READING 4 Ghyzayel

CHAPTER 1
Vocabulary Part of Synonym Translation
speech
1-Boom Noun Doing very well ‫ازدهار‬
2-Dialects Noun ways of speaking a ‫لهجات‬
language
3-Dude Noun male friend ‫ صديق‬- ‫رجل‬
4-Generation Noun individuals born -‫ الجيل‬- ‫الذرية‬
and living at about the ‫توليد‬
same time
5-Goal Noun Purpose-target ‫الهدف‬
6-Immersion Noun A state of being ‫انغمار – تركيز‬
deeply engaged ‫كامل‬
7-Joint venture Noun A business in which two ‫عمل مشترك‬
companies or countries
participate
8-Laissez faire Noun The practice of ‫سياسة عدم‬
noninterference, – ‫التدخل‬
esp in the affairs of others ‫االقتصاد المرسل‬
‫– حرية اقتصاديه‬
9-Link Noun connection ‫ ربط‬- ‫وصل‬
10-Model Noun Ideal example ‫ نموذج‬- ‫شكل‬
11-Outsourcing Noun (of a company) ‫االستعانة بمصادر‬
to purchase (goods) or ‫ التعهيد‬- ‫خارجية‬
subcontract (services) from
an outside source.
12-Policy Noun strategy, principle, rule ‫سياسة‬
13-Shortcut Noun a shorter or quicker way. ‫طريقة سريعة‬
14-Site Noun Location ‫ موقع‬- ‫مكان‬
15-Status Noun Existence (condition, rank, – ‫حالة – وضع‬
usage) ‫مكانه‬
16-Tongue Noun language ‫لغة – لسان‬
17-Catching up with Verb Coming closer, becoming -‫يواكب‬-‫يجاري‬
equal ‫يلحق بـ‬
18-Debating Verb dispute-argue- discuss - ‫ تناقش‬-‫تناظر‬
‫يجادل‬
19-Designed Verb Planned – intended to ‫مصمم ل‬
20-Embarking on Verb starting ‫يبدأ مشروعا‬
21-Embody Verb Represent, stand for ‫يجسد‬
22-Emerging Verb Appear ‫يظهر‬
23-Establish Verb to found, institute, build ‫ينشئ‬
24-Fine-tuned Verb Adjust (made small ‫يحسن‬- ‫يعدل‬
improvements to)
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25-Jettison Verb Throw away - discard ‫يتخلص من‬

26-Penetrating Verb Entering, making its way ‫ينفذ الى‬
into
27-Prevails Verb Predominates ‫يسود‬
28-Recited Verb Said, spoke out loud - ‫القى – قرأ‬
- ‫سرد – تلى‬
‫س ّمع الدرس‬
29-replace Verb to take the place of ‫يستبدل – يحل‬
‫محل‬
30-shocked Verb Stunned, startled ‫ فاجأ‬- ‫أذهل‬
31-spins Verb TELLS OF, NARRATES ‫ يروي‬- ‫يقول‬
32-supplementing Verb Complete, add to ‫يكمل –يضيف ل‬
33-bilingual Adjective Having two different ‫ثنائي اللغة‬
languages
34-dominant Adjective prevailing ‫مسيطر‬
35-ethnic Adjective National -native ‫عرقي‬
36-fueled Adjective Pushed forward, promoted ‫ مدعوم‬- ‫معزز‬
37-honed Adjective Made perfect, learned well ‫محسن‬
38-imposed Adjective Something put into action ‫مفروض‬
by force
39-intensive Adjective involving a lot of work ‫مكثف‬
40-maritime Adjective Pertaining to sea ‫بحري‬
41-primary Adjective First-the most important- ‫أساسي – ابتدائي‬
basic ‫– أولي‬
42-razortooth fish Adjective Sharp teeth ‫ذات سن حادة‬
43-resident Adjective living in a place ‫مقيم – ساكن‬
44-stumped Adjective Puzzled, confused ‫ مشوش‬- ‫مربك‬
45-virtual Adjective Pragmatic, basic, essential, ‫ افتراضي‬- ‫فعلي‬
potential, practical
46-widespread Adjective Extended ‫منتشر انتشار‬
‫واسع‬
47-up across the board Idioms and increased ‫تزايد‬
expression
48-easing the way Idioms and Making things easier to do –‫يمهد الطريق‬
expression ‫يسهل‬
49-has not been without its Idioms and Somewhat difficult ‫لم يكن بدون‬
bumps expression ‫صعوبات‬
Note. Definitions cited above are text-specific. You can read the passages again to enhance your
understanding of such terms. You can also check http://thesaurus.com to find more synonyms.

