Professional Documents
Culture Documents
rise and split factors are discussed and a few recommendations are
provided to achieve a safety voltage in the area beyond the boundary • Current Split Study
of the substation. • Earth Potential Rise (EPR)
• Touch Voltage
Keywords—EPR, Split Factor, Earthing Design • Step Voltage
• Voltage Transfer
I. INTRODUCTION The neighbouring between the HV substations and the
residential houses will force the designer and the reviewer to
T HE benefits of electricity are numerous but mishandling it
can cause damages to properties and may inflict injuries
and fatalities. Electrical management is the key element in
pay extra attention on the EPR contour of the substations
under malfunction and fault conditions. Also this
human safety, also not underestimating the importance of neighbouring will highlight the touch voltage on pipeline.
protection equipment in the wide area of electrical Usually in an earthing design, the main safety criteria will be
infrastructure can be another added factor in raising the risk determined using the clearance time and the surface soil
factor. Earthing must be the primary concern during the design resistivity of the area to compute the touch and step voltage. It
and operations of electrical infrastructure. is a common practice to use IEEE 80:2000 or AS/NZS
People often assume that any grounded object can be safely 60479:2002 standards and the recommended calculation
touched. A low substation ground resistance is not, in itself, a method to determine the safety requirement for touch and step
guarantee of safety. Step and Touch voltage need to be voltage. The close neighbouring will raise the requirement for
assessed in and around the substation boundaries. A serious the pipeline safety, as determined in the Australian and New
hazard may result during a ground fault from the transfer of Zeeland Standards AS/NZS 4853:2000, Table 5.3 in this
potential between the substation ground grid area and outside standards state the safety requirements for different clearance
locations. This transferred potential may be transmitted by time but it doesn’t specify or relate this to soil resistivity value
communication circuits, conduits, pipes, metallic fences, low- [1-2].
voltage neutral wires, etc. The danger is usually from contact Normally such substations are supplied either by
of the touch type. An investigation into possible transferred underground cable (UG) or overheard conductor (OH). These
potential hazards is essential in the design of a safe substation feeders can have pole electrodes or joint bay earthing system.
grounding network. The neighboring between the substation and residential
This paper discusses the management of earthing system houses, force the pole electrodes to be sometimes in the public
design to meet the safety requirements as per the Australian footpath. For the same reason the joint bay earthing system
and IEEE standards. In addition this paper investigates the can be located in an area accesses by children, pregnant
area of concerns when dealing with the earthing system and women and bare foot passing by residents. These electrodes
what factors should be taken into when reviewing the design and the whole earthing system will facilitate and assist in
transferring the EPR from the substations to the surrounding
area frequented by the community and closer to residents. This
Dr. Ali Hellany is with the University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag
will require from the designer and the reviewer to carry more
1797 Penrith South DC 1797 NSW Australia (e-mail: a.hellany@uws.edu.au). extensive study and analysis around these electrodes and to
M. Nassereddine, Research student at the University of Western Sydney, apply the coordination design technique stated in the
Australia (e-mail: m.nassereddine@uws.edu.au) “substation Earthing Guide” which is the equivalent of
Professor M. Nagrial is with the University of Western Sydney, Locked
Bag 1797 Penrith South DC NSW Australia (e-mail: m.nagrial@uws.edu.au) IEEE80 in Australia that is accomplished through 23 steps. It
Dr Jamal Rizk is with the University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797 is not recommended in some cases to use an electrode with
Penrith South Dc 1797, NSW Australia (e-mail: j.rizk@uws.edu.au)).
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(12) 2011 1714 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/240
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vol:5, No:12, 2011
less 10 Ω or 5 Ω or even less than 1 Ω to ensure the safety and The fault current at the substation can be divided into sub-
the compliance of the earthing system. In some cases these 10 currents:
or 5 Ω do not meet the safety requirement, since the touch and • Current flow in the earth grid
step voltage may have a value that above the safety limit. • Current flow in the auxiliary earthing system
There is a need to follow step by step the coordination design Auxiliary earthing system can be represented by Over Head
technique and to ensure that safety aspects are fully considered Earth Wire (OHEW) knows as a ground wire, and by the cable
during the design and the commissioning of the system. This sheath of the cable. This auxiliary path acts as a path for
paper is addressing only the EPR aspect of the earthing design partial of the fault current, and reduces the current that flow
and exploring how EPR can lead to unsafe conditions into the ground. The return current value can be determined
after calculating the slip factor. The split factor determines the
III. EPR AND SAFETY CRITERIA percentage of the current that flow into the ground the portion
In an urban substation-Feeder systems, where there is no that flow into the auxiliary path.
houses near by, applying the IEEE and AS standards formula
can generate a limit for safety criteria. Taking as example a A. Split Factor
zone substation of 132/11kV with an EPR contour of 500V at
around 150 meters radius outside the boundary fence. If we Split factor S f , is vital to be determined when designing an
consider that the substation is in an area with a uniform soil earthing system that have an auxiliary path for the fault
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011 waset.org/Publication/240
resistivity of 100 Ωm and a if we take the clearance time to current. Split factor is essential for determining the actual EPR
be 500ms, after applying the IEEE and AS formulas then table at the substation and gives an indication of the EPR around the
auxiliary path. In addition, it ensures the compliance of any
TABLE I transfer voltage or EPR along the auxiliary path.
