Soalan Spot Essay 2016 AirLeg

ESSAY QUESTIONS COMPILATION SPOT QUESTIONS JULY 2016
AVIATION LEGISLATION
UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY
ANSWER SCHEME EXAMINATION (Essay Section)
TITLE: AVIATION LEGISLATION (ALD20202)

TEST SET A / B / C / D
(TIME ALLOCATIONS : 90 MINUTES @ 1 ½ HOUR)
READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1. Do not open this question booklet until you are told to do so.
2. Do not attempt to answer any question before you are allowed to do so by the
invigilator/lecturer/instructor/technician.
3. You are required to attempt ALL questions in Multi-Choice Questions section and 2
QUESTIONS from 4 questions essay section.
4. Read the question and answer carefully before attempting to answer.
5. All answers multiple choice question should be marked with blue or black ink in capital letter (A,
B or C) in appropriate box adjacent to the question number.
6. You may change the answer by placing a cross on the answer and choose another answer. If
you wish to maintained the cross answer, rewrite the answer (A, B or C) next to the end of the
row of boxes adjacent to the question number.
7. You are allowed to make only ONE alteration on each objective answer. Erasing attempted
answer by any means is not allowed.
8. After completed the examination, please insert the answer sheet into the question booklet
before leaving exam hall.
9. Failing to comply with the above instructions will result in deduction on the total grades.
AVIATION LEGISLATION \ ALD20202 \ ANSWER SCHEME \ 2016 CONFIDENTIAL

QUESTION 1 (TYPE CERTIFICATE ; TCDS AND STC)
PROOF OF COMPLIANCE
TYPE CERTIFICATE
The State of Design, upon receipt of satisfactory evidence that the aircraft type is in
compliance with the design aspects of the appropriate airworthiness requirements, shall
issue a Type Certificate to define the design and to signify approval of the design of the
aircraft type.
(Chapter 1, Part II of Annex 8 )
TYPE CERTIFICATE:
A document issued by a Contracting State to define the Design of an Aircraft Type and to
certify that this design meets the appropriate Airworthiness Requirements of that State.
VALIDITY
Remains valid until TC is surrendered, suspended, revoked, or by termination date
established by the Authority.
 Type Certificate validates the conformity of the design to the approved standard.
 Type Certificate is applicable for design of aircraft, engine and variable pitch
propeller.
 Type Certificate (TC) consists of:
a)Airplane Flight Manual – info on Operational Limitations

b) TCDS – info on Technical Characteristics
c)Drawings, flight test data, inspection results and other documentations
d) Basis of Certification

TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET (TCDS)
 Provides full information and characteristics on the particular type of design.
 It shall also documented the conditions and limitations requirements of the particular
design in order to meet the airworthiness requirements.
 The TCDS is published by the National Aviation Authority and are maintained by the
TC holder and is part of the TC itself.
 Contents of TCDS:
a) TC Holder particulars information

b) Basis of Certification.
c) Power-plants Data.
d) Fuel type.
e) Limitations.
f) Qualifying prototype serial number.
g) Weight and Balance.
h) Minimum Crew.
i) Maximum Passengers.
j) Service Information.
SUPPLEMENTAL TYPE CERTIFICATE (STC)
 MAJOR DESIGN changes to a TC but NOT so extensive to aqquire a new TC.

 STC is an additional document which is added to the TC.
e.g. a)New Passenger Cabin Interior

b)New power-plant type
c)Aircraft conversion

FAR 23/25 AIRWORTHINESS STANDARD:

Normal, Utility Aerobatic, Commuter & Transport Categories Aeroplane.
 Type Certification validates the conformity of the design to the basis of certification.
It applies to airplanes, power plants, and propellers.
 It may require up to 05 YEARS for a new airplane design.
 It follows the Approved Design Standards such as F.A.R. 23 and any additional
conditions specified by the National Airworthiness Authorities.
FAR 23.3 AIRWORTHINESS STANDARD:

Normal, Utility Aerobatic, Commuter & Transport Categories Aeroplane.
NORMAL CATEGORY: Airplane with 09 seats or less excluding the pilots with MTWA
less than 12500 lbs intended for non-aerobatic operation
UTILITY CATEGORY: As in normal category and intended for limited aerobatic

operation
AEROBATIC CATEGORY: As in utility category and intended for unrestricted aeroplane

operation
COMMUTER CATEGORY: Airplane with 19 seats or less excluding the pilots with
MTWA less than 19000 lbs, multi-engine and propeller driven intended for restricted
non-operation
FAR 25 AIRWORTHINESS STANDARD: Transport Categories Aeroplane
 Scope of Standards
1. Flight characteristics.
2. Airframe and Engine SYSTEMS requirements and performance
3. Engine requirements and performance
4. Structural performance

