Auxiliary Verbs - Modal Auxiliary1

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Auxiliary Verbs
Modal Auxiliary
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LEARN FROM THE EXPERT
AUXILIARY VERBS &

MODAL AUXILIARY
Ule Sulistyo & Inet Gunawan—Tim Bahasa ILT

AUXILIARY VERBS &
MODAL AUXILIARY
Oleh
Ule Sulistyo & Inet Gunawan— Tim Bahasa ILT
200278102
ISBN 10: 979-074-351-3
ISBN 13: 978-979-074-351-9
Penyunting: Marthina Aprilianty
Penyelaras Akhir: Angelia Samori
Desain: Vidya Prawitasari
© 2010, PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer

Jl. Kebahagiaan No. 11A
Jakarta Barat 11140
Penerbit PT Bhuana Ilmu Populer
No. Anggota IKAPI: 46/DKI/04
Hak cipta dilindungi oleh undang-undang.
Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak
sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini
tanpa izin tertulis dari Penerbit
Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT)
DAFTAR ISI
Daftar Isi v
Kata Pengantar vii
PART 1: Auxiliary Verbs and Modals

Auxiliary Verbs and Modals 1
What Is an Auxiliary Verb? 3
What Is a Modal? 5
Modal + Ininitive without to 6
The Usage of an Auxiliary Verb 41
To Make a Negative Sentence and a Question 54
To Make Short Responses 63
To Make Question Tags 65
Final Exercise 68
Key to Exercises 77
PART 2: Modal Auxiliary

More on Modals 87
To Form Negatives and Questions with Modals 91
Can and Able To 100
Must, Have To and Need 108
Will and Shall 115
Dare and Used To 124
Polite Requests with May and Can 130
Expressing Possibilities with May and Might 132
Making Suggestions 135
Preference 137
Making Conclusions 140
Final Exercise 142

Key to Exercises 151
Tentang Penulis 157
KATA PENGANTAR
Belajar bahasa tidak ada batasan waktunya, apalagi jika me-

nyangkut tata bahasa. Entah itu Anda mulai dari cara berkenal-
an atau langsung membuat kalimat. Begitu pun dengan bahasa
Inggris, Anda bisa mulai dari mana saja. Pembahasan setiap
topik akan sangat menarik dan membuat kita ingin langsung
mendalami semua aspek yang ada pada topik tersebut.
Buku ini membahas tentang Auxiliary Verbs, termasuk di
dalamnya Modal Auxiliary dan berbagai latihan untuk mem-
perdalam pengetahuan Anda dalam penggunaannya.
Modal Auxiliary merupakan salah satu anggota Auxil-
iary Verbs (kata kerja bantu) yang digunakan dalam kalimat
permintaan, usulan, atau kesimpulan dari suatu kondisi. Pola
kalimatnya sangat mudah. Kekuatan modals auxiliary terletak
pada kekayaan artinya. Pembahasan buku ini dimulai dari pe-
ngenalan modals auxiliary, pola kalimat, sampai pemahaman
khusus untuk membedakannya.
Kami mengundang komentar positif dan saran dari para
pembaca untuk kemajuan buku ini. Anda dapat menghubungi
kami di: peni_rpramono@yahoo.com.
Salam,
Penulis
vii
&
Auxiliary Verbs
Modal Auxiliary
AND
PART 1
MODALS
AUXILIARY VERBS
&
Auxiliary Verbs
Modal Auxiliary
Auxiliary Verbs and Modals
What Is an Auxiliary Verbs?

Auxiliary verbs adalah kata kerja bantu. Disebut demikian ka-
rena fungsinya sebagai kata kerja bantu bagi kata kerja.
Sebelum membahas lebih lanjut, akan lebih mudah jika
kita mengetahui terlebih dulu apa saja yang termasuk dalam
auxiliary verbs.
• kelompok to be:
be, is, am, are, was, were, been, being
• kelompok do:
do, does, did
• kelompok have:
have, has, had
• kelompok modals:
can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, ought to, have to
3
Contoh:
Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Auxiliary
I am studying English.
(Saya sedang belajar bahasa Inggris.)
I do not know the answer.

