EFFECTIVE ENGLISH COMMUNICATION AND SOFT SKILLS

LAB

Submitted
in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
P.SAI VIKAS [16311A0335]

M.TARUN KUMAR GOUD [16311A0329]

VAMSHIDHAR SAI K [16311A0354]

ASHRAF BAHADUR [16311A0357]

M.SIRIBINDO [16311A0331]

K. SAI TEJA VARMA [16311A0324]

 SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad – 501 301
2017-18.

DECLARATION AND ACKNOWLEDGE

I hereby declare that the work described in Lab Project, entitled

“EFFECTIVEENGLISHCOMMUNICATIONANDSOFTSKILLS"

which is being submitted by me in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of

Technology in the Dept. of MECHANICAL Engineering, SreeNidhi Institute of
Science & Technology affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad(Telangana) is the work on my own effort and has
not been submitted elsewhere.

I am very thankful to Mr.V.RAGHAVENDRA, EEE Dept., Sreenidhi Institute of

Science and Technology, Ghatkesar for providing an initiative to this seminar and
giving valuable timely suggestions over the work.

I convey my sincere thanks to Dr.T.CH.SHIVA REDDY, Head of the Department

(MECH), Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Ghatkesar, for his kind
cooperation in the completion of this work.

We even convey our sincere thanks to Dr. P. Narsimha Reddy, Executive

Director and Dr. K. Sumanth, Principal, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and
Technology, Ghatkesar for their kind cooperation in the completion of seminar.
 SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad – 501 301

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Lab Project report entitled “TRANISITOR CE

CHARACTERISTICS” being submitted by NANDITHA,TARUN
KUMAR,JOSEPH,RANJITH bearing the Roll numbers 16311A0340,
16311A0329, 17315A0309,16311A0330 in partial fulfilment for the award of
Bachelor of Technology degree in MECHANICAL Engineering to Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, is a record of bonafide work carried out by him/her during
the academic year 2017-2018 under our guidance and evaluation.

Internal Guide/Evaluator:
HARIKA
Professor
ECE-Dept.
SEXUAL EXPLOITATION
AND

PROSTITUTION
AND

ITS IMPACT ON GENDER EQUALITY

Abstract

The objective of this briefing paper is to provide background information drawn

from the international literature on sexual exploitation and prostitution and its

impact on gender equality in relation to the report of the Women’s Rights and

Gender Equality Committee. The study concentrates on the debate on whether

prostitution could be voluntary or has rather to be regarded in any case as a

violation of women’s human rights.

This Briefing Note summarises the
recent literature on prostitution, sexual
exploitation and its impact on gender
equality for the corresponding own-
initiative report of the Committee on
Women’s Rights and Gender Equality
(FEMM). Generally, it can be said that, in
international law and in the literature,
prostitution is hardly separated from sexual exploitation and trafficking in human
beings, while some of the recent literature points to the complexity of the issue
with prostitution taking place at the intersection of culture, power, anddifference.
Historically, the views on prostitution and sexual
exploitation have been discussed widely and with different focuses in politics, by
civil society organisations, and by academics. Women’s rights groups, feminists
and so-called 'sex feminists' have argued about the right approach, i.e. whether a
difference can be made between voluntary and forced prostitution. The voices of
women working in the sex industry are equally differing. While many complain
about the bad working conditions and report serious violent incidents, others feel
that they are not being heard nor taken seriously because of stereotypical
thinking about prostitutes, or through fear of being seen as vulnerable victims or
as dependent advocates of pimps and brothel owner .

IT IS NOT EASY TO FIND DATA REGARDING THE SCALE OF THE PROSTITUTION MARKET,

BUT ESTIMATIONS
FROM HAVOCSCOPE INDICATED THAT PROSTITUTION REVENUE CAN BE ESTIMATED AROUND

$186.00 BILLION WORLDWIDE. IN GERMANY, THE TRADE UNION VER.DI ESTIMATES IT IS WORTH
€14.5 BILLION PER YEAR NATIONALLY , IN THE NETHERLANDS THE NUMBERS RANGE BETWEEN
€400 AND €600 MILLION, AND IN SPAIN AROUND €18 BILLION PER YEAR.
ACCORDING TO A REPORT PUBLISHED IN 201249, PROSTITUTION
IS A GLOBAL PHENOMENON AND INVOLVES AROUND 40-42 MILLION PEOPLE OF WHICH 90% ARE