QUESTION 2 (CERTIFICATE RELEASE TO SERVICE AND STATE THE AN

ISSUANCE OF CRS) [TARGETED FINAL QUESTION]
The CRS is introduced to replace the Certificate of Compliance (C of C) in respect of

certification of the completion of overhauls, repairs, replacement, modifications or
mandatory inspections
The CRS will also be used to certify the COMPLETION OF MAINTENANCE CHECKS
where the check is classified as a Scheduled Maintenance Inspection (SMI)
CRS SHALL contain particular of work done or inspection completed including the
ORGANIZATION and PLACE at which work was carried out.
The certification SHALL be worded in the following manner:
“THE WORK RECORDED ABOVE HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT IN ACCORDANCE

WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE MALAYSIAN CIVIL AVIATION
REGULATIONS FOR THE TIME BEING IN FORCE AND IN THAT RESPECT, THE
AIRCRAFT/EQUIPMENT IS CONSIDERED FIT FOR RELEASE TO SERVICE”
CONDITIONS FOR THE ISSUE OF CRS
CRS should only be issued when the signatory is SATISFIED that the work has been
properly carried out, having regard to the use of
 Up to date instructions, including manuals, drawings, specifications, DCA

mandatory modification/inspection and company approval
 Recommended tooling and test equipments which is currently calibrated where
applicable
 A working environment appropriate to the work being carried out
 Appropriately trained personnel
The CRS shall be signed and dated by the signatory and the license or approval number
of the signatory recorded
THE SIGNATORY OF CRS SHALL BE :
1. A holder of Aircraft Maintenance Engineer License (AMEL)

2. Representative or approval holder from DCA approved organization
3. A person approved by Director General of DCA
4. A holder of Airlines Transport Pilot License, limited to adjustment or
compensation of direct reading MAGNETIC COMPASS only.

Certificate of Release to Service (CRS) is a document to be issue upon completion of

maintenance (overhaul, modification, repair, replacement, mandatory inspection) and
scheduled maintenance inspection (SMI) of aircraft or its equipment to certify that the
works has been carried out in accordance with the requirement of Malaysian Civil
Aviation Regulation (MCAR) for the time being in force.
CRS releases the aircraft/equipment only in relation to the work recorded and DOES
NOT MEAN the whole aircraft is fit for release to service.
CRS shall contain the particulars of work done and THE ORGANIZATION and THE
PLACE where the work was carried out. The work carried out shall be supervised by an
Approved Organization or by Type Rated LAEs.

QUESTION 3 (DESCRIBE CERTIFICATE OF MAINTENANCE REVIEW (CMR).

STATE THE SIGNATORY OF CMR AND THE FREQUENCY OF ITS ISSUE IN
THE CASE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT) [TARGETED FINAL QUESTION]
CERTIFICATE OF MAINTENANCE REVIEW (CMR) DCA -A.N. NUMBER 12
A Malaysian Aircraft in respect of which a Certificate of Airworthiness in either the

transport or in the aerial work category is in force SHALL NOT FLY unless-
(a) the aircraft, including, in particular its engine together with its equipment and radio
station, is maintained in accordance with a MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE approved by
the Director General in relation to that aircraft;
(b) there is in force a certificate (in these Regulations referred to as a “Certificate of

Maintenance Review") issued in respect of the aircraft in accordance with this regulation
and such certificate shall certify the date on which the maintenance review was carried
out and the date thereafter when the next review is due
The signatory of a CMR shall be:
1. the holder of an aircraft maintenance engineer’s licence

(AMEL) granted under-
i) these Regulations, being a licence which entitles him to issue that certificate;
(ii) the law of a foreign State and rendered valid under these Regulations in
accordance with the privileges endorsed on the licence;
(iii) the law of any such foreign State as may be specified by the Director General
in accordance with the privileges endorsed on the licence and subject to any
conditions which may be specified by the Director General;
2. a person whom the Director General has AUTHORISED to issue certificate

of maintenance review in a particular case, and in accordance with that
authority;
3. a person approved by the Director General as being COMPETENT to issue a

certificate of maintenance review, and in accordance with that approval
Provided that, in approving a MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE, the Director General may

direct that the Certificate of Maintenance Review (CMR) relating to that schedule or any
part thereof specified in his direction, be issued only by the holder of such licence.

CONDITIONS FOR THE ISSUE OF CMR
CMR should only be issued when the signatory is satisfied that :-
a) MAINTENANCE has been carried out on the aircraft in accordance with the
Maintenance Schedule approved for that aircraft;
b) INSPECTIONS and MODIFICATIONS required by the Director General as

provided in Regulation 27 have been completed as certified in the relevant
certificate of release to service (CRS) issued in accordance with the regulation 30;
c) defects entered in the JOURNEY LOG BOOK of the aircraft in accordance with
Regulation 160 have been rectified or the rectification thereof has been deferred in
accordance with procedures approved by the Director General;
d) Certificates of Release to Service (CRS) have been issued in accordance with

Regulation 30
Maintenance Review > Intervals specified

> Approved Maintenance Schedule > Certificate of Maintenance Review
A Certificate of Maintenance Review shall be issued in DUPLICATE. One copy of the

most recently issued certificate shall be carried in the aircraft as required, and the other
copy shall be kept by the Operator elsewhere other than in the aircraft.
With reference to DCA AN 12, each Certificate of Maintenance Review is required to be

issued for a maximum period of FOUR CALENDAR MONTHS in the case of all
Aircrafts, except Aircraft in Private Category below 2730kg MTWA, where the CMR is
required to be issued for a maximum period of ONE YEAR.