(Saya tidak tahu jawabannya.)
I have studied for the exam.

(Saya telah belajar untuk persiapan ujian.)
I can do the exam.

(Saya dapat mengerjakan ujian itu.)
Berdasarkan contoh di atas, Anda dapat mengetahui bahwa:

1. Auxiliary verb am pada kalimat pertama membantu
kata kerja “studying” untuk membentuk kalimat con-
tinuous/progressive (kata kerja yang artinya sedang).
2. Auxiliary verb do pada kalimat kedua berfungsi untuk
membantu kata kerja utama “know” menjadi bentuk
negatif.
3. Auxiliary verb have membantu kata kerja utama
“studied” untuk membentuk perfect tenses (keadaan yang
menunjukkan kegiatan “belum” atau “sudah”).
4. Auxiliary verb can pada kalimat terakhir berfungsi un-
tuk memberi makna tambahan pada kata kerja utama,
“do”.
Mari kita pelajari lebih lanjut fungsi dari auxiliary verbs.
4

What Is a Modal?
Modal verb adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menjelas-
kan kata kerja utama lebih lanjut. Dengan kata lain modal verb
memberikan makna baru pada kata kerja utama.
Contoh:
I draw on the wall.
(Saya menggambar di dinding.)
Jika kita menambahkan modal verb will, maka kalimat di atas
memiliki arti baru, menjadi:
I will draw on the wall.
(Saya akan menggambar di dinding.)
Berdasarkan artinya, modal verbs atau modals, dibagi dalam

tiga kelompok:
Permission (pemberian izin), can, could, may, might
possibility (kemungkinan), ability
(kemampuan), request (permintaan),
offer (penawaran)
Obligation/necessity (keharusan), have (got) to, should, must,
advice (saran) had better, ought to, need
to, be supposed to
Prediction (kemungkinan), desire will, would, shall, be going
(keinginan), request (permintaan), to
offer (penawaran)
Jadi, dengan adanya bermacam-macam modals dengan arti

yang berbeda-beda, Anda dapat menyatakan banyak hal se-
perti kemampuan, pemberian izin, kemungkinan, keharusan,
dan lain-lain.
5
Untuk menggunakan modals Anda hanya memerlukan
kata kerja bentuk dasar.
Modal + Ininiive without To

Contoh:
I can drive a car.

(Saya dapat mengendarai mobil.)
I will guide you.

(Saya akan membimbingmu.)
They might drink the liquor.

(Mereka mungkin akan meminum minuman keras itu.)
Sebagian modals, baik bentuk positif maupun bentuk negatif,
dapat di singkat sebagai berikut:
Positif/bentuk Negative/bentuk
Singkatan Singkatan
panjang panjang
Can - Can not can’t
Could - could not couldn’t
May - may not -
Might - might not mightn’t
Shall ‘ll shall not shan’t
Should ‘d should not shouldn’t
Will ‘ll will not won’t
Would ‘d would not wouldn’t
6

The cat sings every night. I can’t sleep.
Contoh:
I’ll help you paint the wall.

(Saya akan membantumu mengecat dinding itu.)
They wouldn’t dare to bother you again.

(Mereka tidak akan berani mengganggumu lagi.)
Our customers may not like the products.

(Para pelanggan kita mungkin tidak menyukai produk-produk
itu.)
Would you drive me to the hospital?

