearance of
muscovite occurred at intermediate X(CO2)fluid values,
then the overall sequence of reactions must have
spanned c. 60 uC and occurred in the following order:
msss+dolpbtss+cal+qtz+CO2 (1)
msss+dolpbtss+cal+an+qtz+CO2 (2)
msss+qtz+calpmc+an+(btss)+CO2+H2O (3)
where the subscript ‘‘ss’’ denotes solid solution among
Fe–Mg components. The first two reactions are
continuous whereas the third is effectively degenerate,
and therefore discontinuous, as it involves the produc-
tion of only very little additional biotite to consume
the remaining Mg- and Fe-celadonite components of
muscovite. The minimum X(CO2)fluid must have
been >0.09, because there is no evidence for the
occurrence of talc in the rocks. If there was no
infiltration of aqueous fluids, then X(CO2)fluid must
have increased with progress of the decarbonation
reactions. Overall, however, the silicate mineralogy
places little constraint on fluid compositions in the
unmetamorphosed and phlogopite-zone rocks.
The sizes of the mineral stability fields in pseudo-
sections, such the one shown in Fig. 7, depend strongly
on the bulk Mg# of the rock system. The pseudosection
shown in Fig. 7 is for the average composition of bulk
 R E A C T I O N S A N D I S O T O P I C EX C H A NG E I N T HE N O T C H P E A K A UR E O L E
rocks that include both calc-silicate and calcareous
beds. However, the average Mg# of the two types of
beds is different, as in the unmetamorphosed zone each
contains different proportions of dolomite to musco-
vite (+Fe-oxides and sulphides). Therefore, different
minerals may persist further into the phlogopite zone
in one type of layer than in the other type of layer.
For example, in calc-silicate beds that are dominated
by dolomite, dolomite instead of microcline could
potentially persist all the way into the diopside
zone. However, the fact that dolomite disappeared
and microcline occurs in both types of layers in the
phlogopite zone indicates that there was chemical
communication between the two types of layers
and elemental equilibrium was approached during
metamorphism.
Diopside isograd
Diopside occurs mostly in the calc-silicate beds and to
a limited extent in the calcareous beds. Minor tremolite
occurs in only few samples in the upper phlogopite
zone. Thus, the dominant diopside-forming reaction
may have been
phl+6 qtz+3 calp3 di+mc+3 CO2+H2O. (4)
In the Fe-free KCMASHC system, this reaction is
metastable relative to the tremolite-forming reaction
5 phl+24 qtz+6 calp3 tr+5 mc+6 CO2+2 H2O.
(5)
Moreover, there is a >30 uC gap between reaction
(5) and reaction
tr+2 qtz+3 calp5 di+3 CO2+H2O (6)
over which tremolite should exist in the field.
The addition of Fe into the system reduces the
stability field of tremolite and causes changes to
the topology of the phase diagram (Fig. 8). In the
Fe-present system, the univariant reactions become
divariant fields and invariant points that exist among
the relevant minerals in the Fe-free system do not
occur. For Mg# of 0.8, the tremolite stability field
reduces to <20 uC and completely disappears at Mg#
c. 0.65. The pseudosection shows that if tremolite
formed in the Weeks Formation, it would have done
so only over a very narrow temperature interval.
Therefore, it is not surprising that tremolite is so rare
in these Fe-containing rocks. Tremolite is much more
abundant in the more magnesian Big Horse Member
(Hover-Granath et al., 1983).
The composition of the fluid that was in the rocks
during the diopside-forming reaction is unfortunately
again quite unconstrained because the stability fields
of the relevant minerals span most of the X(CO2)fluid
spectrum. However, as in the phlogopite zone, if there
was no infiltration of aqueous fluids during production
of diopside, X(CO2)fluid must have increased as the
reactions produced a fluid with CO2/H2O>1. The
435
520
500 diopside
Temperature (ºC)
tremolite
480
di + tr
460 biotite
bt + tr
440
+ cal + qtz + mc + an
420
F=2 F=3
400
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
X(CO2)
Fig. 8. Isobaric pseudosection showing the stability fields of
biotite, tremolite, and diopside in Weeks Formation samples,
which have Mg/(Mg+Fe), Mg#, of 0.8. The stability field of
tremolite becomes narrower with decrease in the Mg#.
maximum possible X(CO2)fluid corresponds to the crest
of the divariant reaction fields in the T–X(CO2)fluid
space.