QUESTION 4 (AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES)
 INTRODUCTION
1) A medium for correction for any UNSAFE CONDITION that causes the aircraft or
parts to be out of conformity to the approved design standard.
2) An unsafe condition exists in the product; and the condition is likely to exist or develop
in other products of the same type design.
3) Is in the form of MODIFICATION or INSPECTION and Part of C of A validation

requirements. Classified as MANDATORY.
NOTE
*In MCAR, Mandatory Modification and Inspections are defined as AIRWORTHINESS
DIRECTIVES.*
4) When an Aircraft is affected by AD issued by DGCA, it is ILLEGAL for the aircraft to

be flown until prescribed requirements has been complied with.
 DEFINITON
An Airworthiness Directive (AD) means a document issued or adopted by the Aviation
Authority which MANDATE ACTIONS to be performed on an Aircraft in order to
restore an acceptable level of safety, when evidence shows that the safety level of this
Aircraft may otherwise be compromised.
 DCA MALAYSIA WILL ISSUE THE ADs IN 3 DIFFERENT WAYS:
For Aircraft registered in Malaysia, Airworthiness Notices (AN) are issued by DCA.
•Summary of the mandatory ANs issued are in the form of APPENDIX
–known as Appendix 1 to the Notice (AN No 4)
2) For aircraft, engine, propeller or installed equipments for which Malaysia is State of
Design and Certifying Authority, DCA will issue CAM AD.
S/No – Month – Year. e.g. 001 – 04 – 1997 (Summary in Appendix 2)
3) For aircraft, engines, propellers and installed equipments for which Malaysia is the
Validating Authority and State of Registry:
•AD issued by the Certifying Authority or State of Design of the subject concerned.
•AD issued by DCA which will be known as VAM AD.
Year – S/No. e.g. 1997 – 002 (Summary in Appendix 3)

QUESTION 5 ( EXPLAIN ABOUT MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE. NAME THE

TITLE OF AMENDMENT AND WHO CAN APPROVE IT? )
[TARGETED FINAL QUESTION]
DEFINITION (Ref : Annex 6 Chap 1)
A document which describes the specific scheduled maintenance tasks and their
frequency of completion and related procedures, such as a Reliability Program, necessary
for the safe operation of those aircraft to which it applies.
MAINTENANCE AIM
1) ensure safety and reliability of aircraft

2) restore safety and reliability that was lost by deterioration
3) to improve items with inadequate target reliability
4) minimizing costs including maintenance and costs of resulting failure
A Maintenance Schedule contains details of what is to be maintained on an aircraft and

how often frequently. The details are those published by the Original Equipment
Manufacturer (OEM) who may also be the Type Certificate Holder (TCH) of that product.
As the aircraft consists of an airframe, engine, propeller and other equipments, there will
be several sources of basic information.
Not only will there be details of 'What and When' but also 'How' the parts are to be
maintained; there are also details on the ‘Types’ of task that are to be performed.
Owners and operators should be aware that properly maintained records not only assist in
maintaining the safety of an aircraft but also help retain the resale value of an aircraft.
Reference : ICAO Annex 6 Chapter 8.3
Maintenance Program
8.3.1 The operator shall provide, for the use and guidance of maintenance and operational
personnel concerned, a MAINTENANCE PROGRAM, approved by the State of Registry,
containing all the necessary information required. The design and application of the
Operator’s Maintenance Program shall observe the Human Factors Principles.
8.3.2 Copies of all amendments to the Maintenance Program shall be furnished promptly
to all organizations or persons to whom the maintenance program has been issued.

DCA AN No. 89
‘A document which describes the specific schedule maintenance tasks and their frequency
of completion and other procedures related to the accomplishment of the program, are
necessary for the SAFE OPERATION of the aircraft to which it applies and to ensure that
the airworthiness of the aircraft will be PRESERVED on a continuing basis’
‘It is MANDATORY for an Operator to provide an Approved Maintenance

Schedule/Program for its Maintenance and Operational Personnel’
Amendment to Maintenance Program/Schedule
Routine changes to the maintenance programme such as interval adjustments or content

of the manual system may not require specific approval of the changes. However the
NAA will monitor this activities.
The amendment of airline’s maintenance programme requiring extensive revision and in

some cases specific NAA approval is caused by many factors such as:
1) The additional of an aircraft into the certificate holder’s fleet.

