Avi Level Two

Avi Nardia Kapap Combatives
AVI NARDIA
KAPAP COMBATIVES
E. Page 1
KAPAP COMBATIVES
INSTRUCTOR PROGRAM LEVEL 2
“So it is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you will fight
without danger in battles If you only know yourself, but not your opponent, you
may win or may lose. If you know neither yourself nor your enemy, you will always
endanger yourself. Therefore one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not
the most skillful. Seizing the enemy without fighting is the most skillful”.
The Art of War - Sun Tzu
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
CH 1 – INTRODUCTION
1-1. THE PURPOSE OF KAPAP COMBAT CONCEPTS TRAINING
1-2. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS
CH 2 – TRAINING
2-1. INTSTRUCTOR RESPONSABILITIES
2-2. SAFETY IN TRAINING
2-3. BASIC TRAINING / PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
2-4. TRAINING PROGRAM LAYOUT
2-5. TEACHING TECHNIQUES
2-6. STANCES
2-7. FALLS
2-8. THE CRAWL – WALK – RUN TECHNIQUES
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CH 3 – FIGHTING DISTANCES/RANGES
3-1. THE CLOSE RANGE
3-1-1. THROWS AND TAKEDOWNS
3-1-2. CHOCKS /STRANGULATION
3-1-3. CHOKING TECHNIQUES
3-1-4. COUNTERS TO CHOKES
3-1-5. JOINT LOCKS
3-2. THE MEDIUM RANGE
3-2-1. VITAL TAEGETS
3-2-2. STRIKING PRINCIPLES
3-2-3. NERVES AND PRESSURE POINTS
3-2-4. PUNCHES AND STRIKES
3-3. THE LONG RANGE
3-3-1. DEFENSIVE TECHNIQUES
3-3-2. ANGLES OF ATTACK
3-3-3. DEFENSE AGAINST A KNIFE
3-3-4. KNIFE FIGHT
3-3-5. HAND TRAPPING
3-3-6. BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN RANGES
3-4. TACTICS AND STRATEGIES
3-4-1. ICPS METHOD OF SHOOTING
3-4-2. KAPAP ACADEMY WEAPONS TRIANGLE
3-4-3. BALLISTICS
3-4-4. OPERATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
3-4-5. THE COMBAT MINDSET
3-4-6. MENTAL CONDITIONING
3-4-7. ADRENAL STRESS EFFECTS
3-5. ADDENDUM
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CH 1 – INTRODUCTION
Hand-to-hand combat is a physical engagement between two or more persons in an empty-
handed Struggle, or with handheld weapons such as knives, sticks, Handguns and other
improvised weapons available at use. These fighting arts are important and essential survival
skills to everyone, from the battlefield soldier, the Law Enforcement agent and Security Officer
to the non combatant civilian, we all need to obtain the practical knowledge to be able to protect
ourselves.
When relying on weapons or other resources for protection we need to keep in mind that they
may fail to fire, or even not be present when we need them the most and this is where our hand-
to-hand combat skills become vital assets.
The KAPAP ACADEMY “Combat Concepts” training manual is a compilation of ideas,
concepts, training doctrine and accumulated experience based on evaluation of the combat arts
and practices. The purpose of this manual is to serve you as a reference book in your training
level, as well as a guide for your personal development as an Instructor under KAPAP
ACADEMY. The majority of these things are open sources and can be found in many forms
and shapes through magazines, articles, Internet etc’. even there are many good materials out
there to learn from we summarized the basic ideas that reflects the KAPAP COMBAT
CONCEPTS in a nutshell and we hope to have created a spark in our Instructors to further
pursue the knowledge and expand their horizons.
1-1. THE PURPOSE OF KAPAP COMBAT CONCEPTS TRAINING

Today's reality is drastically changing due to cultural, economical and geopolitical and ethnic
clashes. We are experiencing violent scenarios that may require our judgment and skills in
fighting situations where practical hands-on knowledge and experience in the combat concepts
can save lives.
The main purpose of this training is to develop a pro-active approach and open mind regarding
personal safety issues and to educate others in the process.
This training program is contributing to individual strength, flexibility, balance, and cardio
fitness, as well as building courage, confidence, self-discipline, confidence in self and proper
spirit and mindset.
1-2. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS

In order to successfully deal with any opponent the hand-to-hand fighter must be familiar with
the basic principles and concepts and be able to apply them when needed.
The principles mentioned are only a few of the basic guidelines that are essential knowledge for
any hand-to-hand combat. There are many others, which through years of study become intuitive
to highly skilled fighters.
- Physical Balance
- Mental Balance
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- Relative Positioning
- Timing
- Distance
- Momentum
- Leverage
Physical Balance: The ability to remain in a stable, upright position. The fighter must maintain
his balance both to defend himself and to successfully launch effective counter attack.
Without balance, the fighter has no stability with which to defend himself, or the base of power
for an attack.
There are two aspects of balance in a struggle:
- The fighter’s own balance – maintaining the legs shoulder width apart, flexed knees lowering
center of gravity to increase stability.
- The opponent balance – exploiting and exposing the weakness of the opponent balance by
constantly changing his body position (relative position).
Mental Balance: The fighter must maintain a mental balance, not allowing fear or other
emotions to overcome his ability to react instinctively.
Relative Position: It refers to the location of the fighter /defender in relation to his opponent. A
vital principle when being attacked is for the defender to move his body to a safe position--that
is, where the attack cannot continue unless the enemy moves his whole body.
To position for a counterattack, a fighter should move his whole body off the opponent's line of
attack. Then, the opponent has to change his position to continue the attack. It is usually safe to
move off the line of attack at a 45-degree angle, either toward the opponent or away from him,
whichever is appropriate for the given scenario. This position gives the fighter safety, allowing
him to exploit weaknesses in the enemy's counterattack position. Movement to an
Advantageous position requires accurate timing and distance perception.
Timing: The best time to move to an advantageous position in an attack. If the fighter moves too
soon, the opponent will anticipate his movement and adjust the attack. If he moves too late, the
opponent will have time to strike him. Similarly, the fighter must launch his attack or
counterattack when the opponent is the most vulnerable.
Distance: The relative distance between the positions of opponents. A fighter positions himself
where distance is to his advantage. The hand-to-hand fighter must adjust his distance by
changing his relative position and developing attacks or counterattacks. He does this according to
the range at which he and his opponent are engaged (long, medium or short/close).
Momentum: The tendency of a body in motion to continue in the direction of motion unless
acted on by another force. Body mass in motion develops momentum. The greater the body mass
or speed of movement, the greater the momentum. Therefore, a fighter must understand the
effects of this principle and apply it to his advantage.
E. Page 5
Leverage: leverage is used in hand-to-hand combat by using the natural movement of the body
to place the opponent in a position of unnatural movement. The fighter uses his body or parts of
his body to create a mechanical advantage over parts of the opponent’s body. He should never
oppose the opponent in a direct strength; however, by using leverage larger or stronger
opponents can be defeated.
CH 2 – TRAINING
2-1. INSTRUCTOR RESPONSABILITIES
In order to teach others hand to hand, self defense and combat concepts and techniques, applying
them effectively as well as safely mastering them; the Instructor need to follow these core
responsibilities:
A. Seek maximum efficiency with minimum effort. Continually strive to reduce all unnecessary
explanations, movement, and activity. Streamline the training without compromising content,
efficiency, or safety.
B. Stress cooperation and technical mastery. Minimize hostile behavior but promote
aggressiveness and power.
C. Reinforce the details of each technique, and provide positive feedback when needed. Use
occasional humor to motivate students, but avoid degrading or insulting them.
D. Ensure serviceable training aids are present to use in sufficient quantities for all students
being trained
E. Ensure training areas are well maintained and free from dangerous obstructions.
F. Ensure assistant instructors are well rehearsed and prepared before all training sessions.
G. Conduct instructor training weekly to maintain a high skill level.
H. Require strict discipline of all students during training.
2-2. SAFETY IN TRAINING

To prevent injuries, the instructor must consider the following safety precautions and guidelines
before conducting training:
A. Supervise all practical work closely and constantly. Never leave a group unsupervised.
B. Familiarize the students with each maneuver by a complete explanation and demonstration
before they try the moves.
C. Do not allow students to get ahead of the instruction.
D. Ensure the training partner offers no resistance, but allows the maneuver to be freely
executed during the learning stages and while perfecting the techniques.
E. Ensure there is adequate space during all practical work.
F. Ensure that students empty their pockets, and remove any object before training.
G. Stress that only simulated strikes to vital points, such as the head, neck, and groin area, are
executed.
H. Students may use light blows to other vulnerable areas; however, they must exercise caution
at all times.
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I. Establish a signal to indicate to the partner when to stop the pressure in grappling and
choking techniques. Two handclaps or tapping the training partner with a free hand are
examples.
J. Make sure students warm up and stretch properly before practical work.
K. Teach and practice falls before conducting throws.
L. Ensure protective eye wear is available when executing training with practice knives, or any
sharp weapons.
M. Ensure that the student to be disarmed does not place his finger in the trigger guard during
handgun disarming.
N. Use rubber knives during knife disarming training.
O. Make sure safety hazards are removed before instruction/demonstrations are executed.
2-3. BASIC TRAINING / PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

KAPAP COMBAT CONCEPTS basic training program is based on 10 hours of training time, divided
into five periods of 2 hours each. The following is a suggested format for introductory level.
Period 1 (2 Hours):
- Introduction to safety.
- Combat demonstration performed by instructors or trainers to gain attention and to motivate
students.
- Vital points and vulnerable points.
- Warm-ups.
- Stretches.
- Stances.
- Elbows and knees.
- Short punches and strikes.
- Kicks.
- Drills. Twenty-five repetitions for each strike--that is, elbows, knees, punches, and kicks--
using vital and vulnerable points.
- Combinations of strikes.
Period 2 (2 Hours):
- Warm-ups and stretches.