Appearance of scapolite
Scapolite (me50–70) appears within bleached calc-
silicate layers of the diopside zone. The scapolite-
forming reaction is often described in terms of the
calcium anorthite and meionite endmembers:
3 an+calpme. (7)
This endmember reaction is vapour-absent and occurs
at approximately 800 uC (Moecher & Essene, 1990),
which is clearly above the plausible temperature range
in the contact aureole. Although thermodynamic data
for the sodium endmember of scapolite, marialite, are
lacking, empirical observations suggest that the stabi-
lity field of scapolite expands to lower temperatures
with introduction of the marialite component (Mora &
Valley, 1989; Oliver et al., 1992). Indeed, the occurrence
of scapolite within the diopside zone suggests that
it formed at approximately 500 uC. Model Fe-absent,
scapolite-present reactions in the Weeks Formation
were calculated assuming me50 (Fig. 9).
The marialite component implies the presence of Cl
in the rocks. One possibility is that the Cl came from
halite that could have plausibly been in the sedimentary
rocks prior to metamorphism. However, SEM analysis
of lower-grade rocks showed no presence of NaCl,
although it could have been dissolved during thin
section preparation or weathering of the rocks.
Alternatively, Cl may also have been introduced into
the rocks by fluids. The evidence for this alternative is
in the preferential occurrence of scapolite in bleached
layers and in the apparent enrichment of Na in some
436 P. I. NABELEK
650
i + + CO
600
Temperature (°C)
me + O2
zo +
wo
H2O
C
550
an + ca
zo + CO
500
l + H2O
2
450
0 0.05
X(CO2)
Fig. 9. Topology of the wollastonite-forming reaction and
reactions that involve the production of scapolite and
vesuvianite, assuming an Fe-free system. Reactions that
involve scapolite were calculated assuming 50% meionite
component. Reactions that occurred in the Weeks Formation
are shown by heavy lines. The quartz-present vesuvianite-
forming reaction is shown by dashed line. This reaction did
not occur in the Weeks Formation, because quartz was
consumed at the wollastonite isograd.
high-grade rocks of the Weeks Formation (Nabelek &
Labotka, 1993). It is also possible that the fluids may
have initiated dissolution of NaCl during meta-
morphism so that scapolite was produced. In either
case, the occurrence of scapolite suggests introduction
of aqueous fluids into some calc-silicate beds in the
upper diopside zone.
Wollastonite isograd
Wollastonite is confined to the originally calc-silicate
layers and interfaces between the calc-silicate and
carbonate layers. In the wollastonite zone, the calc-
silicate layers are fully bleached. The wollastonite-
forming reaction was:
qtz+calpwo+CO2.
Quartz was totally consumed during the reaction,
so the univariant qtz+cal+wo assemblage is not
found. Because the temperature at the wollastonite iso-
grad was probably below 550 uC, based on heat-flow
estimates (Nabelek & Labotka, 1993), and given the
univariant nature of the reaction in the T–X(CO2)fluid
space (Fig. 9), X(CO2)fluid under which it occurred
must have been near 0.1. Because the reaction is a
decarbonation reaction, the low X(CO2)fluid indicates
that the wollastonite-zone rocks were infiltrated by
a sufficient amount of aqueous fluids to drive the
reaction to completion.
Appearance of vesuvianite
O
H2
2O A better indication of the X(CO2)fluid conditions in
al +
2 H
2
CO q +
the wollastonite zone is the occurrence of vesuvianite.