(Maukah kamu mengantarku ke rumah sakit?)
7
I will not walk without looking.
Exercise 1
Correct the words in the brackets.
1. I shall (goes) ………………… back to the hotel now.
2. You had better (listened) ……………… to this.
3. You are supposed to (coming) ……………….. at
seven.
4. Ule shouldn’t (yells) ………………. to his friends.
5. Sri Lestari can (raised) ………………. her children
well.
6. Would you (opening) ……………….. the door?
7. She ought to (told) us ………………… what has
happened.
8. They must (following) ……………. the rule or got
expelled.
9. He needn’t (takes off) ……………. his shoes.
10. We have to (achieved) ……………….. our goal.
11. They will (can) …………………. organize this team.
12. Might I (smiled) ………………. for you?
8

13. May I (took) ………………… you for a walk?
14. Should she (sits) ………………….. all by herself ?
15. We have to (kept on) ………………. moving or we
will (are) ………………… left behind.
Permission: can, could, may, might

Modals dalam kategori permission digunakan untuk meminta
atau memberi izin.
Can I sing “Balonku ada Lima”?

Contoh:
Can I open the window?
(Bolehkah saya membuka jendela?)
Could I break the gate?

(Bolehkah saya merusak gerbangnya?)
May I borrow your doll?

(Bolehkah saya meminjam bonekamu?)
Might I come tonight?

(Bolehkah saya datang malam ini?)
9
What’s new?!
Apa perbedaan keempat modals di atas? Semuanya memili-
ki tujuan yang sama (meminta izin) namun memiliki tingkat
ketegasan yang berbeda, sebagai berikut:
a. Can merupakan bentuk yang paling tidak formal.
b. Could paling sering digunakan, baik dalam
keadaan formal maupun informal.
c. May lebih formal daripada could.
d. Might menandakan keraguan. Si pembicara
khawatir jika permintaannya akan menganggu/
membuat si pendengar tidak nyaman.
Can, could, may, dan might dapat digunakan dalam bentuk
present (saat ini) atau future (akan datang).
Contoh:
Can I use your car next week?
(Bolehkah saya menggunakan mobilmu minggu depan?)
Could you write this note now?

(Bisakah Anda menulis catatan ini sekarang?)
May I go with Salma tonight?

(Bolehkah saya pergi dengan Salma nanti malam?)
Exercise 2
Circle the correct permissions.
1. May I use the bathroom?
2. Would you turn down the TV?
3. Could I taste your cake?
4. May I go with my friend?
5. Can I leave now?
6. Could you put off your cigarette?
7. Can I use your dictionary?
10

8. Could you carry my bag?
9. I want to study.
10. I am bored.
11. I want to know the word “lust” means.
12. Your smoke makes me cough.
13. You have a meeting soon.
14. Your bag is very heavy.
15. I want to wash my face.
16. Your cake smells good.
The dealer said I could have it for ifty millions only.
Exercise 3
Ask permission based on the situations below. Choose the answers from
the box.
May I drive the new car?
May I go out?
May I play kite with my friends?
May I see the movie?
May I buy an ice cream?
May I have a puppy?
May I get out of the house?
May I go to the beach?
May I play the drum?
May I build a tree house in the backyard?
11
1. You want to go out.
……………………………………………………..?
2. You want to play kite with your friends.
………………………………………...…………...?
3. You want to play the drum.
……………………………………………………..?
4. You want to see a movie.
……………………………………………………..?
5. You want to build a tree house at the backyard.
……………………………………………………..?
6. You want to buy an ice cream.
……………………………………………………..?
7. You want to have a puppy.
……………………………………………………..?
8. You want to go to the beach.
……………………………………………………..?
9. You want to drive the new car.
……………………………………………………..?
10. You want to get out of the house.
……………………………………………………..?
Respons yang kita berikan biasanya hanya sebatas:

12

Sure.
Of course.
Certainly/Yes, certainly.
Of course you may/can/might/could.
Jika kita tidak mengizinkan, biasanya kita akan mengucapkan:

I’m sorry, you may not/can not/might not/could not.
I’m afraid you may not/can not/might not/could not.
Possibility: may, might

Kali ini, kita akan membahas possibility atau kemungkinan.
Possibility diungkapkan dengan may atau might.
Contoh:
They may come to the party next week.
(Mereka mungkin akan datang ke pesta minggu depan.)
He might deliver the paycheck soon.