DEPENDENT ON A PROCURER. 75% OF THEM ARE BETWEEN 13 AND 25 YEARS OLD50 . THE

PROSTITUTION MARKET IS A HIGHLY GLOBALIZED AND “INDUSTRIALIZED” PHENOMENON WHERE

MILLIONS OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN FROM DEPRIVED BACKGROUNDS ALL OVER THE WORLD ARE

BOUGHT AND SOLD BY CRIMINAL CIRCLES TO MACRO BROTHELS WHICH CAN EXPLOIT HUNDREDS OF

VICTIMS AT ONCE. HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR SEXUAL EXPLOITATION IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE

MOST LUCRATIVE ILLICIT BUSINESSES IN EUROPE, WITH CRIMINAL GROUPS MAKING ABOUT $3

BILLION FROM IT PER YEAR.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR SEXUAL EXPLOITATION INCLUDES

EXPLOITATION IN PROSTITUTION AND IN PORNOGRAPHY. WITH REGARD TO PORNOGRAPHY, THE

INTERNET HAS ENABLED THE MARKET TO EXPAND SIGNIFICANTLY. ACCORDING TO STATISTICS

PRODUCED BY THE TECHNOLOGY MEDIA COMPANY TECHMEDIA NETWORK, 12% OF ALL WEBSITES

ARE PORNOGRAPHIC WEBSITES AND EVERY MONTH AROUND 72 MILLION INTERNET USERS

WORLDWIDE VISIT PORNOGRAPHIC SITES. THE AVERAGE AGE OF FIRST EXPOSURE TO INTERNET

PORNOGRAPHY IS 11 YEARS OLD. ON AVERAGE 70% OF THE PROSTITUTES IN THE EU ARE

MIGRANT WOMEN. PROSTITUTION IN THE MEMBER STATES IS PART OF A GLOBALIZED AND

TRANSNATIONAL MARKET. MEN WHO BUY SEXUAL SERVICES CAN BE CONSIDERED A MINORITY

WITHIN THE TOTAL MALE POPULATION, YET AROUND 30 % OF ALL MEN HAVE PAID FOR SEX AT

SOME POINT IN THEIR LIFE. MEN WHO BUY SEX FROM PROSTITUTES HAVE BEEN FOUND TO SHARE IN
COMMON A HIGHER LIKELIHOOD TO COMMIT SEXUAL COERCIVE ACTS AND VIOLENCE AGAINST

WOMEN. AN INCREASED DEMAND FOR YOUNG WOMEN SELLING SEX HAS BEEN OBSERVED.

2.THEHARMOFPROSTITUTION

Prostitution,in itself,is intrinsically traumatising.At an individual level,the harm is

physical,social,emotional,and psychological.The harm extends to all women and humanit yas a
whole-socially,culturally,and globally.

When one human person is degraded,all are degraded Inprostitution,repeated physical

andsexual assaults are sustained.Beatings,extreme degradation and rape are frequent.The risk
of murder is always presentandreal.

Women inprostitution areoften sought specifically foracts that arehumiliating,degrading and

violent.High numbers of women involved inprostitution report acute symptoms ofpost-traumatic
stressdisorder.

Significant numbers of women in prostitution are drug and/or alcohol dependent.

Intrinsically harmful and traumatising

Prostitution,inits
elf,is a form of
violence against
women that is
intrinsically
traumatizing..
The Council for
Prostitution
alternatives in
Portland Oregon
reported that of
179 women
intheir
programme whole prostitution in 19901991,78% ofthesurvivors werethe victims
ofrape,aclass Afelony,48% were raped by pimps an averageof 16times a year and
morethan79% raped byjohns (customers) anaverage of 33times a yearThe experience
 ofprostitution hasserious consequencesforwomen ’ shealth,quality oflife and actual life
expectancy.One study putsthe mortality rateof women andgirls inprostitution at40times
higher thanthe nationalaverage.