- Review of strikes.
- Falls.
- Throws.
- Proficiency development of falls and throws through repetition.
Period 3 (2 Hours):

- Review of falls.
- Grappling.
- Chokes.
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Period 4 (2 Hours):
- Defense and counters against weapons.
- Angles of attack and defenses of each angle:
- Knife attacks. (Angles 1-5)
- Knife defense. (Angles 1-5)
- Stick attacks. (Angles 1-5)
- Stick defense. (Angles 1-5)
- Drills: Twenty-five repetitions of defenses against each angle of attack, knife
- Attacks, stick attacks.
Period 5 (2 Hours):

- Overall review
2-4. TRAINING PROGRAM LAYOUT

After each student in the class has attained the same basic skill level, the training can then
progress to more advanced techniques and drills. If conducted once a week, this program takes
10 weeks to complete or 5 weeks if conducted twice a week.
Suggested progression (10 Hours)
- Defense and counters against weapons: 3 hours

- Intermediate handgun training (Retention, Disarms, Practical use): 3 hours
- Mask techniques, brachial stuns, Neck triangles: 2 hours
- Advanced knife drills: 3 hours
Note: Instructors can also create more advanced training exercises and drills based on the student
skills level.
2-5. TEACHING TECHNIQUES

This section discusses a variety of effective teaching techniques to use while conducting KAPAP
COMBAT CONCEPTS training.
Before KAPAP training, the student must be prepared for the upcoming physical stress. A warm-
up period gradually increases the internal temperature of the body and the heart rate. Stretching
prepares the ligaments, tendons, muscles, and heart for a workout, decreasing the chances of
injury.
Warm-up Exercises: To begin warm-up exercises, rotate the major joints--neck, shoulders,
hips, and knees. The warm-up should at least include 7 to 10 minutes of stretching, running in
place or jogging around the training area, and calisthenics.
Body conditioning appears in chapter 5 In the KAPAP COMBAT CONCEPTS book (ISBN-10:
0-89750-161-6 / ISBN-13: 978-0-89750-161-3). The drills condition the body through motion in
all ranges, accustom the students to contact with the ground, and promote aggressiveness.
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Stretching Exercises: Any of the stretching exercises which appears in chapter 5 In the KAPAP
COMBAT CONCEPTS book (ISBN-10: 0-89750-161-6 / ISBN-13: 978-0-89750-161-3) are
recommended for hand-to-hand combat training.
2-6. STANCES
A fighting stance is the position a fighter takes in readiness for an
unarmed fight. He may launch an attack or defend from this stance.
For a strong fighting stance, you will need a firm foundation. To
accomplish this you will need to have your feet a shoulder width
apart and well under you. It is important that while doing this you
don’t lock your knees. Having them slightly bent will allow you to
move more quickly and easily. It will also guard against your
opponent throwing a low placed kick that could cause permanent
injury to your knee. Keep this in mind if you are in a life-
threatening situation though. If an attacker’s knee can’t support him,
he will be unable to fight or chase you.
Your weight should be evenly distributed between the balls of both

feet. Being on the balls of the feet will also give you the advantage
of speed in your movement. Whenever moving stay on the balls and move in a circular motion.
Make sure both feet are on the ground before trying to execute a punch, block, or kick. Keep
your steps close to the ground almost sliding your feet. Two fingers placed on the chest of a
person in between steps can actually push someone off their feet and onto the floor.
2-7. FALLS (UKEMI)

We all must learn how to fall to the ground without getting hurt, both during training and during
combat. If you lose balance or being thrown during a fight, the use of basic fall techniques
enables you to escape injury or to quickly recover to protect yourself.
THREE PRINCIPLES OF FALLS
1. GO WITH THE ENERGY: when falling down our natural reaction is to throw out our arms for
protection. Though it seems like the best way to protect the head and upper body, it's not. When your
arms go up you risk breaking a wrist, fracturing a collar
bone or lacerating your chin because these three points
will ultimately absorb the force of the fall and in the
process snap back at unnatural angles. The safest way to
handle a high- or low-speed get-off is to tuck and roll. By
utilizing what's known as a judo roll, you'll tuck your chin
to your chest, pull your arms in and let your body roll
through the fall on your shoulder. This neutralizes the
energy, and prevents neck and back injuries that result
from your body coming to a sudden, limb-burying stop.
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2. TAKE AWAY THE ENERGY: For a backwards fall, take away the force of the impact by placing
one of the legs back and bending the knees to the position that the buttocks follows through and
roll down onto the back with most of the energy absorbed in the feet and lower back before the
head hits the ground. This keeps the momentum from going to your torso and head.
3. LOWER YOUR CENTER OF GRAVITY: By moving your hips as close to the ground as possible,
you'll reduce inertia and force of impact. Take snowboarders, for instance: They might be in a
prone position at speed but as soon as they start to fall they buckle their knees and get close to
the ground. To lessen impact, get as low as possible when you feel yourself going down.
NOTE: TO HELP PREVENT ACCIDENTS DURING FALLS, IT IS IMPORTANT TO EXHALE
UPON IMPACT WITH THE GROUND. THIS HELPS THE BODY ABSORB THE IMPACT.
2-8. CRAWL - WALK – RUN (Teaching techniques)

Training can be conducted using the crawl, walk and run techniques, which may be applied on
two levels.
First Level: The instructor uses these techniques during each initial training session.
Crawl phase: New techniques should be introduced, taught, demonstrated, and executed by the
students.
Walk phase: During this phase, students practice the new techniques with more fluid movement
and less instructor guidance.
Run phase: students execute the techniques at combat speed with no guidance.
Second Level: Conducting advanced training; the instructor considers the abilities and
experience level of the students to be trained. During training, those students with prior martial
arts experience can be a great asset; they may be used as demonstrators or as assistant
instructors. The crawl, walk, run approach training ensures a high skill level throughout the unit
and minimizes the risk of training injuries.
Crawl phase: During the crawl phase, the instructor introduces advanced training to the unit.
Here, the basic skills that set the standards for advancement to other levels are mastered.
Emphasis is placed on proper technique when executing stances, falls, and hand-and-foot strikes.
Studying the new techniques in this method ensures that the movements are correctly
programmed into the students' subconscious after a few repetitions. It also develops the
flexibility.
Walk phase: Once the group has developed a sufficient proficiency level in basic skills, begin
the walk phase. Instructor introduces students to throws, combination strikes with body weapons,
reaction drills, knife fighting, grappling, and improvised-weapons training.
Run phase: In the run phase students engage in full sparring, advanced-weapons fighting, and
Takedowns.
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CH 3 – COMBAT RANGES
3-1. CLOSE RANGE
In close-range distance the two opponents have closed the gap between them so they can grab
one another in hand-to-hand combat. The principles of balance, leverage, timing, and
relative positioning are applied. Throws and takedown techniques are used to upset the
Opponent’s balance and to gain control of the fight by forcing him to the ground. Choke can
be applied to quickly take out the opponent unconscious.
The student should also acquire the following skills for close range distances:
- Counters to choking techniques to protect him from being chocked out.

- Grappling and ground fighting which involves skillful fighting against an opponent in close-
range combat so that a he can win through superior body movement or grappling skills.
- Pain through leverages, locks and vital areas striking skills can be used to disable an
opponent at close range.
3-1-1. THROWS AND TAKEDOWNS

Enables the fighter to take an opponent to the ground where he can be controlled or disabled with
further techniques.
Throws and takedowns make use of the principles involved in taking the opponent's balance
(BALANCE DISPLACEMENT). The fighter uses his MOMENTUM against the attacker; he also
uses LEVERAGE or RELATIVE BODY POSITION to gain an opportunity to throw the attacker.
It is important for a fighter to control his opponent throughout a throw to the ground to keep the
opponent from countering the throw or escaping after he is thrown to the ground. One way to do
this is to control the opponent's fall so that he lands on his head. It is also imperative that a
fighter maintain control of his own balance when executing throws and takedowns.
After executing a throw or takedown and while the opponent is on the ground, the fighter must
control the opponent by any means available. He can drop his weight onto exposed areas of the
opponent's body, using his elbows and knees (THE “ELVIS”). He can control the downed
opponent's limbs by stepping on them or by placing his knees and body weight on them. Joint
locks, chokes, and kicks to vital areas are also good control measures. Without endangering
himself, the fighter must maintain the advantage and disable his opponent after throwing him.
1 2 3
KAPAP ACADEMY INSTRUCTOR AVI NARIDA EXECUTING THE “ELVIS”
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3-1-2. STRANGULATION CHOKS

Strangulation is a most effective method of disabling an opponent. The throat's vulnerability is
widely known and should be a primary target in close-range fighting. The goal of this technique
is to block the air supply to his lungs, or to block the blood supply to his brain.
Strangulation by Crushing: Crushing the trachea just below the voice box is probably one of the
fastest, easiest, most lethal means of strangulation. The trachea is crushed between the thumb
and first two or three fingers. This is mainly used for Military or Special operation Forces.
(WARNING: THIS IS A LETHAL AND DEADLY CHOKE WHICH CAN CAUSE IMMEDIATE DEATH AND
SHOULD BE APPLIED ONLY ACCORDING TO THE USE OF FORCE POLICY AND RESPECTIVE LAW).
Respiratory Strangulation: Compressing the windpipe to obstruct air flow to the lungs is most
effectively applied by pressure on the cartilage of the windpipe. Unconsciousness can take place
within one to two minutes. However, the technique
is not always effective on a strong opponent or an
opponent with a large neck. It is better to block the
blood supply to weaken the opponent first.
Sanguineous Strangulation: Cutting off the
blood supply to the brain by applying pressure to
the carotid arteries results in rapid unconsciousness
of the strangled person. The person can be rendered
unconscious within 3 to 8seconds, and death can
result within 30 to 40 seconds.
(WARNING: THIS IS A LETHAL AND DEADLY CHOKE

