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• Field capacity
– The moisture percentage on a dry weight basis of a soil
• Carryover soil moisture after rapid drainage has taken place following the
application of water. The moisture percentage is reached
– Moisture stored in soils with root zone depths
after one to three days of irrigation
bet5ween cr4opping seasons or before the crop
is planted. This moisture is available to help • Wilting point
meet the consuptive waer needs of the crops – The wilting point is the moisture percentage also on dry
weight basis, at which plants can no longer obtain
moisture requirements and will wilt permanently unless
moisture is added to the soil
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13 14
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MEAN DAILY PERCENTAGE (p) OF ANNUAL Values of p
Latitude:
DAYTIME HOURS FOR DIFFERENT
LATITUDES North Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
South July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
60° .15 .20 .26 .32 .38 .41 .40 .34 .28 .22 .17 .13
• To determine the value of p. Table 8 is used. To be 55 .17 .21 .26 .32 .36 .39 .38 .33 .28 .23 .18 .16
able to obtain the p value, it is essential to know 50 .19 .23 .27 .31 .34 .36 .35 .32 .28 .24 .20 .18
the approximate latitude of the area: the number of 45 .20 .23 .27 .30 .34 .35 .34 .32 .28 .24 .21 .20
40 .22 .24 .27 .30 .32 .34 .33 .31 .28 .25 .22 .21
degrees north or south of the Equator 35 .23 .25 .27 .29 .31 .32 .32 .30 .28 .25 .23 .22
30 .24 .25 .27 .29 .31 .32 .31 .30 .28 .26 .24 .23
• For example, when p = 0.29 and T mean = 21.5 25 .24 .26 .27 .29 .30 .31 .31 .29 .28 .26 .25 .24
°C, 20 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29 .30 .30 .29 .28 .26 .25 .25
15 .26 .26 .27 .28 .29 .29 .29 .28 .28 .27 .26 .25
– the ETo is calculated as follows: ETo = 0.29 (0.46 x 10 .26 .27 .27 .28 .28 .29 .29 .28 .28 .27 .26 .26
21.5 + 8) = 0.29 (9.89 + 8) = 0.29 x 17.89 = 5.2 5 .27 .27 .27 .28 .28 .28 .28 .28 .28 .27 .27 .27
mm/day. 0 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27
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Crop factor Total water requirement
Crop Initial (da Crop (da Mid- (da Late (da Season
sta y dev. y season y sea y averag
ge s stage s stage s son s e. • it is common practice to only determine the total
) ) ) )
amount of water which the crop requires over the whole
Cotton 0.45 (30) 0.75 (50) 1.15 (55) 0.75 (45) 0.82
growing season. As explained in section 2.1.4, the crop
Maize 0.40 (20) 0.80 (35) 1.15 (40) 0.70 (30) 0.82
water requirement for a given crop is calculated
Millet 0.35 (15) 0.70 (25) 1.10 (40) 0.65 (25) 0.79 according to the formula:
Sorgh 0.35 (20) 0.75 (30) 1.10 (40) 0.65 (30) 0.78 • ETcrop = Kc x ETo Since the values for ETo are
um
Grain/ 0.35 (20) 0.75 (30) 1.10 (60) 0.65 (40) 0.78
normally measured or calculated on a daily basis
sm (mm/day), an average value for the total growing
all
season has to be determined and then multiplied with
Legum 0.45 (15) 0.75 (25) 1.10 (35) 0.50 (15) 0.79
es the average seasonal crop factor Kc as given in the last
Groun 0.45 (25) 0.75 (35) 1.05 (45) 0.70 (25) 0,79 column of Table 10.
dnu 25 26
ts
Example
TAW= TOTAL AVAILABLE WATER)= (FC-PWP)*BD*RZ/100
• Example: MAD = MANAGEMENT ALLOWED DEFICIENCY (1-(CP/100))
• Crop to be grown: Sorghum MWD = MAXI.WATER DEFICIENCY = TAW * MAD * WP/100
MAX.GROSS DEPTH (MGD) = MWD/EFFICIENCY OF IRRI.
• - length of total growing season: 120 days (sum of all 4
crop stages according to Table 10) FC = FIELD CAPACITY (%)-24%
PWP = PLANT WILTING POINT (%)-10%
• - ETo: average of 6.0 mm/day over the total growing
BD = BULK DENSITY-1.35
season (from measurement, calculation or Table 9) RZ = ROOT ZONE DEPTH-0.9
• Crop water Requirement: WP = WETTING PORTION THAT IS ACTUALLY IRRIGATED (%)-
• ET crop = kc x Eto 30%
Irrigation Efficiency 90%
• ET crop = 0.78 x 6 = 4.68 mm per day
• ET crop = 4.68 x 120 days = approx. 560 mm per total
growing season 27 28
TOTAL AVAI. WATER(TAW)-MM 170.10
MAX.WATER DEFI.(MWD)MM 9.21
MAX.GROSS DEPTH(MGD)-MM 10.24
MAX,INTERVAL BET.IRRI.(DYS) 2.00
ACT.IRRI.DAYS(Tact) 2.00
DAILY WAT.REQ(MM/DAY) 5.12
CAL.DAILY DEFICIT(MM/DAY 5.12
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