2) Increased in time intervals for schedule inspection items arising from Reliability
Program (escalation).
3) Aircraft leases, interchange agreements.
4) Changes to third service and maintenance providers.
5) Parts borrowing and pooling managements.
Type of amendment raised in respect of Maintenance Schedules are sub-divided as

follows:
 ‘A’ Amendment: These are DCA originated amendments incorporated in all

Maintenance Schedule of all Operators of particular type of aircraft
 ‘B’ Amendment: These are raised by the Operator and submitted to DCA for
their approval before being incorporated into the Schedule
 ‘C’ Amendment: Typing error which can be amended by the Operator

Operator’s Maintenance Responsibilities (Ref: ICAO Annex 06, Chapter 8)
Operators shall ensure that, in accordance with procedures acceptable to the State of
Registry:
a) for each aeroplane they operate, it shall be maintained in an airworthy condition as

required
b) the operational and emergency equipment necessary for an intended flight is

SERVICABLE.
c) the Certificate of Airworthiness(C of A) of each aeroplane they operate shall remains

VALID.
An operator shall NOT operate an aeroplane unless it is maintained and released to

service by an Organization approved in accordance with the regulations or under an
equivalent system, either of which shall be acceptable to the State of Registry.
When the State of Registry accepts an equivalent system, the person signing the
Maintenance Release shall be LICENSED in accordance with ICAO Annex 1.
An Operator shall employ a person or group of persons to ensure that all maintenance is
carried out in accordance with the Maintenance Control Manual.
The Operator shall ensure that the maintenance of its fleets are performed in accordance
with the Maintenance Program.

QUESTION 5 ( MAINTENANCE PLANNING DOCUMENT [MPD] )
 All the maintenance tasks identified during the MSG analysis are published in the
MRB Report.
 These tasks, along with other tasks such as Airworthiness Limitations Items (ALIs)
considered applicable by the OEM/TCH are all published in the MPD, and hence this
is the source document that the operator of a new aircraft type has to follow when
compiling the MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE.
 The Aircraft Manufacturer produce the Maintenance Planning Document (MPD).
 It supplements the MRB and Advisors.
 It includes buyer furnished equipment and is customised to suit the airline’s fleet.
 Some manufacturers will also include information from Service Bulletins, Service
Letters and other sources.
 A scheduled maintenance programme in constructed form the MRB report and
materials contained in the MPD.
 Included in the MPD are:
• Maintenance labour-hours estimates for task.
• Facilities and tooling recommendations.
• Recommended optional maintenance tasks.
• Administrative process and planning information, including packaging methods.
 The airline build its maintenance programme around the MPD.
 WHAT IS MAINTENANCE ?
Action necessary to sustain and restore the airworthiness of aircraft, its engines and
equipments.
 ICAO DEFINITION
MAINTENANCE – The performance of tasks required to ensure the continuing

airworthiness of an aircraft, including any one or combination of overhaul, inspection,
replacement, defect rectification, and the embodiment of a modification or repair.
REPAIR – The restoration of an aeronautical product to an airworthy condition to ensure

that the aircraft continues to comply with the design aspects of the appropriate
airworthiness requirements used for the issuance of the Type Certificate(TC) for the
respective aircraft type, after it has been damaged or subjected to wear.

QUESTION 6 [EXPLAIN TERM OF PRIMARY MAINTENANCE PROCESS]

(Hard Time, On-Condition, Condition Monitoring)
HARD TIME (TARGETED FINAL QUESTION)

 Preventive process
 Known deterioration of item to an acceptable limit by maintenance actions which

carried our at related to time in service.
* calendar time
* number of cycle
* number of landing etc.
 Prescribe action normally servicing

1) overhaul
2) partial overhaul
3) replacement in accordance with instructions in relevant Maintenance Manual.
Exp: The item concern either replaced or restored to such condition that it can be
released for service for a further specified period.
1) Where the failure of item has a direct adverse effect on Airworthiness and where
evidence indicates that the item is subject to wear or deterioration.
2) Where wear or deterioration exist to such an extent as to make a time limit
economically desirable.
3) Where component condition or life progression sampling is practiced.
4) Where limitation are prescribed in a Manufacturer’s Warranty.
CONDITION MONITORING (TARGETED FINAL QUESTION)
 "Condition Monitoring" is the maintenance process for locating and resolving

problem areas through analytical study of “Malfunctions" or "Failure", not affecting
safety of aircraft.
 Not preventive process, neither hard time nor on condition.
 Information gained are from operational experience, collected, analyzed and

interpreted on a continuing basis as a means of implementing corrective procedures.
 Condition Monitoring items are:-

 Where a failure of an item does not have a direct adverse effect on operating
safety,
 where Hard Time and On-Condition processes are NOT prescribed and NO
adverse age reliability relationship has been identified as the Result Analysis of
the data arising from a formalized monitoring procedure or program, such as
1. Pilot Report (PIREP)
2. Engine Trend Monitoring
3. Spectrometric of Analysis Program (SOAP)

ON CONDITION
 PREVENTIVE PROCESS
 Item inspect or test at specified period to determine whether it can continue in

service.
 Purpose to remove item BEFORE its failure in service.
 Where an inspection, or test of an item to a prescribed standard (frequently in-situ)

will determine the extent of deterioration and hence the CONDITION
 e.g. Any reduction in failure resistance.
 ‘On-Condition’ Maintenance is the accomplishment of repetitive
1. Visual Inspections
2. Physical Measurement
3. In-situ / Bench Test etc. In order to determine the continued serviceability of
aircraft and aircraft components without having to dismantle them completely
and before such components reach a critical stage in their operation.