WHICH CAN CAUSE IMMEDIATE DEATH AND
SHOULD BE APPLIED ONLY ACCORDING TO THE USE
OF FORCE POLICY AND RESPECTIVE LAW).
3-1-3. CHOKING TECHNIQUES

Cross-Collar Choke: With crossed hands, the fighter reaches as far as possible
around his opponent’s neck and grabs his collar .The backs of his hands should be
against the neck. while keepings his elbows bent and close to the body (as in
opening a tightly sealed jar), pulls outward with both hands, and chokes the sides of
the opponent's neck by rotating the knuckles into the neck (The forearm can also be used).
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Collar Grab Choke: The fighter grabs his opponent's collar with both hands
straight-on. He then rotates the knuckles inward against the neck to quickly produce
a good choke. He also keeps the elbows in front and close to the body where the
greatest strength is maintained.
Carotid Choke: The fighter grabs the sides of the opponent's throat by the
muscle and sticks his thumbs into the carotids, closing them off. This is a fast
and painful choke. Other variations of chokes are learned through JUDO and
JIU-JUTSU Curriculum and presented at this level of training, but should not
be taught to beginning students.
Rear Naked choke ("Hadaka-Jime”): is a chokehold in applied from an

opponent's back. Depending on the context, the term may refer to one of
two variations of the technique. Either arm can be used to apply the choke
in both cases. The word "naked" in this context suggests that, unlike other
strangulation techniques found in Jujitsu/Judo, this hold does not require
the use of a ("gi") or shirt/cloth. The choke has two variations: in one
version, the attacker's arm encircles the opponent's neck and then grabs his own biceps on the
other arm; in the second version, the attacker clasps his hands together instead after encircling
the opponent's neck.
Arm triangle choke: is a generic term describing blood chokeholds

in which the opponent is strangled in between his or her own shoulder
and the performers arm. An arm-triangle choke where the performer
is on the side of the opponent and presses a forearm into opposite side
of the neck of the opponent.
The Safety of Judo Chokes

By Leonard I. Lapinsohm M.D.
This article was originally published in Black Belt Magazine (1970)
Strangling techniques are an integral part of judo and jujitsu training. Other martial arts also train
their students in the application of various types of strangles.
The objective of “shime-waza” (strangling techniques) is to render the opponent unconscious or

when used in sport judo, to render the opponent helpless. Pressure is applied to the neck to
reduce circulation to the brain and also to cut off normal breathing. Interfering with brain
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circulation brings effects within a few seconds and is painless. Interfering with respiration is
painful and brings effects in several minutes.
In the neck below the angle of the jaw, the common carotid artery splits into two branches. At
this point lies the carotid sinus. This is a pressure receptor which takes part in the control of
blood pressure and pulse rate. When blood pressure rises in the carotid sinus, reflexes lower both
systemic blood pressure and pulse rate. When blood pressure falls in the carotid sinus systemic
blood pressure and pulse rate rise.
Strangles place direct pressure on both the carotid and vertebral arteries. The former lies in the
sides of the neck, the latter enter the base of the brain and are influenced by external pressure in
an indirect way. Lowered brain circulation is effected directly by ligature effect when a strangle
is applied and pressure gradually increased. If external pressure is applied, thus decreasing
pressure in the sinus and suddenly released, the surge of pressure will cause reflex changes
resulting in a marked systemic blood pressure drop, faintness, weakness, or unconscious and
lowered pulse rate or even heart arrest. Sensitivity of the carotid sinus is present with no known
cause and secondary to certain medical conditions. This sensitivity is manifested by sudden
faints when pressure is inadvertently applied to the neck as with a tight collar or suddenly turning
the neck.
Blows to the side of the neck and”shime-waza” can be extremely dangerous. Therefore,
precautionary measures should be taken to insure proper care in application and supervision in
teaching.
Shutting off respiration may also bring about changes of a reflex nature which may cause serious
heart and respiratory reactions. Shutting off the air intake may cause an inadvertent Valsalva
maneuver (forced expiration with the glottis closed), which will set in motion other reflex
changes and cardiovascular effects resulting in dangerous and even irreversible physiologic
changes.
If by some mischance, the application of “shime-waza” results in unconsciousness which does

not revert spontaneously, or even cardiac arrest, the use of mouth to mouth resuscitation and
closed cardiac massage is indicated. It is to be stressed “shime-waza” should only be applied
with proper care and with an understanding of the basic physiological principles, dangers and
precautions.
3-1-4. COUNTERS TO CHOKES

Any person that learns hand to hand must know how to defend against being choked.
Incapacitation and unconsciousness can occur within three seconds; therefore, it is crucial for the
defender to know all possible counters to chokes.
Eye Gouging: The opponent attacks the defender with a frontal choke. The defender has the
option of going over or under the opponent's arms. To disable the opponent, the defender inserts
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both thumbs into his opponent's eyes and tries to gouge them. (The defender is prepared to
follow-up with an attack to the vital regions.
Shoulder Dislocation: If the opponent applies a choke from the rear, the defender places the
back of his hand against the inside of the opponent's forearm Then, he brings the other hand over
the crook of the opponent's elbow and clasps hands, keeping his hands close to his body as he
moves his entire body around the opponent . He positions his body so that the opponent's upper
arm is aligned with the opponent's shoulders. The opponent's arm should be bent at least at 90-
degree angle. By pulling up on the opponent's elbow and down on the wrist, the opponent's
balance is taken and his shoulder is easily dislocated.
The defender must use his body movement to properly position the opponent--upper body
strength will not work. He drops his body weight by bending his knees to help get the proper
bend in the opponent's elbow. The defender must also keep his own hands and elbows close to
his body to prevent the opponent's escape.
Weight Shift: To counter being choked from above while laying on the ground the defender
places his arms against his opponent's elbows and locks the joints. At the same time, he shifts his
hips so that his weight rests painfully on the opponent's ankle The defender can easily shift his
body weight to gain control by turning the opponent toward his weak side.
3-1-5. JOINT LOCKS
A joint lock is technique involving manipulation of an opponent's joints in such a way that the
joints reach their maximal degree of motion.
These typically involve isolating a particular joint, and leveraging it in an attempt to force the
joint to move past its normal range of motion. Joint locks usually involve varying degrees of pain
in the joints, and if applied forcefully and/or suddenly, may cause injury, such as muscle, tendon
and ligament damage, even dislocation, or bone fractures.
Joint locks can be divided into five general types according to which section of the body they
affect:
Armlocks:
A. B. C. D. E.
A. Armbar
B. Juji-gatame
C. Elbowlock
D. Figure four armlocks
E. Hammerlock
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Leglocks:
A. B. C. D.
A. Kneebar
B. Ankle lock
C. Toe hold
D. Heel hook
Small Joint manipulation: (finger locks and twists)
A. B. C.
A. Hyper-extended finger
B. Hyper-extended finger
C. Hyper-rotated finger
Spinal locks:
A. B. C. D.
A. Neck crank
B. Neck Dislocation
C. Guillotine
D. Spine crank
Wristlocks:
A. B. C. D. E.
A. Rotational wristlock
B. Adductive Wristlock
.
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C. Hyperflexive Wristlock
D. Supinating wristlock
E. Pronating wristlock
3-2. MEDIUM-RANGE
3-2-1. VITAL TARGETS
The body is divided into three sections: high, middle, and low. Each section contains vital
targets. The effects of striking these targets follow:
(Pictures from Wikipedia.org)
3-2-2. STRIKING PRINCIPLES

Effective striking with the weapons of the body to the opponent's vital points is essential in a
hand-to-hand struggle. A fighter must be able to employ the principles of effective striking in
order to be able to finish the fight effectively.
Attitude: Proper mental attitude is of primary importance in the ability to strike an opponent. In
a fight to life or death, one must have the frame of mind to survive above all else; the
prospect of losing cannot enter his mind. He must commit himself to hit the opponent
continuously with whatever it takes to drive him to the ground or end his resistance.
Fluid Shock Wave: A strike should be delivered so that the target is hit and the weapon remains
on the impact site for at least a tenth of a second. This imparts all of the kinetic energy of the
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strike into the target area, producing a fluid shock wave that travels into the affected tissue and
causes maximum damage. It is imperative that all strikes to vital points and nerve motor points
are delivered with this principle in mind.
Target Selection. Strikes should be targeted at the opponent's vital points and nerve motor
points. Strikes to nerve motor points cause temporary mental stunning and muscle motor
dysfunction to the affected areas of the body.
3-2-3. NERVES AND PRESSURE POINTS

Mental stunning results when the brain is momentarily disoriented by overstimulation from too
much input--for example, a strike to a major nerve.
The stunning completely disables an opponent for three to seven seconds and allows the fighter
to finish off the opponent, gain total control of the situation, or make his escape. Sometimes,
such a strike causes unconsciousness. A successful strike to a nerve motor center also renders the
affected body part immovable by causing muscle spasms and dysfunction due to nerve overload.
(Readily available nerve motor points are shown
in the picture above).
Jugular notch pressure point: Located at the base of the neck just above the
breastbone; pressure to this notch can distract and take away his balance. Pressure
from fingers jabbed into the notch incurs intense pain that causes an opponent to
withdraw from the pressure involuntarily.
Suprascapular nerve motor point: This nerve is located where the

trapezius muscle joins the side of the neck. A strike to this point causes
intense pain, temporary dysfunction of the affected arm and hand, and
mental stunning for three to seven seconds. The strike should be a
downward knife-hand or hammerfist strike from behind.
Brachial plexus: This nerve motor center is on the side of the neck. It
is probably the most reliable place to strike someone to stun them. Any
part of the hand or arm may be applied--the palm heel, back of the
hand, knife hand, ridge hand, hammer fist, thumb tip, or the forearm.
A proper strike to the brachial plexus origin causes:
- Intense pain.
- Complete cessation of motor activity.
- Temporary dysfunction of the affected arm.
- Mental stunning for three to seven seconds.
- Possible unconsciousness.
.
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Median nerve motor point: This nerve motor point is on the

inside of the forearm at the base of the wrist, just above the
heel of the hand. Striking this center produces similar effects
to striking the radial nerve, although it is not as accessible as
the radial nerve.
Femoral nerve: This nerve is in the

center of the inside of the thigh;
striking the femoral nerve can cause
temporary motor dysfunction of the
affected leg, high-intensity pain, and
mental stunning for three to seven
seconds. The knee is best to use to
strike the femoral nerve.
Common peroneal nerve motor point: The peroneal nerve is on the outside of the thigh about
four fingers above the knee. A severe strike to this center can cause collapse of the affected leg
and high intensity pain, as well as mental stunning for three to seven seconds. This highly
accessible point is an effective way to drop an opponent quickly. This point should be struck
with a knee, shin kick, or impact weapon.
3-2-4. PUNCHES AND STRIKES – THE ART OF IMPACT