+c
+
s v c+
v c
me
Given the quartz-absent assemblages above the
vsv
+
e
m
+ wollastonite isograd, vesuvianite was probably
+d
d i
produced by the scapolite-consuming reaction
O2
+C l
wo 11 me+12 di+18 wo+40 cal+27 H2O
t z + ca
q
me p6 vsv+51 CO2. (9)
an + cal
This reaction has a very steep T–X(CO2)fluid slope at low
X(CO2)fluid at the temperature conditions (<650 uC)
that existed in the wollastonite zone (Fig. 9; Labotka
et al., 1988; Nabelek & Labotka, 1993). Of the
0.10 0.15 0.20
reactions that occurred thus far, it is the first one
that requires the explicit input of water. Therefore, the
occurrence of vesuvianite, along with the disappear-
ance of graphite in the bleached zones, is the best
mineralogical evidence for the introduction of a
significant amount of water into the wollastonite
zone. However, because all minerals partaking in the
reaction coexist in many samples, the fluid composition
was either buffered by the reaction or varied within a
narrow X(CO2)fluid range as the reaction, due to the
presence of Fe, is divariant. Furthermore, the lack of
zoisite in the rocks attests to an appreciable amount of
CO2 in the fluid (Fig. 9).
Consumption of graphite
To a limited extent in the upper diopside zone and
greater extent in the wollastonite zone, graphite
disappeared from the calc-silicate beds and adjacent
portions of calcareous beds (Fig. 6). Its disappearance
correlates with other mineralogical indicators of fluid
infiltration. The most likely reaction responsible for
the consumption of graphite was
C+H2OpCO2+CH4. (10)
The maximum proportion of methane in the fluid as
long as graphite was present can be estimated from the
equation of state of Connolly & Cesare (1993). This
indicates that at 450 uC and 1.5 kbar, the maximum
(8) X(CH4) would have been only c. 0.03. Moreover,
because the Notch Peak granitic magma was oxidized,
above the Ni–NiO buffer (Nabelek, 1983), any fluids
emanating from it would have caused oxidation of the
produced methane and promoted further consumption
of graphite. Thus, methane had probably a minimal
effect on the calc-silicate reactions. The coarsening of
calcite in the bleached margins of the calcareous beds
indicates that some water infiltrated the margins, as
it would have promoted the coarsening. Therefore,
the consumption of graphite in the bleached margins
is probably not simply the result of diffusional
equilibration with fluids in the calc-silicate beds.
 R E A C T I O N S A N D I S O T O P I C EX C H A NG E I N T HE N O T C H P E A K A UR E O L E 437

22
Summary of mineralogical evidence for fluid composition
and infiltration
20

δ18O carbonates
The mineral assemblages up to the appearance of
scapolite in the diopside zone give little evidence about
18
the compositions of fluids that existed in the rocks
during metamorphism, except that if there was very
little or an absence of fluid infiltration, the reactions 16
would have driven X(CO2)fluid to higher values. The
first direct evidence for infiltration of aqueous fluids 14
occurs in the upper diopside zone with the consumption (a)
of graphite and the production of scapolite. However, 12
the infiltration was apparently limited to only few calc- 0 U-A
1 U-B
2 Ph-C
3 Di-D
4 Di-E
5 Di-F
6 Wo-G
7 8
silicate layers. Infiltration of a substantial amount of Outcrop
aqueous fluids and high H2O/CO2 conditions are 20
demonstrated in the wollastonite zone by the position
of the wollastonite-forming reaction with respect to 18
X(CO2) at the temperature of the isograd, by the

δ18 O silicates
complete bleaching of the calc-silicate layers, and by 16
the presence of vesuvianite.
14

STABLE ISOTOPES 12

Sampling and analytical techniques 10

(b)
One- to two-millimetre thick wafers were cut perpendicular to 8
bedding in the samples. Each wafer was attached to a sticky-tape and 0 U-A
1 U-B
2 Ph-C
3 Di-D
4 Di-E
5 Di-F
6 Wo-G
7 8
then fractured with a small chisel. Individual, about 234 mm chips Outcrop
were then powdered and split into two portions, one for the analysis
of carbonates, the second for the analysis of bulk silicate fractions. 1.0
However, some chips had too few silicates and others too few
carbonates for analysis of both fractions in the same chip. The splits 0.0
δ13C carbonates

for the analysis of carbonates were treated with hydrogen peroxide to

-1.0
oxidize all graphitic material prior to reaction with phosphoric acid.