(Ia mungkin akan mengirimkan gajinya segera.)
Perlu dicatat bahwa might menunjukkan kadar keraguan lebih

tinggi daripada may.
May dan might dapat digunakan dalam bentuk present
maupun future.
Note:
Jika Anda menggunakan may pada kalimat conditional (pengan-
daian) dan reported speech (kalimat tak langsung), maka might
adalah bentuk lampau dari may.
13
May I have the umbrella?

Contoh:
If you were there, I might come. (conditional)
(Jika Anda berada di sana saya mungkin akan datang.)
If you give me the money, I may buy this car.

(Jika Anda memberikan uangnya saya mungkin akan membeli
mobil ini.)
If you told me earlier, I might come. (conditional)

(Jika Anda mengatakan lebih awal saya mungkin datang.)
He said that he might come late. (reported speech)

(Ia berkata bahwa ia mungkin datang terlambat.)
Exercise 4
Answer these questions with “may” or “might”.
Example:
A : “Where is John?”
B : “I don’t see him. He may come late.”
1. Tono : “Lupi hasn’t called me.”
You : “She …………………………………”
14

2. Cintya : “I can’t ind my wallet.”
You : “It ………………………………...…”
3. Heru : “The movie hasn’t started yet.”
You : “………………………………...........”
4. Humi : “The oficials put off the game.”
You : “…………………………………..…”
5. Tia : “I don’t want to go. The cloud is very dark.”
You : “………………………………….......”
6. Nina : “What are you going to do tonight?”
You : “I don’t know. ...……………………..”
7. Nia : “What kind of a car is that?”
You : “I don’t know. ...……………………..”
8. Jono : “Your cake tastes bad.”
You : “……………………………………...”
9. Umi : “My knees hurt.”
You : “……………………………………...”
10. Leni : “What are you going to do after
graduating?”
You : “I’m not sure. ……………………….”
Ability: can, could

Can atau could digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan
atau kebisaan kita. Untuk menyatakan ketidakmampuan, kita
hanya perlu menambahkan not pada auxiliary verb berikut:
can menjadi can not dan could menjadi could not.
Contoh:
The old man can chew the gum.
(Orang tua itu bisa mengunyah permen karet.)
Pipit couldn’t drive a car.

(Pipit tidak bisa menyetir mobil.)
15
Can dan could dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan kemam-
puan. Yang perlu diingat adalah can digunakan jika ingin me-
nyatakan kemampuan pada masa sekarang, sedangkan could
digunakan untuk bentuk lampau.
Contoh:
I can run fast.
(Saya bisa berlari dengan cepat.)
He could run fast when he was in high school.

(Ia dapat berlari dengan cepat ketika ia masih di SMU.)
I could jump if my knee didn’t hurt. (conditional)

(Saya dapat melompat jika lutut saya tidak sakit.)
He said that he could run 25 km/h. (reported speech)

(Ia berkata bahwa ia mampu berlari 25 km/jam.)
An elephant can break the lamppost easily.
Exercise 5
Fill in the blank with “can” or “can’t”.
Remi : “Of course I …………. play basketball. I love to
play it every morning.”
16

Fahri : “Good. You see, I ………….. ind any man to
play basketball with me. I am sure that you know
how to dribble, shoot, and pass, don’t you?”
Remi : “Of course I do. Basically, I ……….. do every
move.”
Fahri : “Great. …………….. you do a dunk?”
Remi : “Of course I ………….. I love to do it in my
house. I have a basketball ring in my house.”
Fahri : “Great. Do you have any partner when you are
playing basketball?”
Remi : “Sure I do. I play with Shaq. I learn a lot from
him.”
Fahri : “Do you mean Shaquile O’Neil?”
Remi : “No. His name is Little Shaq. He is my little
brother. He is ive.”
Exercise 6
Compare these two things using “can” and “can’t”.
1. Fish and chickens