During medium-range fight or combat, punches and strikes are usually short because of the close
distance between fighters. Power is generated by using the entire body mass in motion behind all
punches and strikes. Hands can become deadly weapons when used by a skilled fighter.
Punches to solar plexus: by putting the full weight and force behind the punch and
Striking the opponent in the solar plexus, knocking the breath out of his lungs, enables the
defender to follow-up with a knee to the groin, or blows to vital areas.
Thumb strike to throat: an effective technique when an opponent is rushing or trying to grab a
hold. The defender thrusts his right arm thumb-out and strikes his opponent in the throat-larynx
area while holding his left hand high for protection. Following up with a disabling blow to his
opponent's vital areas.
Uppercut to chin: The defender steps between his opponent's arms and strikes with an
uppercut punch to the chin or jaw, then follows up with blows to his opponent’s vital areas.
Palm-heel strike to chin: The opponent tries to surprise the defender by lunging at him. The
defender quickly counters by striking his opponent with a palm-heel strike to the chin using
maximum force.
Palm-heel strike to kidneys: The defender grasps his opponent from behind by the collar and
pulls him off balance. He quickly follows up with a hard palm-heel strike to the opponent's
kidney .The defender can then take down his opponent with a follow-up technique to the back of
his knee.

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Elbows as Weapons The elbows are also formidable weapons; tremendous striking power can
be generated from them. The point of the elbow should be the point of impact. The elbows are
strongest when kept in front of the body and in alignment with the shoulder joint; that is, never
strike with the elbow out to the side of the body.
When properly executed, elbow strikes render an opponent ineffective. When using elbow
strikes, execute them quickly, powerfully, and repetitively until the opponent is disabled.
Elbow to Face
.
Elbow to temple Rising Elbow to chin
Elbow to Head Elbow to Biceps Elbow to Biceps
Best practice of elbow striking can be borrowed from Muai Thai (Thai boxing):
The Elbow slash To practice the elbow slash, you have to bend the elbow
closely against the arm, as if they are together. Then, twist the shoulder;
send your body into the opposite direction, aiming to strike the elbow
against the upper targets. In case the opponent counters with a punch, you
should parry that punch away with your fist, and swing the elbow against
the desired target.
Horizontal Elbow: It is quite similar to the elbow slash technique. The
difference is that elbow is horizontal, parallel to the ground. However, you
need to make sure that you must stand firmly when attacking, because
attacking with full power, you may need to twist to shoulder and hip along
with the elbow swing and this will make you losing balance easily.
The uppercut elbow: is done by swinging the elbow diagonally upwards to attack
the chin. This technique requires speed when using it, which means you have to do
it as quickly as you can.
This strike should be train frequently with the punch bag. Uppercut Elbow is
done by step your foot forward so that the tip of the foot is below the punch
bag, and launch an uppercut. Your fist should go pass the target, allowing
your elbow to make the impact instead. Do not forget to bend both your front
and back knees so that you could straighten the body when you swing your elbow upward
against the opponent.
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Diagonal Elbow: is one of the elbow strikes which can open up a cut easily.
To practice diagonal elbow, raise the arm that you wish to launch diagonal
elbow, either the right of left arm. The arm points forward, making the 90
degree angle with the arm pit. Bend the elbow, making the 45 degree angle
with the face, namely, the fist will be at one eyebrow.
For example, if you want to use right diagonal elbow, your right fist should
be at the level of the left eyebrow. This should help to block any punches to the face. If you want
to use the right diagonal elbow, step the left foot forward with the right leg at the back. Step the
left to get close to the opponent, twist the shoulder to send elbow diagonally upward. The speed
and the rough edge of the elbow tip will open up a cut quickly if diagonal elbow is well
practiced.
Chopping Elbow: is closely related to the diagonal Elbow. In case Diagonal Elbow misses and
going in its upward flight, pull the elbow back downward in the chopping movement when the
opponent is careless, believing that Diagonal Elbow has missed, therefore exposing the gap for
him to exploit. When he comes in to attack, he will find himself chopped by the chopping elbow.
The basic movement of Chopping Elbow is very similar to Diagonal Elbow. It is simply a matter
of reversing of the direction, namely, from up to down, rather than from down to up.
Certain boxers adopt a very high guard. This should facilitate the use of Chopping Elbow to the
area around the face. Move close to the opponent and swing the elbow downward from the
forehead down to the chin.
The spinning elbow: is quite different from other elbow technique. As you
have to turn the body around to generate the elbow strike. To do the spinning
elbow, we generally use the rear elbow to attack and make sure that you will
always look at your opponent while turning the body around and making the
elbow strike. Spinning Elbow is considered to be a deadly trick in Muay Thai
Boxing. It could knock down the attacker easily.
If you do not twist your body, you could not swing Spinning Elbow smoothly
against the target. Any awkward movement could be exploited by the opponent who could
launch an all powerful punch to the body or prompt your action with other weapons.
Knees as Weapons When the knees are used to strike opponents, they are especially potent
weapons and are hard to defend or protect against. Great power is generated by thrusting the hips
in with a knee strike; however, use the point of the knee as the impact surface.. The following
techniques are the most effective way to overpower or disable the opponent.
Front knee strike: When an opponent tries to grapple the defender strikes his opponent in the
stomach or solar plexus with his knee.
Knee strike to outside of thigh: The defender delivers a knee strike to the outside of his
opponent's thigh (common peroneal nerve). This strike causes intense pain and renders the
opponent's leg ineffective.
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Knee strike to groin: The knee strike to the groin is effective during close-in grappling. The
defender gains control by grabbing his opponent's head, hair, ears, or shoulders and strikes him
in the groin with his knee.
Knee strike to face: The defender controls his opponent by grabbing behind his head with
both hands and forcefully pushing his head down. At the same time, the defender brings his knee
up and smashes the opponent in the face .When properly executed; the knee strike to the face is a
devastating technique that can cause serious injury to the opponent.
3-3. LONG-RANGE
In long-range the distance between opponents is such that the fighters can engage one another
with fully extended punches and kicks or with handheld weapons, such as sticks/clubs. As in
medium-range, a fighter must continuously monitor his available body weapons and
opportunities for attack, as well as possible defense measures. He must know when to increase
the distance from an opponent and when to close the gap. The personal fighting styles and
influence that surround each fighter come into contact in long-range.
PUNCHES
In extended punches, the body weapon is usually the fist, although the fingers may be used -for
example, eye gouging.
1. When punching, hold the fist vertically or horizontally. Keep the wrist straight to prevent
injury and use the first two knuckles in striking.
2. Another useful variation of the fist is to place the thumb on top of the vertical fist so that the
tip protrudes beyond the curled index finger that supports it. The thumb strike is especially
effective against soft targets. Do not fully lock out the arm when punching; keep a slight
bend in the elbow to prevent hyperextension if the intended target is missed.
KICKS
Kicks during hand-to-hand combat are best directed to low targets and should be simple but
effective.
Front Kick: The lead leg front kick is not a very powerful kick, but it can be a very good tool to
help control the range. The target should be the enemy's thigh, just above the knee. The striking
surface is the sole of the foot. It is very important that if the kick does not land, your foot should
not slide off toward the enemy's back. This would present your back to him.
Front Knee Kick. As the attacker moves in, the defender immediately shifts off the line of
attack and drives his kicking foot straight into the knee of the attacker He turns his foot 45
degrees to make the most of the striking surface and to reduce the chances of missing the target.
If the kick is done right, the attacker's advance will stop abruptly, and the knee joint will break.
Heel Kick to Groin: The defender drives a heel kick into the attacker's groin with his full body
mass behind it. Since the groin is a soft target, the toe can also be used when striking it.
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Shin Kick: The shin kick is a powerful kick, and it is easily performed with little training. When
the legs are targeted, the kick is hard to defend against, and an opponent can be dropped by it.
Counter to Front Kick: When the attacker tries a front kick, the defender traps the kicking foot
by meeting it with his own. The defender turns his foot outward to increase the likelihood of
striking the opponent's kicking foot. This counter requires good timing by the defender, but not
necessarily speed. Do not look at the feet; use your peripheral vision.
3-3-1. DEFENSIVE TECHNIQUES