QUESTION 7 (TYPES OF MANUAL IN A.TA. SPECIFICATION 100)
MAINTENANCE MANUAL
Information on Servicing, Repair, Testing and Replacement on AIRCRAFT
STRUCTURAL REPAIR MANUAL

Detail information on Repair procedures for Primary & Secondary Structure of
AIRCRAFT
ILLUSTRATED PARTS CATALOGUE

Information on provisioning & requisitioning of Replacement Parts & Assemblies of
AIRCRAFT
WIRING DIAGRAM MANUAL

Information on Wiring system, Electrical connector Maintenance, electrical component
location, & electrical data on AIRCRAFT
OVERHAUL MANUAL
Information on Repair, Replacement Testing & IPC on each aircraft COMPONENTS
TOOL AND EQUIPMENT LISTS

List of Tools and Equipment for Servicing, Line Maintenance & Overhaul of the aircraft
systems, subsystems & components

QUESTION 8 (SPECIAL CONDITION RELATING TO EXPERIMENTAL OR

TEST FLIGHTS)
[CONDITION A,B AND C]
DESCRIBE ‘A’ CONDITION. WHAT IS CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS FOR FLIGHT

AND WHO CAN ISSUE SUCH CERTIFACTE.
CONDITION A [TARGETED FINAL QUESTION]
1) The aircraft shall be either an aircraft in respect of which a Certificate of Airworthiness

( C of A) or Validation has previously been in force, or an Aircraft IDENTICAL IN
DESIGN with another Aircraft in respect of which such a certificate is or has been in
force.
2) The Aircraft shall fly only for the purpose of enabling it to -
Qualify for the issue or renewal of a Certificate of Airworthiness (C of A) or of the

Validation thereof or the Approval of MODIFICATION of the aircraft, after an
application has been made.
proceed to or from a place at which any inspection, approval, test or weighing of the
aircraft is to take place after such an application has been made
3) The Aircraft and its Engines shall be certified as FIT for FLIGHT, by the Licensed
Aircraft Maintenance Engineer or by a Person approved by the DGCA
4) The Aircraft shall carry the minimum FLIGHT CREW specified under these
Regulations in respect of the aircraft or is or has previously been in force in respect of
any other aircraft of identical design. The aircraft shall not carry any passengers or cargo
except persons performing duties in the aircraft in connection with the flight.
5) The aircraft shall not fly over any congested area of a City, Town or settlement except
in accordance with procedures which have been approved by the Director General in
relation to that flight. Aircraft shall fly within the MALAYSIAN Airspace only.

CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS FOR FLIGHT (C of F for F)
1) Before an aircraft flies under ‘A’ condition, the Aircraft and its Engines shall be
certified as FIT for FLIGHT
2) This is effected by issue of Certificate of Fitness for Flight (C of F for F)
3) Period of Validity shall not exceed 07 DAYS*
4) The Certificate shall be issue in DUPLICATE and one copy kept elsewhere other than
in the Aircraft
5) Signatory shall be – LAE / DCA Approved Person
6) If original airworthiness condition of the Aircraft is affected during the period of

validity, the Certificate must be RE-ISSUED
 Certificate of Fitness for Flight (C of F for F) is a Document to CERTIFY that the

Aircraft and its Engines is FIT for Flight.
 C of F for F is issued to allowed the Aircraft to fly under “A” Condition in which the
Aircraft previously has a Certificate of Airworthiness(C of A) been in force for the
purpose of :
Renewing C of A
In case of a particular Aircraft which is IDENTICAL in design, to Validate the C of A
*VALIDITY PERIOD SHALL NOT EXCEED 07 DAYS*

CONDITION B
 The Fight shall be made under the supervision of a Person approved by the DGCA
 If it is not registered in Malaysia or under the law of any State, the Aircraft shall be
MARKED in a manner approved by the Director General with relation to the aircraft
as if it was registered in Malaysia
 The Aircraft shall fly only for the Purpose of –

(a) Experimenting with or Testing the Aircraft, including in particular its Engines,
and its Equipment
(b) Enabling the Aircraft to qualify for the issue or validation of a Certificate of
Airworthiness (C of A) or the Approval of a Modification of the Aircraft
(c) Proceeding to or from a place at which any experiment, approval, test, inspection
or weighing of the aircraft, is to take place.
 The aircraft shall carry FLIGHT CREWS as may be necessary to ensure the Safety of
the Aircraft.
 The aircraft shall NOT carry any Cargo or any Person except for the following:
a. Persons employed by the Operator who carry out during the flight duties in
connection with the purposes specified
b. Persons employed by Manufacturers of component parts of the aircraft,
including the engines, to carry out during the flight duties as required
c. Persons approved by the Director General to furnish reports as required
d. Other persons, who are carried in the aircraft in order to carry out a technical
evaluation of the aircraft or its operation
 The aircraft SHALL NOT FLY over any congested area of a City, Town or
Settlement except in accordance with procedures which have been approved by the
Director General or an Authorised Person in relation to that flight.