Shaima Alja'afar & Hajar Almazroa

Edited by: Ghyzayel

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 READING 4 Ghyzayel

CHAPTER 2
Word Synonym Part of Translation
Speech
bravado Fake courage noun ‫التظاهر بالشجاعة‬
burrow A hole dug by an noun ‫جحر‬
animal
claustrophobia Fear of small noun ‫رض الخوف من األماكن‬
places ‫الضيقه او المنغلقة‬
den The place where noun ‫وكر‬
the wolves go to
sleep
familiarity acquaintance noun ‫ألفة – صداقة‬
Fury Intense anger noun ‫غضب شديد‬
Gaggle group noun ‫جماعة‬
Gopher Small animal noun ‫سنجاب‬
paralysis Inability to move noun ‫شلل‬
prejudice preconception noun ‫حكم مسبق‬
rage Violent anger noun ‫غضب شديد‬
resentment repressed anger noun ‫استياء – غضب – ضغينة‬
Self-preservation Saving your own noun ‫المحافظة على الذات‬
life
shock Violent surprise noun ‫صدمة‬
sojourn stay noun ‫إقامة مؤقتة‬
summit peak noun ‫قمة الجبل‬
terror Intense fear noun ‫ذعر‬
throng crowd noun ‫حشد‬
visibility The ability to see noun ‫رؤيه‬
enable let verb ‫يمكن‬
amputated Cut off verb ‫بتر‬
dallied Took their time verb ‫توانى – ضيع وقته‬
deteriorate Get worse verb ‫يتدهور – يسوء‬
fantasized thought verb ‫يتوهم‬
heeded Paid attention to verb ‫انتبه ل‬
Snapped (a photo) took verb ‫صور‬
Appalled shocked Adjective ‫مصدوم من‬
Aware sensible Adjective ‫ واع‬- ‫مدرك‬
Banal commonplace Adjective ‫معتاد‬
Excruciating painful Adjective ‫مؤلم‬
Frightened scared Adjective ‫خائف‬
Inevitable certain Adjective ‫مؤكد – حتمي – ال مفر منه‬
Irrational illogical Adjective ‫غير منطقي‬
Reacted responded Verb ‫رد‬
Scrunched huddled Adjective ‫محشور‬
squeezed
Spectacular wonderful Adjective ‫رائع‬
Sufficient enough Adjective ‫كاف‬

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Despite although Preposition ‫بالرغم من‬

Blanket of clouds a heavy cover of Idioms and ‫ملبد بالغيوم‬

clouds Expressions
Into an apparent death a situation that Idioms and ‫يخاطر بحياته في مكان‬
trap would most likely Expressions ‫يصعب الخروج منه حيا‬
kill people
Moving at the snail’s Moving very Idioms and ‫يتحرك ببطء شديد‬
pace slowly Expressions
On the roof of the at the highest place Idioms and ‫في أعلى مكان على وجه‬
world on Earth Expressions ‫األرض‬

Release of emotion feel strong Idioms and ‫الشعور بمشاعر قوية‬

emotions Expressions
Striking summit poses posing at the peak Idioms and ‫يأخذون وضعيات مختلفة و‬
of the mountain Expressions ‫هم على قمة الجبل (حتى‬
)‫تلتقط لهم صور‬
Using up precious ticks wasting valuable Idioms and ‫يهدرون الوقت‬
of the clock time Expressions
Note. Definitions cited above are text-specific. You can read the passages again to enhance your
understanding of such terms. You can also check http://thesaurus.com to find more synonyms.

Nouf Al-Omairy & Fahda Al-Asaker

Edited by: Ghyzayel

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 READING 4 Ghyzayel

Writing a Summary

A summary is condensed version of a larger reading. A summary is not a

rewrite of the original piece and does not have to be long nor should it be long. To
write a summary, use your own words to express briefly the main idea and relevant
details of the piece you have read. Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the
basic ideas of the original reading. What was it about and what did the author want to
communicate?

While reading the original work, take note of what or who is the focus and ask
the usual questions that reporters use: Who? What? When? Where? Why? How?
Using these questions to examine what you are reading can help you to write the
summary.

Sometimes, the central idea of the piece is stated in the introduction or first
paragraph, and the supporting ideas of this central idea are presented one by one in the
following paragraphs. Always read the introductory paragraph thoughtfully and look
for a thesis statement. Finding the thesis statement is like finding a key to a locked
door. Frequently, however, the thesis, or central idea, is implied or suggested. Thus,
you will have to work harder to figure out what the author wants readers to
understand. Use any hints that may shed light on the meaning of the piece: pay
attention to the title and any headings and to the opening and closing lines of
paragraphs.

In writing the summary, let your reader know the piece that you are
summarizing. Identify the title, author and source of the piece. You may want to use
this formula:

In "Title of the Piece" (source and date of piece), author shows that: central
idea of the piece. The author supports the main idea by using
_____________________ and showing that
______________________________________________________.

Here is a sample summary:

In the short story "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty," author James Thurber
humorously presents a character who fantasizes about himself as a hero enduring
incredibly challenging circumstances. In his real life, Walter Mitty lives an ordinary,
plain life; he is a husband under the control of an overbearing, critical wife. Thurber
uses lively dialogue to give readers an understanding of Mitty's character. The story
takes place over a period of about twenty minutes; during this brief time, Mitty drives
his wife to the hairdresser and runs errands that his wife has given him while he waits
for her. In between his worrying that he is not doing what she wants him to do, he
daydreams about himself as a great surgeon, brilliant repair technician, expert
marksman, and brave military captain. This story shows that fantasy is often a good
alternative to reality.

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Remember:

 Do not rewrite the original piece.

 Keep your summary short.
 Use your own wording.
 Refer to the central and main ideas of the original piece.
 Read with who, what, when, where, why and how questions in mind.
 Do not put in your opinion of the issue or topic discussed in the original piece. Often,
instructors ask students to put their opinions in a paragraph separate from the
summary.