A knife or any other edged tool, properly employed, is a deadly weapon; however, using
defensive techniques, such as maintaining separation, will greatly enhance the defender’s ability
to fight and win.
DEFENSE AGAINST AN ARMED OPPONENT
An unarmed defender is always at a distinct disadvantage facing an armed opponent. It is
imperative therefore that the unarmed defender understands and uses the following principles to
survive:
Separation: Maintain as much length separation from the attacker as you can. This distance
gives the time to react to any attempt by the attacker to close the gap and be upon the defender.
The defender should also try to place stationary objects (buffer) between himself and the
attacker.
Unarmed Defense: Unarmed defense against an armed opponent should be last resort. If it is
necessary, the defender's course of action includes:
Move the body out of the line of attack of the weapon: Step off the line of attack or redirect
the attack of the weapon so that it clears the body.
Control the weapon: Maintain control of the attacking arm by securing the weapon, hand, wrist,
elbow, or arm by using joint locks, if possible.
Stun the attacker with an effective counterattack: Counterattack should be swift and
devastating. Take the vigor out of the attacker with a low, unexpected kick, or break a locked
joint of the attacking arm. Strikes to motor nerve centers are effective stuns, as are skin tearing,
eye gouging, and attacking of the throat. The defender can also take away the attacker's balance.
Ground the attacker: Take the attacker to the ground where the defender can continue to
disarm or further disable him.
Disarm the attacker: Break the attacker's locked joints. Use leverage or induce pain to disarm
the attacker and finish him or to maintain physical control.
Precaution: Do not focus full attention on the weapon because the attacker has other body
weapons to use. There may even be other attackers that you have not seen.
Improvised aids: Anything available can become an improvised aid to defend against an armed
attack. A backpack, Ladies purse or large book can be used as a shield; similarly shirt or jacket
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can be used to protect the defender against a weapon. The defender can also throw a hand held
hot drink in the attacker's face as a distraction.
3-3-2. ANGLES OF ATTACK
No. 1 Angle of Attack: A downward diagonal slash, stab, or strike toward the left side of the
defender's head, neck, or torso.
No. 2 Angle of Attack: A downward diagonal slash, stab, or strike toward the right side of the
defender's head, neck, or torso.
No. 3 Angle of Attack: A horizontal attack to the left side of the defender's torso in the ribs,
side, or hip region.
No. 4 Angle of Attack: The same as No. 3 angle, but to the right side.
No. 5 Angle of Attack: A jabbing, lunging, or punching attack directed straight toward the
defender's front.
No. 6 Angle of Attack: A jabbing, lunging, or punching straight toward the defender's upper
right front (neck).
No. 7 Angle of Attack: A jabbing, lunging, or punching straight toward the defender's upper left
front (neck).
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3-3-3. DEFENSE AGAINST A KNIFE

When faced with an attacker armed with a knife, one must be mentally
prepared to be cut. The likelihood of being cut severely is less if the
fighter is well trained in knife defense and if the principles of weapon
defense are followed. A slash wound is not usually lethal or shock
inducing; however, a stab wound risks injury to vital organs, arteries,
and veins and may also cause instant shock or unconsciousness.
Types of Knife Attacks: The first line of defense against an opponent armed with a knife is to
avoid close contact. The different types of knife attacks follow:
Thrust: The thrust is the most common and most dangerous type of knife attack. It is a strike
directed straight into the target by jabbing or lunging.
Slash: The slash is a sweeping surface cut or circular slash. The wound is usually a long cut,
varying from a slight surface cut to a deep gash.
Flick: This attack is delivered by flicking the wrist and knife to extended limbs, inflicting
numerous cuts. The flick is very distractive to the defender since he is bleeding from several cuts
if the attacker is successful.
Tear: The tear is a cut made by dragging the tip of the blade across the body to create a ripping
type cut. (Karambit knife effect)
Hack: The hack is delivered by using the knife to block or chop with.
Butt: The butt is a strike with the knife handle.
Follow-Up Techniques: Once the instructor believes the students are skilled in these basic
reactions to attack, follow-up techniques may be introduced and practiced.
These drills make up the defense possibilities against the various angles of attack. They also
enable the student to apply the principles of defense against weapons and allow him to feel the
movements. Through repetition, the reactions become natural, and the student instinctively reacts
to a knife attack with the proper defense. It is important not to associate specific movements or
techniques with certain types of attack.
The knife fighter must rely on his knowledge of principles and his training experience in reacting
to a knife attack. No two attacks or reactions will be the same; thus, memorizing techniques will
not ensure a student’s survival.
Defend and clear: When the defender has performed a defensive maneuver and avoided an
attack, he can push the attacker away and move out of the attacker's reach.
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Defend and stun: After the defender performs his first defensive maneuver to a safer position, he
can deliver a stunning blow as an immediate counterattack. Strikes to motor nerve points or
attacker's limbs, low kicks, and elbow strikes are especially effective stunning techniques.
Defend and disarm: The defender also follows up his first defensive maneuver by maintaining
control of the attacker's weapon arm, executing a stunning technique, and disarming the attacker.
The stun distracts the attacker and also gives the defender some time to gain possession of the
weapon and to execute his disarming technique.
3-3-4. KNIFE FIGHT
A knife fight (also called a duel or cut-and-thrust) is a fight in which each combatant is armed
with a knife.
There are many martial and military systems of knife fighting, which are usually distinguished
by region and culture of origin. A proponent of knife fighting systems utilizes sparring and drills
to hone their skills. This practice is rooted in historical effectiveness where knife fights were
more common. KAPAP ACADEMY is exploring the components of each and every system
possible in order to better understand weaknesses and strengths while developing logical
solutions.
Knife grips:
There are multiple ways a knife can be held for offensive or defensive use. The two most
common are the forward and reverse grips with the edge facing out.
The following are variations of the forward grip:
1. Hammer grip - hand is wrapped around the handle as if making a fist

2. Saber grip - thumb is placed on the top of the handle
3. Modified saber grip - thumb is placed on the flat of the blade
4. Palm reinforced grip - pommel rests against the palm of the hand, index finger is placed on top of
the handle or blade spine
5. "Regular" reverse grip - more specifically, "reverse grip edge out" or RGEO, where hand is
wrapped around the handle as if making a fist with the thumb capping the pommel, edge facing away
from the forearm.
6. Ice pick grip - more specifically, "reverse grip edge in" or RGEI, but with the edge facing the
forearm. Also called pikal or pakal grip in Filipino Martial Arts.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
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Each grip has advantages and disadvantages. Holding the knife in one of the forward grips
allows for longer range, while a reverse grip allows for more power and a shorter range. The
reverse grip is regarded as more difficult to utilize in knife on knife combat due to a closer
proximity between opponents.
3-3-5. HAND TRAPPING

One of the most unique areas of close range is the trapping range
training. Trapping is one of the elements that give a fighter a great
advantage in close range and it’s considered as a secondary
weapon of defense/attack.
Trapping is the immobilization of one or more of an opponent’s

limbs. Trapping becomes necessary when a line you are attacking
closes, or when there is an obstruction between your attacking tool
and the target that you wish to strike. The primary goal of the
fighter is to hit, so there should be an attempted strike before and after every trap. Although
trapping is mostly considered a by-product of hitting, it is also possible to attack with the
intention of trapping the opponent’s limbs. This is often a tactic used against opponents who like
to block, in other words, a defensive fighter. This is why Bruce Lee named one of his five ways
of attack HIA, or Hand Immobilization Attack.
Hand trapping training principles:
A. For trapping to be necessary, the opponent must be able to obstruct the line that you are
attacking.
B. Mechanics of trapping
C. Energy/sensitivity training teaches the ability to sense energies and know which trap to use in
certain situations.
D. Relative position trapping teaches you to economize your structure and puts the power into
your trapping techniques.
E. The application drills help you to learn about when trapping can best be used. Stress testing
puts it on the line and helps you fully functionalize your trapping skills for live street
application.
3-3-6. BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN RANGES

An imaginary sphere of defense extends all-round a soldier and spans the length of his arms. In
hand-to hand combat, the space and distance between opponents, known as the interval gap, is
the primary factor in the soldier's ability to interpret and react to the enemy's movement. Within
the interval gap is a zone of safety, the reactionary gap, which allows time for the soldier's
reaction to the enemy's movement.
The average reactionary gap to an unarmed attacker is 6-8 feet--that is, the zone of safety that
allows him time to observe and to react to an attack from an unarmed opponent. The average
reactionary gap to an attacker armed with a weapon is 21 feet, plus the length of the weapon.
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One must be able to maintain constant control of his sphere of defense by interpreting the timing
and rhythm of the enemy's movements and the interval gap during the attack. Having control
gives him an opportunity to bridge the gap and enter the enemy's sphere of defense at will.
Timing and distance are the keys to controlling the situation.
In hand-to-hand combat with an armed assailant, the attacker has only one intent-to kill his
opponent. To survive, the defender must not allow him to penetrate his sphere of defense. He
must stay mentally alert and be aware of an all-round perimeter of defense. He must visualize the
basic angles of attack. His best reaction to the enemy is to strike first or counterattack before the
enemy has a chance to develop his offensive. Surprise increases the chances of success. The
defender must be physically mobile, react to the attacker’s movement with the proper response,
and counterattack according to the opponent's rhythm, timing, and distance. He must also control
the tempo of the fight with consecutive and successful attacks, seizing the momentum and
overcoming the situation.
3-4. TACTICS AND STRATEGIES

“Never will those who wage war tire of deception” - Sun Tzu
In this section you will find resources for proper mindset which is vital for our system
development as well for practical knowledge of our students. It is imperative to understand
stages of thinking and valued lessons of history in order not to repeat mistakes or becoming a
victim.
3-4-1. ICPS METHOD OF SHOOTING