CONDITION C
 Registered Owner of the Aircraft who shall be the Holder of an Aircraft Dealer's
Certificate. Flying under ‘C’ Condition shall be carried out for the purpose of :-
a) Testing the aircraft
b) Demonstrating the aircraft with a view to sell the aircraft
c) Proceeding to or from a place at which the aircraft is to be tested or

demonstrated as aforesaid or overhauled, repaired or modified
d) Delivering the aircraft to a person who has agreed to buy, sell or lease it
e) Proceeding to or from a place for the purpose of storage.
 The operator of the aircraft shall satisfy himself before the aircraft takes off that the
aircraft is in every way fit for the intended flight. The aircraft shall fly within
Malaysia only.

QUESTION 7 (RENEWAL CERTIFICATE OF AIRWORTHINESS)

(AN Number 2)
1) Complete Form JPA-AP2 together with appropriate fee submitted to the Airworthiness
Sector at least 30 DAYS before expiry date of current period of validity.
2) Submission to the Airworthiness Sector of the PRO-FORMA detailed in Paragraph 4

of AN Number 02 at least 14 DAYS before the Aircraft is presented for Inspection.
3) Mutual agreement with the Airworthiness Officer concerned as when the Aircraft Log
Books and associated Records will be available for Inspection.
4) Submission of the required Airworthiness Flight Test Report and associated Load
Sheet at least 14 DAYS before the expected date of Aircraft Inspection unless otherwise
agree with the Airworthiness Officer concerned.
NOTE:
Strongly recommended that all LAEs / Approved Organization review the Airworthiness
Flight Test Report for compliance with the flight test conditions prescribed in the related
Schedule and Performance Section of Flight Manuals, before submission, to avoid
unnecessary rejection and possible delay in the renewal of C of A.
QUESTION 8 (PRO-FORMA)
5) Submission of PRO-FORMA shall include the details:
1. Aircraft Registration type, model and serial number

2. Total hours, landing and cycles
3. Details of engine, propeller and APU
4. Maintenance records- (Maintenance Schedule, date of last maintenance due at C of A
renewal, date of last annual Radio Installation and date of last Compass Swing)
5. Confirmation of MANDATORY directive compliance
6. Date of last WEIGHING
7. Flight Manual status
8. Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
9. Certification Clauses

QUESTION 9 (VALIDITY CERTIFICATE OF AIRWORTHINESS)
The C of A shall remain valid as long as:
1. Aircraft and its Equipments maintained in a manner approved by the DGCA

2. Part replaced with material of type approved by DGCA
3. Completion of Inspections classify as MANDATORY by the DGCA
4. Completion of Inspection required by an Approved Maintenance Program
5. Carried out Modification required by the DCA and completed to their satisfaction
6. All defect in Tech Log has been cleared or deferred i.a.w. Procedures approved
by DCA
7. CRS has been issued after completion of the job / task
QUESTIONS 10 (DOCUMENTS TO BE CARRIED ON-BOARD)
Ref :- MCAR Tenth Schedule

1) the Certificate of Registration
2) Certificate of Airworthiness in force;
3) the Licenses of its Flight Crew;
4) Aircraft radio station Licenses
5) Flight Manual
6) Load Sheet
7) Certificate of Maintenance Review
8) Technical Log
9) Operations Manual
10) Intercepted Aircraft Procedure
11) An approved MEL

QUESTIONS 11 (DUPLICATE INSPECTION A.N 51) [TARGETED FINAL]
CONTROL SYSTEMS which are VITAL to the Safety of Aircraft are not just designed to
a high level of integrity, but are also reliant on specified Maintenance Actions to
SAFEGUARD that integrity throughout the life of the Aircraft.
For this reason, the DCA requires DUPLICATE INSPECTIONS, following initial
assembly or disturbance of such systems, to prevent the possibility of assembly of a
single feature leading to catastrophic condition.
The essence of the requirement is that one inspection is to be completed and immediately
followed by a second, totally INDEPENDENT.
The person completing the Second Inspection must neither assume or presume that a
particular action has been completed by the person making the First Inspection.
CONTROL SYSTEM
A System by which the FLIGHT PATH, ATTITUDE or PROPULSIVE FORCE of an
Aircraft is CHANGED, including the Flight, Engine and Propeller Controls, the related
System Controls and associated Operating Mechanism.
DUPLICATE INSPECTION
An Inspection first made and certified by First Qualified Person and subsequently
RE-INSPECTED and CERTIFIED by a Second Qualified Person.
 An inspection first made and certified by one qualified person and subsequently
made and certified by a second qualified person.
 It must be made on all Vital Points/Control Systems in an Aircraft after initial
assembly and BEFORE a Certificate of Release to Service (CRS) is being issued.
 First and second inspections must take account of the full extent of the work.
 Second inspection must follow immediately after the first part.
 If job is DISTURBED after completion of the Duplicate Inspection, the process is
then repeated.
*CRS to be issued after completion of Duplicate Inspection BEFORE the Aircraft flies.
- Inspection shall include all the necessary checks to ensure:

a) Full free and correct movement of the Controls is obtained
b) Correct movement of the Indications is obtained
- Repeat the inspection when all covers and fairings are finally secured.
PERSONS QUALIFIED TO MAKE THE FIRST/SECOND PART OF THE