Example: Fish can swim but chickens can’t.
………………………………………………………
2. Boys and girls
………………………………………………………
3. Babies and adults
………………………………………………………
4. Batman and Superman
……………………………………………………… 17
We can have some holidays after all is done!
Note:
1. Bentuk lain dari can yang memiliki arti serupa adalah be
able to.
Contoh:
I will be able to accomplish my task before the
deadline.
Atau
I can accomplish my task before the deadline.
Atau
I am able to accomplish my task before the deadline.
2. Jika could merupakan bentuk lampau dari can, maka
was/were able to adalah bentuk lampau dari be able to.
Contoh:
I could climb a coconut tree.
Atau
I was able to climb a coconut tree.
18

What’s new?!
Apa perbedaan antara can dan be able to?
Be able to lebih menekankan pada usaha untuk mencapai
suatu maksud. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
I could climb a coconut tree.
I was able to climb a coconut tree after trying ive
times.
Pembicara menunjukkan adanya usaha luar biasa untuk me-
manjat pohon kelapa. Itulah yang ingin ia tekankan dengan
menggunakan be able to.
Requests: can, could, will, would

Request artinya permintaan. Jika Anda menginginkan sesua-
tu maka Anda dapat menggunakan can, could, will, atau
would.
Contoh:
Can you show me where the post ofice is?
(Dapatkah Anda menunjukkan di mana letak kantor pos?)
Could you pass the salt?

(Dapatkah Anda menyodorkan garam itu?)
Will you get that hat for me?

(Maukah Anda mengambil topi itu untuk saya?)
Would you close the door, please?

(Maukah Anda menutup pintunya?)
Would dan could dianggap lebih sopan dan lebih formal

dibandingkan will dan can.
19
Will you help me cook?
Exercise 7
Make a request using “can”, “will”, “could”, or “would” based on these
situations.
1. Your brother is about to go out. You want him to mail
your letter.
……………………………………………………?
2. Your friend is good at electronics. Your radio is
broken.
……………………………………………………?
3. You want to get a history book on the part of the
bookshelf. You can’t reach it. There is Yao Ming
standing beside you.
……………………………………………………?
4. You feel very cold. Your little brother opens the
window widely.
……………………………………………………?
20

5. You have dificulties on Mathematics. You have your
classmate, who is good at Mathematics.
…………………………………………………….?
6. You carry three big luggages. There is your friend in
front of you.
…………………………………………………….?
7. This is your irst time standing in front of the
Borobudur Temple. You want somebody to take a
picture of you in front of the temple.
……………………………………………………?
8. You want to eat omelette, but you don’t know how to
cook it. You ask your brother to do it for you.
……………………………………………………?
9. You want to drive in the new car but you cannot drive.
You ask your big sister to take you.
……………………………………………………?
10. Your friend has 3 sausages on his plate. You want to
eat one.
……………………………………………………?
Jika kita bersedia melakukan permintaan orang lain, kita bisa

meresponsnya dengan mengatakan:
Sure.
Yes, of course.
Certainly.
I’d love to.
21
Jika kita tidak bisa mengerjakan permintaan orang lain, kita
bisa berkata:
I’m sorry, I’m very busy.
I’m afraid I can’t do that.
What’s new?!
Sebenarnya kita juga bisa menambahkan mind pada kalimat
permintaan. Penambahan ini membuat kalimat menjadi lebih
sopan. Namun satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan adalah tata
bahasanya.
Contoh:
Would you close the window?
Atau
Would you mind closing the window?
Would you fetch me a glass of milk?

Atau
Would you mind fetching me a glass of milk?
Dari contoh di atas kita bisa menyimpulkan bahwa “would

you mind” digunakan bersama verb + ing.
22 Would you mind telling me your name?