By Albert Timen
(Article for IACSP; the Counter Terrorism Magazine)
The Combat pistol shooting, as separate from target shooting, began to evolve in the early 1900s.
William E. Fairbairn and later Rex Applegate enumerated many of the early combat pistol
practices developed during their training of Office of Strategic Services and British Commando
troops in World War II. These techniques live on in modern point shooting techniques
The ICPS (Israeli Combat Point Shooting) is a point shooting system devised by the Israel
Defense Force (IDF) for use in training personnel to use rifles, submachine guns, and handguns.
In its initial stages of training, it closely resembles the Fairbairn, Sykes, and Applegate (FSA)
method described above. In later stages, training in the rapid acquisition of the sights is taught, as
well as a more advanced method of point shooting.
Instinctive and Point Shooting
One of the firearms point shooting training techniques being taught to a number of American
police officers is Combat Instinctive Shooting developed by Col. Applegate; another is Israeli
Combat Point Shooting. Why is point shooting being taught at all? When a combatant such as a
Law Enforcement officer encounters a sudden, life-threatening situation -- also referred to as a
. Page 28
survival stress event -- the sympathetic nervous system is automatically engaged. When this
happens, various psycho-physiological effects take place, and fine motor skills are lost.
According to researcher Bruce Siddle, in this stressful situation the majority of combatants will
not focus on or even see their front weapon sight. Siddle’s research, sharpening the Warrior’s
Edge, validates combat point shooting as taught by Col. Applegate. While Siddle’s scientific
research and additional papers are based on Applegate’s style of instinctive shooting, the results
of this research could perhaps be applied to Israeli selective/combat point shooting, validating
the Israeli techniques. This would be like comparing two different types of apples, rather than
apples and oranges.
Israeli Combat Point Shooting
The purpose of Israeli Combat Point Shooting is to enable a shooter to quickly and effectively
defend his or her life, or the life of an innocent person, not to be more accurate or compete with
other marksmen.
ICPS techniques employ the human body's inherent instincts and reflexes. Shooters use a natural
pointing reflex combined with specific methods for maximum accuracy and safety. This is
training to win in life-threatening situations, where the reaction time is a fraction of a second.
In this regard, the most important aspect of ICPS is that the shooter must rapidly overcome being
fearful, slow, or frozen. Instead, the shooter must immediately switch to a combat mindset that
relies on fast, intuitive instincts, and training-acquired tactical concepts. There are variations of
ICPS such as standing, kneeling, and shooting utilizing cover, as well as shooting with a
handgun and adaptations using a sub-gun or carbine.
In general, a police officer, soldier, or government agent must wait until the bad guy or terrorist
makes an overt act, yet it is common for such aggressive acts to come without warning. This puts
the police officer in a reactionary mode and at the disadvantage of being a second or two behind
the criminal.
ICPS teaches the skills needed to overcome this time lag with speed and accuracy in an armed
encounter and win in a gunfight. Aggressiveness and decisiveness increase the speed of the
reaction. Once again, mindset and training come into play.
The basic ICPS principles for handgun combat are:
- At extremely close range, one-hand shooting is faster than two-hand shooting.

- The closer the shooter is to the target, the faster the shooting; the further away the target, the
slower the shooting. This is referred to as balancing speed with accuracy.
- Placement of the trigger finger and placement of grip is maintained. (According to the FBI,
when they analyzed the problem of poor shooting they discovered that 95 percent of the time
bad shots are made due to poor trigger control; it is that important).
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- The shooter’s body is a platform visually covering 180 degrees; he is able to move dynamical
toward the threat by instinctively pivoting his or her body and hence covering 360 degrees of
combat space.
- When shooting, the shooter is static; movement is accomplished when not firing as the
shooter moves quickly from point to point.
- The shooter shoots until the target is neutralized.
The Standing Horse Stance
A person’s body reacts instinctively when engaged in the direction of a threatening situation. The
threatened person lowers his or her body posture and raises the hands toward the mid-upper body
area in order to protect or defend against the threat.
This is a reaction to the brain’s interpretation of any threat that can be frontally visualized.
In utilizing the standing horse stance, a shooter merges his natural body reflex into a firm and
steady shooting platform, ready for the next move which is to draw the handgun and point it at
the threat.
The standing horse stance has a very distinctive look. In this body
posture the shooter slides his legs about shoulder width apart and
bends his knees slightly, but does not allow the buttocks to go
lower than knee level, almost a horse jockey stance.
This lowers the entire body silhouette as well as the shooter’s

center of gravity, providing a solid posture that keeps the shooter
steady while he or she focuses on engaging the threat up to ten
meters away. Shoulders are squared with the threat for effective
shot placement.
Straight and locked elbows are pointed to the center mass of the
threat for recoil reduction. Both eyes are open and focused on the
target from start to finish, and the shooter uses peripheral vision to
overcome tunnel vision and spot possible threats and obstacles.
The Israeli standing horse stance is much wider than the isosceles stance taught by American
combat point shooting instructors. With the isosceles stance, the shooter stands with feet parallel
and pointed toward the target, knees straight, the entire body upright, and the head slightly
forward. The arms are raised and point straight at the target, and the gun is positioned directly to
the front. This produces a triangular shape which gives the stance its name.
The isosceles stance works well only when recoil control is not an issue and the shooter does not
need to make rapid follow-up shots. If the shooter is practicing for self-defense or dynamic
combat applications, he will probably want to use the standing horse stance as a shooting
platform.
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Drawing, Chambering and Shooting Differences
In point shooting, the Israeli styles of chambering a round and combat reloading are different
from those taught to American police and our military or governmental operatives.
American point shooting methods advocate mainly using the front sight, aligning the sights when
possible. The handgun is held at eye level or from the hip, depending on the shooter’s distance
from the target or his opponent.
Very little movement is used and reloading is usually done at chest or belt level with the eyes on
the target.
Israeli combat Point shooting
The training guideline for Israeli Combat Point Shooting is to secure one continuous move based
upon the shooter’s natural instincts, and constantly retrain until it becomes second nature. As
practice progresses, the moves are quickened to reach maximum speed while maintaining
accurate shot placement. ICPS techniques involve intuitive movements that everyone will do
automatically when involved in a gunfight. These techniques of stance and natural pointing are
the foundation of the Israeli Instinctive Shooting System and are time tested, battle proven,
realistic techniques that have worked day in and day out in Israel.
~
3-4-2. KAPAP ACADEMY WEAPONS TRIANGLE
When teaching the KAPAP ACADEMY weapons triangle it is
imperative to look after the factors that are in play when teaching
disarming of the gun. While many variables are often left out from
the equation entirely, they play a vital role in understanding and
evaluating the practical technique at hand.
1. Field of Fire: Understanding the direction and distance or point of fire of the weapon. This
includes understanding the “field of fire” in which the weapon can be fired, as well as the
distance or range in which the ammunition can cause harm.
2. Understanding the weapon: Understanding the weapon and how it is utilized. Remember
edged weapons never run out of ammo but guns do. Firearms can jam or malfunction. With
proper instruction you can learn techniques to effectively cause a weapon’s malfunction while
disarming an attacker. It is for this reason; an understanding of a firearm’s mechanism is of
paramount importance. You should be able to understand and identify the differences between a
revolver and a semi automatic weapon; the difference between a Handgun and a Shotgun or rifle.
3. Situation Evaluation: Evaluate in an attempt to controlling the psychological aspect of your
situation. Focus and stay in control of your emotions. For most training is required to stay calm
Page 31
and focused internally in spite of your outward appearance. Your body language can easily
escalate an already emotionally charged situation. The attacker’s body language can provide
clues as to his intentions. You must train to begin an understanding of techniques in attempting
to control the situation verbally and physically. You must evaluate the attacker. Is he a punk kid
that is very excited and seemingly inexperienced or is he a professional criminal that is under
control? Understand that if you see the weapon, it is probable the attacker does not have the
intention to just shoot, the attacker wants something. This behavior on the part of the attacker can
allow you valuable moments, giving you the time to make choices -to defend or not to defend.
4. Timing: Understand and train in the use of Timing. You must learn to utilize timing to your
advantage. If your evaluated decision or only option is to attempt to disarm an attacker, you must
move quickly, decisively and unsuspectingly to control and take the weapon away, like a
magician that is trying to make a watch disappear off of someone’s wrist.
5. Situational Awareness: Possess awareness of your surrounding environment. You must be
aware of your surroundings at all times. An attacker seeks the unaware and unsuspecting. In
every surrounding make mental notes of potential escape routes, items that can be used as
weapons and other people that will be placed in harm’s way should a threat or conflict arise. In
the case of an attacker with a firearm, you must pay attention to where the bullet will be
discharged if fired. Either as a law enforcement officer with your partner or a civilian with a
bystander or family member, you must know where others are located when moving the weapon.
6. Post Conflict details: Be ready for the post conflict. It has been found that people who have
been attacked often do not remember the face of the attacker even though they were looking right
at it. Remain calm and remember to visualize and take mental notes of details. Try to take a
mental photograph of the attacker’s face, clothes, weapon, and any distinguishing marks on the
person body or vehicle.
In conclusion we need to point out the key elements essential to these points are awareness,
timing, speed and understanding distance. You must pay very close attention to controlling the
weapon before any additional strikes or action. Once the weapon in truly in your control then
you can strike to multiple targets as your style and situation delegates. You must practice the
techniques with each hand as well as under different types of stress levels i.e. Cardio intensive
workouts. Also change lighting and environments to follow real world scenarios.
Proper and continued training in these six basic points of firearm defense may very well make
the difference between life and death when faced with real world threats. Don’t be caught
unprepared it might be the last mistake you make!
3-4-3. BALLISTICS
Ballistics is the science of mechanics that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of
projectiles, especially bullets. It is the science or art of designing and accelerating projectiles so
as to achieve a desired performance.
A ballistic body is a body which is free to move, behave, and be modified in appearance,
contour, or texture by ambient conditions, substances, or forces, as by the pressure of gases in a
gun, by rifling in a barrel, by gravity, by temperature, or by air particles. A ballistic missile is a
. Page 32
missile only guided during the relatively brief initial powered phase of flight and its course is
subsequently governed by the laws of classical mechanics.
Gun ballistics
Gun ballistics is the study of projectiles from the time of shooting to the time of impact with the
target. Gun ballistics is often broken down into the following four categories, which contain
detailed information on each category:
- Internal ballistics, the study of the processes originally accelerating the projectile, for
example the passage of a bullet through the barrel of a rifle or handgun;
- Transition ballistics, (sometimes called intermediate ballistics) the study of the projectile's
behavior when it leaves the barrel and the pressure behind the projectile is equalized.
- External ballistics, the study of the passage of the projectile through space or the air; and
- Terminal ballistics, the study of the interaction of a projectile with its target, whether that be
flesh, steel etc’.
HANDGUN BULLET EXAMPLES:
Page 33
Bullets for maximum penetration: For use against armored targets, or large, tough game
animals, penetration is the most important consideration. Focusing the largest amount of
momentum on the smallest possible area of the target provides the greatest penetration. Bullets
for maximum penetration are designed to resist deformation upon impact, and usually are made
of lead that is covered in a copper, brass, or mild steel jacket (some are even solid copper or
bronze alloy).
Bullets for controlled penetration: The final category of bullets is those intended to maximize
damage to living targets. These are used primarily for hunting and civilian antipersonnel use;
they are not generally used by the military, since the use of expanding bullets in international
conflicts is prohibited by the Hague Convention. These bullets are designed to increase their
surface area upon impact, thus creating greater drag and limiting the travel through the target.
A desirable side effect is that the expanded bullet makes a larger hole, increasing tissue
disruption and speeding incapacitation.
Flat point bullets: The simplest maximum disruption bullet is one with a wide, flat tip. This
increases the effective surface area, as rounded bullets can allow tissues to "flow" around the
edges. It also increases drag during flight, which decreases the depth to which the bullet
penetrates. Flat point bullets, with fronts of up to 90% of the overall bullet diameter, are usually
designed for use against large or dangerous game. They are often made of unusually hard alloys,
are longer and heavier than normal for their caliber, and even include exotic materials such as
tungsten to increase their sectional density. These bullets are designed to penetrate deeply
through muscle and bone, while causing a wound channel of nearly the full diameter of the
bullet. These bullets are designed to penetrate deeply enough to reach vital organs from any
shooting angle.
Expanding bullets: More effective on lighter targets are the expanding bullets, the hollow point bullet
and the soft point bullet. These are designed to use the hydraulic pressure of muscle tissue to expand the
bullet. This process is called mushrooming, as the ideal result is a shape that resembles a mushroom—a
cylindrical base, topped with a wide surface where the tip of the bullet has peeled back to expose more
area. A copper-plated hollow point loaded in a .44 Magnum, for example, with an original weight of 240
grains (15.55 g) and a diameter of 0.43 inch (11 mm) might mushroom on impact to form a rough circle
with a diameter of 0.70 inch (18 mm) and a final weight of 239 grains (15.48 g). This is excellent
performance; almost the entire weight is retained, and the frontal surface area increased 63%. Penetration
of the hollowpoint would be less than half that of a similar nonexpanding bullet, and the resulting wound
or permanent cavity would be much wider.
Fragmenting bullets: This class of projectile is designed to break apart on impact, causing an
effect similar to that of a frangible projectile, whilst being of a construction more akin to that of
an expanding bullet. Fragmenting bullets are usually constructed like the hollow point projectiles
described above, but with deeper and larger cavities. They may also have thinner copper jackets
in order to reduce their overall integrity. For the purposes of aerodynamic efficiency the tip of
the hollow point will often be tipped with a pointed polymer 'nose'. These bullets are typically
fired at high velocities to maximize their fragmentation upon impact. A fragmenting bullet is
intended to break up into many small pieces almost instantly. This means that all the kinetic
energy from the bullet is transferred into the target in a very short space of time.
Page 34
Bullet expansion chart Penetration depths and cavity effects chart
Frangible bullets: These bullets are designed to break up on impact, which results in a huge
increase in surface area. The most common of these bullets are made of small diameter lead
pellets, placed in a thin copper shell and held in place by an epoxy or similar binding agent.
Upon impact, the epoxy shatters and the copper shell opens up, much like a hollow point. The
individual lead balls then spread out in a wide pattern, and due to their low mass to surface area
ratio, stop very quickly. Similar bullets are made out of sintered metals, which turn to powder
upon impact. These bullets are usually restricted to pistol cartridges, as the non-homogenous
cores tend to cause inaccuracies that, while acceptable at short pistol ranges, are not acceptable
for the typical range at which rifles are used. One interesting use of the sintered metal rounds is
in shotguns in hostage rescue situations; the sintered metal round is used at near-contact range to
shoot the lock mechanism out of doors. The resulting metal powder will immediately disperse
after knocking out the door lock, and cause little or no damage to occupants of the room.
Frangible rounds are also used by armed security agents on aircraft. The concern is not
depressurization (a bullet hole will not depressurize an airliner) but over penetration and
damage to vital electrical or hydraulic lines, or injury to an innocent bystander by a bullet that
travels through a target's body completely instead of stopping in the body.
3-4-4. OPERATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