The treatment was required because analyses of untreated powders
-2.0
showed that the graphitic material in the low-grade rocks (perhaps
still kerogen), oxidized in phosphoric acid and contributed iso-
-3.0
topically light carbon to the CO2 produced in the reaction vessels. No
attempt was made to analyse calcite and dolomite separately. The
-4.0
splits for analysis of silicates were first treated with nitric acid to
dissolve the carbonates and any potential sulphides, and then heated
-5.0
for one hour at 800 uC to oxidize all graphitic material. Oxygen from (c) -12.0
the silicates was extracted and converted to CO2 prior to analysis on
-6.0
a conventional extraction line using the technique of Clayton & 0 U-A
1 U-B
2 Ph-C
3 Di-D
4 Di-E
5 Di-F
6 Wo-G
7 8
Mayeda (1963). The CO2 produced by both sets of extractions was
Outcrop
analysed on a Finnigan Mat Delta-E mass spectrometer. The
precision on d18O and d13C values of carbonates is better than
Fig. 10. d18O and d13C values of carbonate and silicate
¡0.1ø and the precision on the d18O values of silicates is better
fractions at sample locations described in this paper. The
than ¡0.2ø.
locations are ordered by their proximity to the Notch Peak
stock. There is an apparent increase in the d18O values and
decrease in d13C values of dolomite/calcite toward the
Results and implications intrusion, except in the wollastonite zone where equilibration
with low-d18O magmatic water and low-d13C carbon species,
The stable isotope ratios in the analysed chips point probably derived from consumed graphite, caused decrease of
a straightforward picture of isotopic exchange that both sets of values, especially in the calc-silicate layers.
resulted from fluid flow in the Weeks Formation. At
all locations from the unmetamorphosed through the
diopside zones, oxygen isotope ratios in the carbonate
minerals did not appreciably shift. There are no on average about 1.5ø higher and then increase
apparent isotopic differences between the calc-silicate somewhat through the diopside zone to values of
and carbonate layers (Fig. 3). In sample Un-A, where 19.4 to 20.6ø. The increasingly elevated values can be
the predominant carbonate mineral is calcite, the d18O explained by an increase in the dolomite to calcite ratio
values range from 17.1 to 17.6ø (Fig. 10a). In with progressively higher positions in the stratigraphic
two samples from location Un-B, the d18O values are section. The scatter of values at a given sample location
438 P. I. NABELEK
is probably the result of diagenesis that may have
occurred before or after metamorphism.
There is about a 3.6ø range in the d18O values of
the silicate fractions (Fig. 10b), which is attributed to
the variable proportions of silicate minerals in the
samples. Overall, however, the values remain the same
throughout the diopside zone, even in the calc-silicate
layers. The constant values indicate that there was
little infiltration of a fluid or at least of a fluid that was
out of isotopic equilibrium with the rocks. By the time
any significant amount of fluid infiltrated the diopside
zone, it lost its potential for isotopic exchange.
d13C values are most elevated at location Un-A, with
values ranging from x0.4 to x0.9ø (Fig. 10c). At
location Un-B and all locations through the diopside
zone, the d13C values are on average 1.5ø smaller.
The smaller values could plausibly be attributed to
decarbonation, as D13C(CO2-cal) is positive above
200 uC (Bottinga, 1968). However, it is more likely
that the lowering of d13C values occurred during
premetamorphic diagenesis, including dolomitization.
The isotopic ratios in minerals were clearly changed
in the wollastonite zone (Fig. 10). In parts of the
carbonate layers that still have abundant graphite, the
d18O and d13C values are unchanged (Fig. 6). However,
in the bleached portions of the layers, both sets of
values systematically decrease toward the silicate
layers, which have the lowest d18O values. Similarly,
d18O and d13C values in bleached zones next to vertical
fractures are lower than in the unbleached zones
(Fig. 6c).
The most plausible explanation for the pattern of
d18O values is that low-18O fluids infiltrated the rocks,
primarily through the calc-silicate layers. The fluids
also interacted with the carbonate layers, as evidenced
by the coarsening of calcite. The probable source of the
low-18O fluids was the Notch Peak granitic magma,
which would have exsolved a fluid with d18O of about
8.5ø (Nabelek et al., 1983). Although fractionation
attendant on CO2 production during calc-silicate
reactions can also lead to decrease of d18O values,
this mechanism can only decrease the values by about
2ø (Rumble, 1982; Nabelek et al., 1984; Valley, 1986).