INSPECTION , THE SIGNATORY SHALL BE :-
1. Appropriate Aircraft Engineers
2. Persons employed by Approved Organizations
3. Pilot or Flight Engineer for minor adjustments away from Base

QUESTIONS 12 (AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL) (AN88)
 Pursuant to MCAR Regulation 26 and 27 which requires that all Malaysian

Registered Aircraft to have valid Certificate of Airworthiness (C of A) and The
MCAR Tenth Schedule states that the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) is established as
forming part of an Aircraft’s C of A.
 MCAR Regulation 82, 84 and Tenth Schedule further requires that the AFM are
MANDATORY to be carried on board by a Malaysian Registered Aircraft.
 AFM is a Manual associated with the Certificate of Airworthiness, containing

LIMITATIONS in which the Aircraft are to be considered airworthy and the
Instruction and Information necessary to the Flight Crew members for SAFE
operation of the Aircraft.
NOTE: Pilot's Operating Handbooks is also considered to be as equivalent to AFM
 Any Malaysian registered Aircraft that is issued a Certificate of Airworthiness

(C of A) SHALL include an Aircraft FLIGHT MANUAL.
 AFM shall be reviewed and updated by the Operator and submitted to DCA for
approval
 Document prescribed by the ICAO and are intended primarily for use by the Flight
Manual.
IT SHALL CONTAIN:-
1) Limitation
2) List of approved Fuel and Oil.
3) Form part of the Certificate of Airworthiness
4) Recommended procedures
5) Mandatory marking to be displayed, limitation and placard
6) Information of a nature such that adherence to it will enable the level of safety
required by Airworthiness Navigation Legislation is achieved.
 Flight Manual and amendments thereto shall be approved and published in

accordance with BCAR Chapter-A7
 Does not cover Kit Plane
 Identified by unique document reference number
 Flight Manual and Amendment are subjected to approval by DCA
 Initial issue or amendment of Flight Manual shall go through the Approved
Organization by DCA
 Applicant for Type Certificate(TC) or C of A for Prototype, Variant or Series shall
prepare and submit for Approval and shall keep an up-to-date Flight Manual until
Aircraft is permanently withdrawn from service.

QUESTIONS 13 (APPROVED AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL OF 4 SECTIONS)
The content of AFM is divided into 04 SECTIONS and a variable number of Appendices:
•Section 1.
Operating Limitations contains the certification limits for the airplane such as structural
limiting weights, centre of gravity limitations, speed limitations, noise certification,
limiting altitudes, and temperature
•Section 2
Emergency Operating Procedures addressing such things as fire, engine shutdown,
depressurization and emergency descent.
•Section 3.
Normal operations that actually address special operating procedures commonly
classified as NON-NORMAL or ABNORMAL. Material in Section 3 is not the detailed
Operating Information for the Airplane.
•Section 4.
Performance Information for the Weights, Altitudes Temperatures, Wind Components and
Runway Gradients, as applicable, within the operational limits of the Airplane.

QUESTIONS 14 (AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BALANCE)
With reference to MCAR Regulation 36, Every Flying Machine and Glider (in this
Chapter, hereinafter to be referred to as “AIRCRAFT") in respect of which a Certificate
of Airworthiness (C of A) issued or rendered valid under these Regulations is in force
shall be WEIGHED. The position of its Centre of Gravity (C of G) shall be determined, at
such time and in such manner as the DGCA may require.
Aircraft MTWA exceed 5700kg
 Shall be reweighed within 02 YEARS after Date of Manufacture.

 Subsequent check weighing shall be made NOT EXCEEDING 05 YEARS.
WEIGHT AND BALANCE RECORD shall be produced for each Aircraft.
Aircraft MTWA below 5700kg
 Shall be reweighed at such time as DCA requires. The Weight and C of G Schedule
will be produced.
 For Aircraft not exceeding MTWA 2730kg, The Weight and C of G Schedule or The
Loading and Distribution Schedule shall be produced appropriately.
 One copy of the schedule shall be retained by DCA and one copy shall be kept by the
Operator.
 Aircraft MTWA under 5700kg - A copy shall be kept in the Flight Manual or shall be
displayed in the Aircraft if FM is not available
 Old schedule must be retained within the Aircraft Document for minimum of 06
MONTHS after A New Schedule is issued.
 Schedule may be signed by a member of appropriately Approved Inspector

Organization or L.A.E.

QUESTIONS 15 ( MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES OF ACCOUNTABLE MANAGER)
Main Responsibilities:
1. Monitoring the Quality System
2. Associated feedback system as required by 145.A.65(c)
3. Direct access in order to received information on Quality/Compliance matters
4. Maintenance Man-Hours planning showing that the Organisation has sufficient
Personnel in accordance with the Approval granted by the NAA
5. Procedure to re-assess work intended to be carried out when actual staff availability
is less than planned for a work shift or period
6. Obligation to establish and control the competency of Personnel
7. Involved in any Maintenance, Management and/or Quality Audits. Related
competence requirements, including Human Factors / Human Performance
QUESTIONS 16 ( ENGINEERING LINE MAINTENANCE)
 Compliance with Airline’s Policies and Procedures relative to the work done on the
aircraft on the flight line while the aircraft is in service.
 Such activities include Turnaround Maintenance and Servicing, Daily Checks, Short
Interval Check and Schedule Checks.
 Simple modifications can be done in order to avoid unnecessary use of Hangar.
 Line Maintenance my also be utilized to perform work on other Airlines under
contract.