INDIVIDUAL MINDSET AND SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Situation awareness is the perception of environmental elements within a volume of time and
space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future. It
is also a field of study concerned with perception of the environment critical to decision-makers
in complex, dynamic areas and it involves being aware of what is happening around you to
understand how information, events, and your own actions will impact your goals and objectives,
. Page 35
both now and in the near future. Lacking SA or having inadequate SA has been identified as one
of the primary factors in accidents attributed to human error.
3-4-5. THE COMBAT MINDSET
More important than the ability to execute tactics and shoot accurately is a tactical mindset. If
your mindset is not correct at the start of a fight, the confrontation may be very one-sided. For
those who carry a weapon for a living and those who carry for protection a tactical mindset is
essential to make it out of a firearm-involved scuffle. There are four colors which represent four
very distinct states in which you and your mind can be in. Each has their purpose and a reaction.
This code is used widely by the community of firearm users involved in tactical situation on a
daily basis.
The color codes of awareness:
1. White: condition white is a state of unreadiness; you are oblivious to your

surroundings.
- White may be characterized by daydreaming, self-concentration, looking at the ground, or

concentrating mindlessly on any single subject.
- This condition is the optimal time for any assailant to make their move as the victim will
not see the action coming and will be caught by complete surprise.
- Even the unarmed citizen should never be caught in this capacity, because many bad
situations could be prevented just from a person being aware of their setting.
2. Yellow: in condition yellow the environment is observed and while a fight does
not look imminent, it is still a thought in your mind.
- Observations should include suspicious characters, watching what is behind you (from
behind is the easiest way to take someone by surprise), and looking for general areas of
cover (if something were to suddenly come up, you know where to move immediately).
- Yellow is the state any concerned citizen should be in at any given time. While obviously
this isn't possible (as everyone's mind wonders from one time to another), striving to see
general environmental cues could save you the hassle of a fight.
- Attackers are often wary about moving in on someone who is obviously in condition
yellow. They notice that you are noticing them and would rather not risk anything when
they can easily find someone in condition white.
- By default, arming yourself with a weapon means you are always in condition yellow or
higher. You should never be in condition white while armed.
Page 36
3. Orange: occurs when there is the possibility of threat but a source has yet to be
identified.
- This can occur when a situation is obviously turning south, or you are just in a bad part of
town. Your awareness is heightened, and your observations become more specific: "What
is this guy doing walking right toward me?" "What is that in his hand?" "That group of
hoodlums doesn’t look like they are up to much good."
- While no need for action is immediately required, you are ready and prepared. If
something were to happen you know exactly where to move at this moment and you are
thinking about possibilities for tactical withdraw or retaliation.
- This condition has a specific (and predetermined) point which will pull your "mental
trigger", which means you will snap into action and execute your plan.
- This point will vary from person to person as they weigh risk, moral, ethical, and other
repercussions that will occur. Just remember the average "shady person" will be much
more limited on kindness and forgiveness than you are.
4. Red: this is the condition where your "mental trigger" has been tripped and you
are taking action against a very specific adversary (or adversaries).
- At the beginning of the red condition your weapon should be out and ready. This will free
up any required retaliatory options.
- You execute your plan working your way from the primary threat to secondary threats, and
so on; always be thinking of the here and now and not on what you have just done or will
do after you have gotten away from the situation.
- Remember, as you are making decisions, they will be very quick and the member of the
battle who makes the correct decisions the quickest will be the most likely to walk away.
As in condition orange difficult moral and ethical decision that you will run into should
have been determined (by yourself) before you ever started carrying your weapon on your
person.
- In this competition "the only trophy is the right to breathe, and the loser gets sent home in
a body bag."
5. Black: this is the condition you end up in at the end of the confrontation. This is
when you are with the police or assessing a downplay of what just happened.
- This is the combat debrief period. At this moment take steps to notify the proper
authorities and analyze how the situation went.

Page 37
- Remember, after a combative situation, you may have to deal with both mental and
physical aspects of recovery from a flight/fight response.
- Cooperate with the Police, but make sure you do so through a lawyer or legal counsel.
Sometimes you may need legal counsel to ensure your side of the story is accurate and is
portrayed to the authorities in a manner in which you will minimize the Civil or Criminal
liabilities for your actions.
- No matter what, if you are at this condition, then you reached the desired condition. You
have stopped the threat and, you are alive.
Tips:
- Don't allow yourself to be caught in condition white. Even in the security of your house,
an unexpected bump in the night should set alarms off in your head and you should
instantly be prepared, and depending on what happens next, elevating to condition
orange or red may be required.
- Condition red should only occur if you have identified your target and know the full
situation. Of course, the full situation may be "this man has a gun pointed at me" (at this
point it should be game over for him as you know the only other decision may, very
easily, be lights out for you).
- Depending on the circumstances and your setting your weapon may be out and ready in
condition orange (in your house is an excellent example of this).
- Professional training can help greatly to hone your weapon skills and help you identify
what tactics should be used in different situations. Seek training before you carry a
weapon for any purpose.
Warnings:
- Firearms can be very dangerous and even lethal. They should only be used by experienced
firearm users. Be sure you know how to handle a firearm safely.
- Be sure to follow all state and local laws while shooting. Note that many laws on firearms
change drastically from state to state, and can even change between counties or even
cities.
- Laws are a gray area when it comes to tactical readiness and tactical execution. You must
determine before you ever decide to carry what your trigger points are and whether pulling
the trigger is worth having the luxury of going to court or to jail.
3-4-6. MENTAL CONDITIONING