Post traumatic stress

Symptomsincludeacuteanxiety,depression,insomnia,irritability,flashbacks,emotionalnumbing,po
orconcentrationandbeinginastateofemotionalandphysicalhyper-
vigilanceandalertness.Suicideattemptsanddepressionfeaturestrongly

.Marginalisationandpoverty

Womeninprostitutionintheso-
calledFirstWorldcountriesaredisproportionatelydrawnfromeconomicallyandraciallymarginalizedw
omenandasignificantproportionofthewomenaredrug-
addicted.Whilesomewomenmayenterprostitutiontopayfortheirown,and,often,apartner’ sorpimp’
sdrughabit,theexperienceleadstoaviciouscircleofdrugandalcoholdependencyinordertonumbtheeff
ectsofprostitutionitself.

Socialstigmatization
Thoseinprostitutioninevitablybecomesocialoutsidersbythefactthattheirownsexualobjectificationist
radedformoney.Itisaformofsocialdeath.Thestigmaandshameofprostitutionforceswomentolivesecr
etseparatelivesthathavetobehiddenandliedabout.

Astudycarriedoutin2007bytheFederalMinistryfoundthat92%ofwomenworkingas

prostitutesandinterviewedforthissurveyhadsufferedsexualharassment,87%

physicalviolenceand59%sexualviolence.41%ofprostituteshadexperienced

violenceinthecontextofperformingsexualservices.Ofthesample,aroundhalfof

theintervieweesshowedsymptomsofdepression,aquarterhadcontemplatedsuicide,

and41%hadtakendrugsinthelastyear.43%oftheprostitutessurveyedhadbeen

sexuallyabusedintheirchildhood.
ThepoliticalgoalsoftheProstitutionAct
focusedon:

improvingthelegalstatusofprostitute
s;

improvingthesocialpositionofprostit
utes;

improvingtheworkingconditionsofp
rostitutes;

reducingcrimerelatedtoprostitution
;

andsupportpeopletogetoutofprostit
ution.

MaininnovationsoftheAct:

Thecontractualrelationshipbetweenclientandprostituteislegalandprostitutes

havetherighttoenforcepaymentsincourts.

Itislegaltoconcludeemploymentcontractsbetweenprostitutesandbrothel

operators.

Byhavinganemploymentcontract,prostitutescangainaccesstothestatutory

socialinsurancesystem(healthinsurance,pensionfunds).

Outcomes of the legislation: the Government’s evaluation

Employment contracts:
Access to social protection and pension schemes.
Working condition.
Exiting prostitution:
Legal status of clubs and brothel operators:
Taxation:
Monitoring of compliance with regulations
Impact on combating sexual exploitation and trafficking:
Regarding the fight against trafficking in human beings for sexual exploitation, it

should be noted that it takes place to a greater and lesser extent in all Member

States. Although, as this note shows, women are sexually exploited in a complex

legal, social and political environment, it is however astonishing that the literature

rarely examines the role of law enforcement, i.e. the police. From countries where

prostitution is liberalised it is known that the police tends to complain about their

lack of possibilities to act, while the police is rather accused of violent acts against

women selling sex, mostly in regimes where prostitution is prohibited. For the rest,

academics seem not to be interested so far of how Member States organise the

implementation of the laws against sexual exploitation. While there is a call for a

more victim centred approach, it seems worrying that the Dutch anti-trafficking

rapporteur is afraid that the police might not have the appropriate training and

capacities to address sexual exploitation on the Dutch prostitution market, a

resource question which might be true for other Member States as well. Again, Liz

Kelly can be cited who examined prostitution regimes in 9 countries: “Regulation is

invariably under-enforced and under-resourced, with a lack of clarity in law and

policy as to who is responsible. This has led, in many regimes, to unchecked growth

in illegal sectors and/or a failure to police the exploitations of prostitution offences.

Both create disincentives for the licensed sector to comply with policy goals.”

Finally, it can be said that the Member States implement different prostitution
regimes

which can be sorted according to the abolitionist and regulatory approach opposed
in the

debate. However, it is questionable if this categorisation is really helpful to evaluate

their

success in fighting trafficking for sexual exploitation.