REPRESENTS THE SAFETY THRESHOLD FOR THE DESIGN
The split factor can be determined using equation 1:
50 Kg Person 70 Kg Person
Soil V V
Resistivity
V
step
V
step Z gm
S f = 1− (1)
Ω/m Touc Z
h
Touch gw
188.6 264.4 355.2 Where:
100 255.41 Z gw
6 8 5
is the self impedance of the OHEW in Ω/m.
Based on table I, the design needs to be limited to 188.66V
for the touch voltage and 262.48V for the step voltage. Z gm
is the mutual impedance per meter between OHEW
Moving this substation to a residential area where there are and phase conductors in Ω/m.
water pipe line connected to houses where people resides with The Ground current is determined using equation 2:
the possibility of having children, elderly with bare feet living
inside these house. Using AS/NZS 4853:2000 standard, the
Ig = S f × I f (2)
Australian standards which contain the allowable voltage
under different clearance time, yields a maximum touch
voltage on any pipe line for un-skilled people to be 100V [3- The auxiliary path current is determined using equation 3:
4].
Now the new maximum limit for the touch voltage outside Ie = I f − I g (3)
the substation is 100V as per AS/NZS 4853:2000 requirement.
The EPR contour of the 100V should be plotted and assessed
The auxiliary path current value will assist in assessing the
to ensure that there is no pipe line within the boundary of this
safety of the auxiliary path under any fault at the nominated
contour. If water pipe exists within the 100V contour, a touch
HV infrastructure. The split factor is used to determine the
simulation should be conducted to ensure that the touch
final impedance of the line as shown in equation 4 [3]:
voltage will be under the acceptable 100V limit. Due to the
feeding arrangement, not only the area within the 100V
contour need to be studied, also the area along the feeding S f Rg
Z total = (4)
route need to be assessed as each pole electrode and joint bay 1− S f
earthing system will create an EPR that can give rise to touch
voltage issue [5-8]. B. EPR and Split Factor
The fault current at the HV infrastructure will be split into The EPR at the substation is determined using the earth grid
the ground system and the auxiliary system. This split will resistance and the fault current. Equation 5 shows the EPR
create an EPR in the Auxiliary earthing system that needs to calculation, This EPR is under the assumption that there is no
be studied to ensure the compliance with the corresponding auxiliary system which mean the split current is 1:
standards and regulations.
Split Study
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(12) 2011 1715 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/240
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vol:5, No:12, 2011
EPRsubstation = I f × R g (5) auxiliary earthing path, Figure 2 and 3 shows the fault current
in the OHEW under a fault condition. Figure 2 clearly shows
that the fault current in the first 10 electrodes is high. In
Recalculating EPR Using the Split Factor, shows how the addition, it is possible to determine the value of the current
split factor value can reduce the EPR value at the nominated flowing in each electrode. The calculated current is used to
HV infrastructure. This EPR is for the substation EPR under determine the EPR around each electrode. Figure 2 shows the
the existence of auxiliary path for the fault current need tor the earthing system at the first few poles, due to high
current, to be assessed more than the poles between section 10
EPR = S f × I f × R g (6) and section 60 [11-12].
Figure 3 shows the section current magnitude that is
The maximum possible value for the split factor is 1, Figure flowing in the OHEW and returning to the fault source.
1 shows a simulation value for the EPR under grid resistance Figure4 shows the magnitude of the current that flows in the
of 1 ohm and fault current of 1000 amperes. electrode at pole No 3, the value is around 300A, this value
EPR
will assist in controlling the EPR around this pole, the
designer can target an earthing system for this electrode to
1200
meet the safety requirement. Equation 8 is used to determine
1000 the maximum grid resistance for this electrode to ensure the
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011 waset.org/Publication/240
600 EPR
400
200
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Split Factor
EPR = I f (1 − S f )× RAux
conduct more analysis as required under the EG1 coordination
(7) design technique [13].
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(12) 2011 1716 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/240
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vol:5, No:12, 2011
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(12) 2011 1717 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/240
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vol:5, No:12, 2011
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper shows that high voltage substation earthing
design in a residential area need to take into account the area
beyond the boundary fence of the substations. Further study
need to take place to ensure that the auxiliary path of the fault
condition is not creating unsafe conditions. This paper
recommends the following steps to be included in the design
process of an earthing system of power substation:
• Spilt study even when the substation is compliance
under any fault condition
• Examine the EPR around each auxiliary path
• Assess the EPR along the auxiliary path
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE guide to safety in AC substation grounding, 2000’ (IEEE, New
York, 2000).
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011 waset.org/Publication/240
547.77 [12] E. Viel, “Fault current distribution in HV cable systems” IEE proc-
-2.5 456.52 Gener. Transmission distribution, Vol. 147, No. 4, July 2000
365.26
[13] F. Dawalibi, “ Measurements and computations of fault current
-7.5
274.01 distribution on overhead transmission lines” IEEE on transactions on
182.75 power apparatus and systems, Vol. PAS-103, No. 3, March 1984.
91.50
-12.5
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
X AXIS (METERS)
Touch Voltage Magn. (Volts) [Near]
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(12) 2011 1718 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/240