Mental conditioning may be just what you need to enhance your performance. Consider
the benefits — improved concentration and focus, controlled emotions, confidence in the
face of challenge.
Created by berti
Page 38
Mental conditioning is often based on four core techniques:

relaxation, imagery, goal setting and positive thinking.
Relaxation: Simple relaxation techniques can help you

relieve anxiety and tension to improve concentration and
focus. Take a few deep breaths before your performance to
prepare for what you're about to do. Slow down. Stay calm.
Focus on what's happening now, rather than possible upsets
or mistakes.
Imagery: Imagery can be a powerful tool for increasing

confidence. Picture yourself doing your activity — dressed as
you would be, hearing what you might hear and smelling what you might smell. Feel your
muscles. Sense your emotions. Imagine yourself playing with confidence and skill. Let
distracting thoughts or feelings float away. If you see yourself doing something
incorrectly, switch gears. Replay the image in your mind exactly as you hope it would
happen.
The confidence you gain from these mental practices or rehearsals can help you stay on
top of your game when it really counts.
Goal setting: Setting goals can increase your motivation, provide you with a sense of
challenge and help you determine what you can and can't control - leading to greater
confidence. Combine long-term and short-term goals related to your personal best or the
actions you must take to meet your objectives. Keep the goals realistic and manageable.
3-4-7. ADRENAL STRESS EFFECTS

Stress: is the consequence of the failure to adapt to change. Less simply: it's the condition that
results when person-environment transactions lead someone to perceive a discrepancy, whether
real or not, between the demands of a situation, on the one hand and, on the other, the resources
of their biological, psychological or social systems. Stressful stimuli can be mental,
physiological, anatomical or physical
Physiology of the stress response: The primitive survival mechanism known as the
"Fight/Flight" response is built in to every human. It responds to fear/danger from everything
from life threatening situations to the alarm going off in the morning. Every human has a
habitual response to stress that is either learned or genetically implanted. In a real life or death
situation almost all of this response will be trigger by survival to help you to fight off or flee this
danger.
Since awareness is half the battle in controlling stress, you must learn to be aware of how you
respond to stress. Remember, you have a unique response. It may include:
.
Page 39
1. Increased heart rate. This pumps blood around the body to get oxygen and sugars to the cells
that you will need to use to survive. Symptoms that can be associated with this stress response
might include: Rapid or irregular heartbeats
2. Breathing usually becomes more rapid. To get more oxygen into the body. Symptoms that
can be associated with this stress response might include: hyperventilation and some forms of
asthma
3. Stress hormones are released. Adrenaline, also called epinephrine, is released by the
adrenal glands. This hormone helps to maintain increased heart rates and will tell the liver to
release stored sugar for energy to the body. Other stress hormones do other thing. Noradrenalin
is associated with anger and will raise blood pressure for most people. Symptoms that can be
associated with this stress response might include: high blood pressure, panic or anxiety
4. Blood pressure can go up. Triggered by released stress hormones. Symptoms that can be
associated with this stress response might include: high blood pressure
5. Muscles that you would use to fight or flee often become very tight until released by
relaxation, massage, stretching, or exercise. This is one of the most common responses to stress
and has lead to everyday expressions like: "uptight", "Pain in the neck" (and other places.)
Symptoms that can be associated with this stress response might include: tension headaches,
tight jaw, neck/shoulder pain/tension, back pain, insomnia (including trouble getting to sleep,
staying asleep, or not feeling rested after sleeping), fatigue, loss of concentration (distracted by
muscle pain or tension), learning disabilities, poor communication (listening and speaking)
6. Changes in blood flow/circulation. Blood is directed toward the brain and major muscles for
survival. Blood is directed away from surface of skin in hands and feet (for survival a primitive
response so you do not bleed to death if you get cut running away or fighting for your life.)
Blood is directed away from digestive organ and reproductive organ because for survival it
becomes a low priority to digest food or keep the species alive if you are threatened. Symptoms
that can be associated with this stress response might include: high blood pressure, cold hands
and feet, upset stomach, migraine headaches, pre-ulcerous/ulcerous conditions, increased colitis,
sometimes constipation, and 70% of sexual dysfunction in both men and women can be linked to
this stress response.
7. All of your senses are heightened are survival vigilance. You are more sensitive to noise
(ringing telephones or door bells), to light, to smells, even to increased sensitivity to touch. Your
neo-cortex (the thinking part of your new brain) shuts down and the survival mechanisms in the
middle and lower more primitive parts of the brain take over, so you react to things and do not
think things through as well. Basic emotions: fear, anger, sadness, and joy (nervous laughter)
take over from complicated, sophisticated higher function emotions. Symptoms that can be
associated with this stress response might include: emotional irritability, substance abuse to
escape stress through self-medication, anxiety, depression, poor impulse control, poor problem
solving and reduced communication abilities
. Page 40
8. You perspire/sweat to cool the body's increased metabolism down. Symptoms that can be
associated with this stress response might include: hyperhidrosis (which can lead to dehydration
due to over sweating)
9. Imbalances in normal hormone levels. Longer term, unresolved stress can affect the immune
system which is normally there to fight off infections and promote healing. Symptoms that can
be associated with this stress response might include: frequent colds or flu's, infections, cancer or
tumor development, increased allergic responses, auto-immune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis,
lupus, and scleroderma).
3-5. ADDENDUM
KAPAP LEVEL 2 INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION TOPICS:
• Performance
• Resistance
• Mental Training
• Control
• Relative Positioning
• Empty Hand Tactics
• Striking Tactics
• Defenses against Striking Attacks
• Restraining and Handcuffing
• Joint manipulation
• Falling and Ground Tactics and defenses
• Take Downs
• Person/suspect Searches
• Low Light Drills
• Escorts
• Low-Level Resistance
• Weapon Retention
• Edged Weapon Disarms
• Handgun Disarms
• High risk arrest neutralization
• Urban warfare principles
• conducting a threat assessment
• The aggressor’s modus operandi
• Counter-surveillance techniques and covert security
• Working in pairs - the partner approach
• Working as a team - Individual responsibilities and team work
Firearms essentials:
/ Weapon familiarization – disassembling and reassembling
/ Weapon safety /security: carrying modes, gripping and practical usage.
/ Ballistics fundamentals – internal, external and final
. Page 41
• Gripping and Pointing: one-handed and two-handed

• Drawing and cocking: one-handed and two-handed
• Running and breaking techniques
• Familiarization of common malfunctions
• clearing a weapon jam under pressure
• Firing from behind covers – doors, windows, walls, etc.
• using the complete personal toolset - drawing and cocking
• Gun fight scenarios: real-time decision-making
• Choosing the right path under fire
• Defining real-time priorities
• Taking the initiative: how to gain the crucial advantage during a confrontation
AVI NARDIA
KAPAP COMBATIVES
WWW.AVINARDIA.COM
EMAIL:avi@avinardia.com
Page 42

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Avi Nardia Kapap Combatives

1-1. THE PURPOSE OF KAPAP COMBAT CONCEPTS TRAINING

1-2. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS

2-1. INTSTRUCTOR RESPONSABILITIES

2-2. SAFETY IN TRAINING

2-3. BASIC TRAINING / PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

2-4. TRAINING PROGRAM LAYOUT

2-5. TEACHING TECHNIQUES

2-8. THE CRAWL – WALK – RUN TECHNIQUES

3-1. THE CLOSE RANGE

3-1-1. THROWS AND TAKEDOWNS

3-1-2. CHOCKS /STRANGULATION

3-1-3. CHOKING TECHNIQUES

3-1-4. COUNTERS TO CHOKES

3-1-5. JOINT LOCKS

3-2. THE MEDIUM RANGE

3-2-1. VITAL TAEGETS

3-2-2. STRIKING PRINCIPLES

3-2-3. NERVES AND PRESSURE POINTS

3-2-4. PUNCHES AND STRIKES

3-3. THE LONG RANGE

3-3-1. DEFENSIVE TECHNIQUES

3-3-2. ANGLES OF ATTACK

3-3-3. DEFENSE AGAINST A KNIFE

3-3-4. KNIFE FIGHT

3-3-5. HAND TRAPPING

3-3-6. BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN RANGES

3-4. TACTICS AND STRATEGIES

3-4-1. ICPS METHOD OF SHOOTING

3-4-2. KAPAP ACADEMY WEAPONS TRIANGLE

3-4-4. OPERATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

3-4-5. THE COMBAT MINDSET

3-4-6. MENTAL CONDITIONING

3-4-7. ADRENAL STRESS EFFECTS

1-1. THE PURPOSE OF KAPAP COMBAT CONCEPTS TRAINING

1-2. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS

2-2. SAFETY IN TRAINING

2-3. BASIC TRAINING / PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

- Warm-ups and stretches.

- Warm-ups and stretches.

- Warm-ups and stretches.

2-4. TRAINING PROGRAM LAYOUT

- Defense and counters against weapons: 3 hours

2-5. TEACHING TECHNIQUES

Your weight should be evenly distributed between the balls of both

2-7. FALLS (UKEMI)

THREE PRINCIPLES OF FALLS

2-8. CRAWL - WALK – RUN (Teaching techniques)

- Counters to choking techniques to protect him from being chocked out.

3-1-1. THROWS AND TAKEDOWNS

KAPAP ACADEMY INSTRUCTOR AVI NARIDA EXECUTING THE “ELVIS”

3-1-2. STRANGULATION CHOKS

(WARNING: THIS IS A LETHAL AND DEADLY CHOKE

3-1-3. CHOKING TECHNIQUES

Rear Naked choke ("Hadaka-Jime”): is a chokehold in applied from an

Arm triangle choke: is a generic term describing blood chokeholds

The Safety of Judo Chokes

This article was originally published in Black Belt Magazine (1970)

The objective of “shime-waza” (strangling techniques) is to render the opponent unconscious or

If by some mischance, the application of “shime-waza” results in unconsciousness which does

3-1-4. COUNTERS TO CHOKES

3-1-5. JOINT LOCKS

Small Joint manipulation: (finger locks and twists)

3-2-2. STRIKING PRINCIPLES