Exercise 8
Change these requests using “would you mind”.
1. Would you pick me up at the airport?
……………………………………………………?
2. Would you help me move this table?
……………………………………………………?
3. Would you accompany me to the bank?
……………………………………………………?
4. Would you turn on the air conditioner?
……………………………………………………?
5. Would you get me a glass of ice tea?
……………………………………………………?
6. Would you cut the grass?
……………………………………………………?
7. Would you shut the door?
……………………………………………………?
8. Would you put off your cigarette?
……………………………………………………?
9. Would you take that dictionary off the shelf ?
……………………………………………………?
10. Would you bring the lost duck tomorrow?
……………………………………………………? 23
Ofer: can, would
Offer berarti penawaran. Kita biasa menggunakan kata bantu

can atau would untuk menawarkan sesuatu kepada orang
lain.
Contoh:
Can I get you a drink?
(Apakah Anda ingin saya ambilkan minum?)
Would you like to have a cup of tea?

(Apakah Anda mau secangkir teh?)
Perbedaan dari kedua kalimat di atas adalah: can digunakan

untuk situasi yang tidak formal, sedangkan would untuk
situasi yang formal.
Exercise 9
What would you offer if you had these situations?
1. Your friend is coming to your boarding house.
Examples: Would you like to have a glass of ice tea?
Can I get you a drink?
Would you like ……………………………………?
Can I get you ……………………………………..?
2. You are a waiter or waitress in a restaurant. There is a

customer coming.
Examples: Would you like to order something?
Would you like……………………………………?
Would you like ……………………………………?
24

Would you like a banana party?
Obligaion/necessity: have (got) to, should, had

beter, must, ought to, need to
Obligation adalah kewajiban atau suatu hal yang harus dilaku-
kan.
Contoh:
You have to post the letter.
(Anda harus mengeposkan surat itu.)
You need not to make an appointment.

(Anda tidak perlu membuat perjanjian.)
I must drive on the right in the United States of
America.
(Di Amerika Serikat, saya harus menyetir di sebelah kanan.)
Lawan dari must (harus) yaitu mustn’t atau must not yang artinya
“tidak boleh” bukan “tidak harus”. Frasa “tidak harus” diter-
jemahkan sebagai need not (needn’t), does/do not need to (doesn’t
need to/don’t need to) atau does/do not have to (doesn’t have to/don’t
have to).
Frasa “tidak harus” berarti hilangnya suasana terpaksa.
Misalnya jika Anda tidak perlu minum susu (don’t need to/don’t 25
have to drink milk) setiap malam, Anda pasti tidak akan memu-
singkan diri sendiri apakah akan minum atau tidak. Akan ber-
beda jika Anda tidak boleh minum susu (must not drink milk)
setiap malam. Itu berarti Anda memang punya kewajiban un-
tuk tidak minum susu. Mungkin saja Anda sedang menjalani
diet atau alergi terhadap susu.
Contoh:
He mustn’t drink coffee.
(Ia tidak boleh minum kopi.)
He does not have to drink coffee.

(Ia tidak perlu minum kopi.)
He needn’t drink coffee.

(Ia tidak perlu minum kopi.)
What’s new?!
Must memunyai kesan lebih kuat/lebih penting daripada
have to. Have got to hanya terdapat dalam spoken English, se-
dangkan have to bisa digunakan baik dalam spoken maupun
written English.
Selain itu, Anda juga perlu mengetahui bahwa must di-
gunakan jika orang yang berbicara memiliki wewenang untuk
mewajibkan orang melakukan pekerjaan tersebut.
Contoh:
You must come at 08.00 or I’ll ire you.

(Anda harus datang pukul 08.00 atau saya akan meme-
catmu.)
26

No, you mustn’t kick the cat.
Karena si pembicara punya wewenang untuk untuk memecat

(mungkin orang tersebut adalah pemilik perusahaan) maka ia
menggunakan must. Jika Anda tidak memunyai wewenang
maka Anda menggunakan modal verb selain must.
Contoh:
You have to come at 08.00 or you’ll get ired.

(Anda harus datang pukul 08.00 atau Anda akan dipecat.)
Contoh kalimat lain yang menggunakan subjek “I”.
Contoh:
I must attend the meeting.
I ought to attend the meeting.