The other plausible mechanism by which d18O values in
high-temperature metamorphic rocks can be lowered
is by equilibrium up-temperature flow of aqueous pore
fluids through the wall rocks (Dipple & Ferry, 1992).
However, the unshifted d18O values at low grades in the
Notch Peak aureole and other aureoles (e.g. Nabelek &
Labotka, 1993; Bowman et al., 1994; Roselle et al.,
1999) argue against this mechanism.
Rayleigh decarbonation is an efficient process by
which d13C values can potentially be lowered (Rumble,
1982; Nabelek et al., 1984). Rayleigh decarbonation
was proposed for decreases in d13C in calc-silicate rocks
by this author as well as others (see compilations by
Valley, 1986; Nabelek, 1991). However, to explain the
progressive decrease in the d13C values in the margins
of calcareous layers in the wollastonite zone, there
would have to have been progressively more CO2
evolved as the silicate layers were approached. But,
there is no evidence for a corresponding necessary
increase in reaction progress in the carbonate layers.
The most plausible explanation for the lowered d13C
values is exchange with a low-13C carbon species in
the aqueous fluid during recrystallization of calcite.
Recrystallization of calcite was probably required for
the carbon exchange to occur because of the insufficient
duration of elevated temperatures in the wollastonite
zone during which effective volume diffusion of C
through the calcite structure could have occurred
(Labotka et al., 2000). The best candidate for the
source of the low-13C species is the oxidized graphite,
which has d13C value of about x26ø (Nabelek et al.,
1992). Because it is unlikely that the low-13C carbon
came from the low-grade rocks, it was probably
produced during consumption of the local graphite.
The consumption of graphite and subsequent carbon
exchange with calcite may have very well occurred
prior to the onset of wollastonite-grade conditions in
the inner aureole. Thus, the implication of the isotopic
variations in the wollastonite zone is that low-18O
magmatic fluids infiltrated the rocks, principally along
the calc-silicate layers. The fluids also caused oxidation
of the graphite in the margins of the carbonate layers.
The fluids interacted only to a limited extent with the
carbonate layers.
D I S C U S S I O N A N D CO N C L U SI O N S
The stable isotope ratios indicate that fluid flow in
the unmetamorphosed, phlogopite-grade and lower
diopside-grade rocks of the Weeks Formation along
the traverse described here was very limited. Unfortu-
nately, the mineral assemblages place few constraints
on the CO2/H2O ratios of fluids in pore spaces in the
low-grade rocks, although if there was little or an
absence of aqueous fluid infiltration, metamorphic
reactions could have driven the ratio to values higher
than the initial pore fluid. The first evidence for some
infiltration of external, aqueous fluids is in the upper
diopside zone where scapolite grew and graphite began
to be consumed. The amount of fluid in the upper
diopside zone must have been limited, however,
because in the samples described here, there is no
evidence of an isotopic shift.
Greater amount of aqueous fluid infiltration is
evident in the wollastonite zone where magmatic
fluids preferentially flowed through calc-silicate layers,
producing 18O depletion and driving the wollastonite
reaction to completion. Transient reaction-enhanced
permeability due to volume loss and expansion of
pores accompanying the wollastonite-forming reac-
tion probably promoted this fluid infiltration. The
average estimated volume loss in the bulk rocks during
the diopside-forming reaction was c. 3%, whereas
during the wollastonite-forming reaction it was c. 7%
(Nabelek et al., 1992). In individual calc-silicate beds
 R E A C T I O N S A N D I S O T O P I C EX C H A NG E I N T HE N O T C H P E A K A UR E O L E
it may have been up to 25%. Vesuvianite also implies
infiltration of aqueous fluids. However, the fluids still
contained some CO2, as evidenced by the buffer-
ing assemblage wo+di+scap+cal+ves, absence of
epidote, and reduction of d13C values in the
neighbouring calcareous layers. The outer margins
of the calcareous layers that interacted with the fluids
can be viewed as ‘‘metasomatic sides’’ of Yardley &
Lloyd (1995) with regard to isotopic exchange, rather
than infiltration fronts.