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ESSAY QUESTIONS COMPILATION SPOT QUESTIONS JULY 2016

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

ANSWER SCHEME EXAMINATION (Essay Section)

TITLE: AVIATION LEGISLATION (ALD20202)

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO

AVIATION LEGISLATION \ ALD20202 \ ANSWER SCHEME \ 2016 CONFIDENTIAL

QUESTION 1 (TYPE CERTIFICATE ; TCDS AND STC)

 Type Certificate (TC) consists of:

a)Airplane Flight Manual – info on Operational Limitations

AVIATION LEGISLATION \ ALD20202 \ ANSWER SCHEME \ 2016 CONFIDENTIAL

TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET (TCDS)

 Provides full information and characteristics on the particular type of design.

a) TC Holder particulars information

SUPPLEMENTAL TYPE CERTIFICATE (STC)

 MAJOR DESIGN changes to a TC but NOT so extensive to aqquire a new TC.

e.g. a)New Passenger Cabin Interior

AVIATION LEGISLATION \ ALD20202 \ ANSWER SCHEME \ 2016 CONFIDENTIAL

FAR 23/25 AIRWORTHINESS STANDARD:

 It may require up to 05 YEARS for a new airplane design.

FAR 23.3 AIRWORTHINESS STANDARD:

UTILITY CATEGORY: As in normal category and intended for limited aerobatic

AEROBATIC CATEGORY: As in utility category and intended for unrestricted aeroplane

FAR 25 AIRWORTHINESS STANDARD: Transport Categories Aeroplane

AVIATION LEGISLATION \ ALD20202 \ ANSWER SCHEME \ 2016 CONFIDENTIAL

QUESTION 2 (CERTIFICATE RELEASE TO SERVICE AND STATE THE AN

The CRS is introduced to replace the Certificate of Compliance (C of C) in respect of

The certification SHALL be worded in the following manner:

“THE WORK RECORDED ABOVE HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT IN ACCORDANCE

CONDITIONS FOR THE ISSUE OF CRS

 Up to date instructions, including manuals, drawings, specifications, DCA

THE SIGNATORY OF CRS SHALL BE :

1. A holder of Aircraft Maintenance Engineer License (AMEL)

AVIATION LEGISLATION \ ALD20202 \ ANSWER SCHEME \ 2016 CONFIDENTIAL

Certificate of Release to Service (CRS) is a document to be issue upon completion of

AVIATION LEGISLATION \ ALD20202 \ ANSWER SCHEME \ 2016 CONFIDENTIAL

QUESTION 3 (DESCRIBE CERTIFICATE OF MAINTENANCE REVIEW (CMR).

CERTIFICATE OF MAINTENANCE REVIEW (CMR) DCA -A.N. NUMBER 12

A Malaysian Aircraft in respect of which a Certificate of Airworthiness in either the

(b) there is in force a certificate (in these Regulations referred to as a “Certificate of

The signatory of a CMR shall be:

1. the holder of an aircraft maintenance engineer’s licence

2. a person whom the Director General has AUTHORISED to issue certificate

3. a person approved by the Director General as being COMPETENT to issue a

Provided that, in approving a MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE, the Director General may

AVIATION LEGISLATION \ ALD20202 \ ANSWER SCHEME \ 2016 CONFIDENTIAL

CONDITIONS FOR THE ISSUE OF CMR

CMR should only be issued when the signatory is satisfied that :-

b) INSPECTIONS and MODIFICATIONS required by the Director General as

d) Certificates of Release to Service (CRS) have been issued in accordance with

Maintenance Review > Intervals specified

A Certificate of Maintenance Review shall be issued in DUPLICATE. One copy of the

With reference to DCA AN 12, each Certificate of Maintenance Review is required to be

AVIATION LEGISLATION \ ALD20202 \ ANSWER SCHEME \ 2016 CONFIDENTIAL

QUESTION 4 (AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES)

3) Is in the form of MODIFICATION or INSPECTION and Part of C of A validation

4) When an Aircraft is affected by AD issued by DGCA, it is ILLEGAL for the aircraft to

 DCA MALAYSIA WILL ISSUE THE ADs IN 3 DIFFERENT WAYS:

AVIATION LEGISLATION \ ALD20202 \ ANSWER SCHEME \ 2016 CONFIDENTIAL

QUESTION 5 ( EXPLAIN ABOUT MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE. NAME THE

DEFINITION (Ref : Annex 6 Chap 1)

1) ensure safety and reliability of aircraft

A Maintenance Schedule contains details of what is to be maintained on an aircraft and

Reference : ICAO Annex 6 Chapter 8.3

AVIATION LEGISLATION \ ALD20202 \ ANSWER SCHEME \ 2016 CONFIDENTIAL

VALIDITY PERIOD SHALL NOT EXCEED 07 DAYS