I must berarti saya harus datang ke meeting dan saya pasti akan
datang. I ought to berarti saya harus datang ke meeting walaupun
mungkin saya sebenarnya sedang malas atau tidak ingin pergi.
Mungkin saya tidak akan pergi jika ada teman saya yang me-
larang.
27
Exercise 10
Fill in the blank with “don’t/doesn’t have to” or “must not”.
1. The weather is perfect. We ………….. drive a car. We
can ride the bike.
2. You ……………. forget to send this letter. It’s urgent.
3. She ………………… work. Her father is very rich.
4. As a parent, you ……………. give a bad example for
your children.
5. We ………………… bring any stationery. The oficial
has already prepared it.
6. You ……………… tell Lenny about the party. We are
going to give him a surprise.
7. A: “Do you have any sugar?”
B: “Sure, I have plenty.”
C: “Good. Now, I ………… go to the supermarket to
buy sugar.”
8. According to the rules, we ……………… touch the
ball.
9. If you are in the public area, you ………………
smoke.
10. Doni, you ……………. say that word again. It’s not
good to say that word.
Exercise 11
Complete these sentences with your own words.
1. You must ……………………………………………
2. Political leaders must not ……………………………
3. I don’t need not to …………………………………..
4. Students don’t have to ………………………………
5. A secretary has to …………………………………..
6. An athlete doesn’t needs not to …………………….
28 7. They don’t have to …………………………………

8. I must ………………………………………………
9. Professional singers must …………………………..
10. A lawyer doesn’t have to ……………………………
Advice: should, had beter, ought to

Advice adalah saran. Kita mengartikannya dalam bahasa In-
donesia dengan kata “seharusnya”.
Contoh:
She should responds to all the incoming mails.
(Dia seharusnya membalas semua surat-surat yang masuk.)
You ought to take a rest.

(Anda seharusnya beristirahat.)
They had better save some money for their future.

(Mereka seharusnya menabung untuk masa depan mereka.)
We had better go for a drive in the country.
29
Exercise 12
Choose the correct answer from the box and give some advices.
polish them drink lots of water
have some rest turn on the fan
speak louder comb your hair
repaint it wear a seatbelt
sprinkle the seeds to a wider area study with me
1. I can’t hear his voice.
……………………………………………………
2. There are only some plants in one peculiar area.
……………………………………………………
3. Your shoes look dirty.
……………………………………………………
4. I have just inished working.
……………………………………………………
5. I am sweating all over my body.
……………………………………………………
6. The wall is very dull.
……………………………………………………
7. Your hair looks awful.
……………………………………………………
8. I want to drive a car.
30 ……………………………………………………

9. It is hot in here.
……………………………………………………
10. I have dificulties in Mathematics.
……………………………………………………
Exercise 13
Give advice to Jono from the story below.
Stubborn
Jono lives in a boarding house. His boarding house is small.
He never sweeps the loor. The paint on the wall is getting
peeled off. He rarely washes his dishes. His books are all over
the loor. And when he arrives at his boarding house, he turns
up his radio very loudly. And what is more, he never listens to
someone else’s advice.
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
31
Predicion, desire: will, would, shall, be going to
Dalam prediction dan desire kita mengungkapkan tentang ke-

mungkinan dan keinginan kita.
Contoh:
I will dispatch your order soon.
(Saya akan mengirimkan pesanan Anda segera.)
He said that he would render a song.

(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia akan membawakan sebuah lagu.)
We shall inish this meeting.

(Kita akan menyelesaikan pertemuan ini.)
I am going to go to New York this summer.