In the Notch Peak aureole, with the exception of the
fault’s vicinity, the zone of substantial 18O depletion
coincides with the wollastonite zone. It also coincides
with significant enrichments of some trace elements,
including Ba and Zn (Nabelek & Labotka, 1993). The
diopside and phlogopite zones are not depleted in 18O,
nor are there other chemical changes evident. These
data indicate that only the wollastonite zone was
infiltrated by significant amounts of low-d18O, water-
rich fluids. If fluid flow was subhorizontal and down-
temperature, the wollastonite isograd would not
necessarily coincide with the 18O depletion boundary
and the boundary of trace element enrichments
(Baumgartner & Rumble, 1988; Baumgartner &
Ferry, 1991). Furthermore, the absence of any 18O
depletion in rocks of the intermediate-grade (diopside
zone) and low-grade (phlogopite zone) portions of the
aureole rules out subhorizontal, up-temperature flow
(Nabelek & Labotka, 1993; Bowman et al., 1994). The
patterns of wollastonite development and 18O depletion
are most consistent with subvertical flow of magmatic
fluid, with the largest fluid fluxes confined to the
wollastonite zone. Fluid infiltration into the diopside
zone of the Weeks Formation was greater near
the preintrusion fault shown in Fig. 2, where the
isograds are deflected away from the intrusion and
many bulk diopside-zone samples have reduced d18O
values (Nabelek et al., 1992). The fault, however,
appears to have promoted unusual enhancement of
flow in its vicinity that is not characteristic of the rest
of the Notch Peak aureole.
The apparent coincidence of the wollastonite
reaction boundary with the boundaries of chemical
alterations indicates that these boundaries are the side
of a dominantly subvertical, upward-flowing, down-
temperature fluid-flow zone. Hence, these boundaries
represent a large-scale fluid-infiltration side. Apart
from the location of the fault, the wollastonite reaction
boundary appears to represent a boundary between
a high fluid-flux zone to the higher-grade side and
a low fluid-flux zone to its lower-grade side. The data
suggest that there was only limited leakage across
this boundary, and imply significantly different per-
meabilities on either side. The petrological and isotopic
patterns suggest that reaction-enhancement of per-
meability during the wollastonite-forming reaction and
hydrofracturing had the dominant influence on the
magnitude of fluid flux in inner aureole. Although it is
clear that a component of fluid flow was subhorizontal
439
along bedding, a larger component must have been
subvertical through fractures and boudin necks that
cut through the calcareous layers, as shown in Fig. 5.
Numerous two-dimensional, numerical modelling
studies have demonstrated that substantial subvertical
fluid flow will occur near the intrusion-wall rock
contact as the natural consequence of magma intru-
sion, given no significant and continuous lateral
permeability barriers in the wall rocks (Cathles, 1981;
Norton & Taylor, 1979; Hanson, 1992, 1995; Cook
et al., 1997; Cui et al., 2001). Some of these studies
also predict significantly lower integrated fluid fluxes
in low-grade parts of contact aureoles, consistent with
the results of this study. The differential flow geo-
metries and fluxes indicated for the wollastonite-grade
and lower-grade rocks in the Notch Peak aureole
imply that no single T–X(CO2) path exists that
simultaneously describes both high- and low-grade
metamorphic assemblages in this aureole, and perhaps
most contact aureoles.
This study also demonstrates that the effect of
Fe on the relative stability of minerals during
calc-silicate metamorphic reactions needs to be con-
sidered. Devolatilization reactions that are univariant
in T–X(CO2) fluid space at a fixed pressure become
divariant with the presence of Fe. Therefore, it is
possible to have coexisting ferromagnesian silicate
index minerals during both up and down-temperature
flow of aqueous fluids through calc-silicate aureoles.
A C K N O W L E D G E M EN T S
A. Cui and M. Liu assisted ably in the field and
provided stimulating discussions. Constructive reviews
by J. Ague and J. Bowman led to improvement of
the paper. This study was funded by NSF grant
EAR-9805102.
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Received 12 April 2001; revision accepted November 2001.