Ch.E.

505
EQUIPMENT DESIGN
Serj Abalos
TIPMNL ChEDEPT
DESIGN
“the creation of
a plan or convention fo
r the construction of
an object or system”
DESIGN
“a plan or drawing
produced to show the look
and function or workings of
a building, garment, or
other object before it is
made.”
 Design Codes

• Gives guidelines for safety design of

process equipment

• Does not directly concern with

economic design
 Design Codes

“Keeping in view the safety

first principle, the designer’s
responsibility is to make his
design the most economical.”
 Maximum Working Pressure

• Maximum gauge pressure expected

under any operating conditions of the
process
• It is important for the designer if the
given pressure is the maximum working
pressure
 Design Pressure

Pressure used in the design

calculation for the purpose of
determining the minimum thickness
of the various components of the
equipment
 Design Pressure Codes

a. For vessels under internal pressure,

design P is obtained by adding a min of
5% to the maximum working pressure
• OR if max working pressure is not fixed,
design P should be increased by more
than 5%
You are tasked to design a
Butane tank which must be
maintained at 14 bars.

What design P will you use?

 Design Pressure Codes

b. If the static pressure due to liq. head

b.1. exceeds by 5% of maximum working
pressure,

design P = max. work P + static P

b.2. If static P < 5%, follow a.

1 m of water maintained at 2
bars will be stored in a
vessel.

What design P will you use?

5 m of water maintained at 2
bars will be stored in a
vessel.

What design P will you use?

 Design Pressure Codes

Pabs = Pgauge + atm

Pabs = atm - Pvacc
 Design Pressure Codes

c. if subjected to inside vacuum or external

pressure or both

Patm
CASE 1.
Design P = (1-Pabs) bar
Pvac
 Design Pressure Codes

c. if subjected to inside vacuum or external

pressure or both

P>Patm
CASE 2.
Design P = same as a
Patm
(adding a min of 5%)
 Design Pressure Codes

c. if subjected to inside vacuum or external

pressure or both

P>Patm Po – max external gauge P

Pi – abs pressure inside

CASE 3.
Pvac Design P = Po + 0.05Po + (1-Pi)
or up to (1.05Po +1)
 Inside P = 85kPa
Outside = 1 bar

What Design P will you use?

 Inside P = 85kPa
Outside = 2 bar

What Design P will you use?

 Inside P = 1 bar
Outside P = 3 bar

What Design P will you use?

 Design Temperature

Main factor in inducing stress in the

material used in the equipment.
 Design Temperature Codes

a. FOR UNHEATED PARTS

It is the highest temperature of the stored

material
 Design Temperature Codes
b. FOR PARTS HEATED by means of steam
hot water or any SIMILAR heating media:
Design T is the highest
temp. of the media
OR 10oC more than the
maximum temp
STEAM PIPES
possible
 Design Temperature Codes

c. FOR PARTS HEATED by direct internal

or external heating (ex. fire, electricity, severe exothermic rxn)
c.1. SHIELDED
Design T = highest T
inside + min 20oC
Design Temperature Codes

c.2. UNSHIELDED
Design T = highest T
inside + min 50oC
 Design Temperature Codes

c.3. FOR ANY CASE :

Design T > min 250oC
c.4. Based on the material
MATERIAL MAX. PERMISSIBLE TEMP., oC
Carbon Steel 540
C-Mo Steel 590
Cr-Mo Steel 650
Low Alloy Steel (Less than 6% Cr) 590
Alloy Steel (Less that 17% Cr) 590
Cast Iron 200
Brass 200
What type of material will you
use if you decide to react two
compounds in an unshielded
reactor with corresponding
final temperature from the
reaction of 500 C.
o

Anything from table with Cr

 A jacketed kettle has an
operating temperature of
300 C. what design
o

temperature will you use?

Tdes = 350oC
 A steam pipe used for
heating the final product has
a temperature ranging from
150 C – 190 C, what design
o o

temperature will you use?

Tdes = 250oC
 Design Stress

Allowable Stress
MUST BE
Working Stress
SYNONYMOUS
Design Stress
Factors affecting Stress

1. Conditions of
service

2. Intrinsic reliability
of material

3. Accuracy of
stress test
 Design Stress Factor of Safety

Damaging Stress

FACTOR OF SAFETY

Design Stress
 Design Stress Factor of Safety
Ultimate Stress or
Elastic Limit
AT DESIGN TEMP
Damaging Stress
FACTOR OF SAFETY =
Design Stress

Chapter
25
Design Stress Factor of Safety

For Castings
• given design stress
factor is divided by
0.75 (quality factor for
unseen defects)
 Design Stress Factor of Safety

For Castings
• Quality factor is 0.90 provided that:
a. Each is radiographically examined at all critical locations and
no defects were found
b. Examined at all critical locations using magnetic particle
c. If found to be defective and is now repaired to full satisfaction
Minimum Design Wall Thickness

• Always gives the safe

value against induced
stresses.
•Can be calculated
from design stress
 Minimum Design Wall Thickness
(For small vessels)

a. For seamless, welded or brazed

pressured vessels: 2 mm
b. For pressure vessels made of pure
aluminium or soft aluminium alloys: 3 mm
c. For riveted vessels in general: 5mm
- If made with copper: 7 mm
SEAMLESS WELD

WELDING SEAM

RIVETED
Corrosion, Erosion & Abrasion
 CORROSION

Gradual destruction of materials by

chemical and/or electrochemical
reaction with their environment
 Corrosion Allowance

Needs to give consideration

before deciding on min
thickness
 Corrosion Allowance

a. 1.5 mm on all parts except tubes

for carbon steel and cast iron
pressure parts
b. None for stainless steel and non-
ferrous part and if wall thickness
is > 30mm,
つづく