(Saya akan pergi ke New York musim panas ini.)
Note:
1. Would merupakan bentuk lampau dari will. Jadi untuk

prediction dalam bentuk waktu lampau digunakan
would.
2. Will merupakan rencana yang belum pasti atau rencana
yang spontan.
3. Be going to bisa digunakan untuk menggantikan will.
Namun, be going to digunakan untuk rencana yang
pasti.
4. Shall merupakan bentuk lain dari will. Shall
digunakan untuk subjek “I” dan “we”, sedang will
untuk semua subjek dan oleh karenanya jauh lebih
sering digunakan.
32

I shall inish reading these novels soon.
Exercise 14
Underline the correct answer.
will, am going to
1. “I have a honeymoon at the end
of this month.”
2. “What do you want to do with this soap and bucket?”

am going to, will
“I wash my car.”
3. “What do you want to do with this money?”

will, am going to
“I don’t know? Maybe I use it for
building an apartment.”
will, would
4. He said that he run the program.
5. “You look very neat.”

will, am going to
“I have to. I have a job interview.
33
What’s new?!
Frasa yang serupa dengan modal verb adalah would rather.
Would rather juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pilihan.
Walaupun bentuk would rather terlihat seperti bentuk lampau,
namun kita menggunakan would rather untuk menyatakan pi-
lihan saat ini atau masa yang akan datang.
Contoh:
I would rather sleep than watch TV.
(Saya lebih baik tidur daripada nonton TV.)
Would rather di atas memunyai subjek yang sama yaitu “I”.

Jika subjek yang digunakan berbeda, maka would rather me-
munyai peraturan yang berbeda pula; Anda harus mengguna-
kan verb past (verb II).
Contoh:
I would rather that my mother cooked the food.
(Saya lebih suka kalau ibu saya yang memasak
makanannya.)
I’d rather move my family from a noisy surrounding.
34

Exercise 15
Choose the correct answer in the bracket.
leave, left
1. Your mother would rather that you the
tiger alone.
study, studied
2. They would rather Math’s than
English.
thinks, think
3. She would rather not about the past.
doesn’t, didn’t
4. She would rather that her brother
make any noise.
5. The children would rather that their mother

give, gave
them milk than tea.
become, becomes
6. Bayu would rather a doctor than
an attorney.
bring, bringing
7. I would rather the snack than the bag.
Note:
Di bawah ini Anda akan mempelajari bagaimana bermacam-
macam modal verbs dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan
tingkat kepastian (degree of certainty). Jadi, dengan modal verbs
tersebut kita bisa mengungkapkan seberapa yakin kita akan
sesuatu hal. Ada dua bentuk yang akan Anda pelajari:
35
Tingkat kepasian dengan must/may/might/
could + be
Must/may/might/could + be kita gunakan untuk menyatakan
tingkat kepastian saat ini.
a. Must be: sangat yakin (tingkat keyakinan lebih dari
90%)
b. May/might/could be: kurang yakin (tingkat
keyakinan kurang dari 50%)
Perhatikan contoh berikut:
Joko: “Where is Eka? I haven’t seen her.”
Jono: “She must be in the library.”
Kalimat “She must be in the library.” (Dia pasti ada di perpus-

takaan.) menunjukkan keyakinan Jono yang kuat bahwa Eka
ada di perpustakaan. Jono merasa begitu yakin karena dia tahu
kebiasaan Eka yang selalu berada di perpustakaan pada waktu
istirahat sekolah.
Jika jawaban dari Jono kita ganti dengan “She may/might/
could be in the library.” (Dia mungkin berada di perpusta-
kaan.), maka Jono tidak begitu yakin apakah Eka ada di per-
pustakaan. Mungkin Eka ada di kantin sekolah atau bahkan
Eka mungkin tidak masuk sekolah.
Oh, I must be at the library tomorrow.

36

Tingkat kepasian dengan should/could/might/
must + have
Bentuk ini juga untuk menyatakan sebuah tingkatan kepas-
tian, tetapi untuk kejadian di masa yang lampau.
a. Should have
Should have digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang seha-
rusnya sudah dikerjakan di waktu lampau.
Contoh:
You should have discussed the problem last night.
(Anda seharusnya sudah berdiskusi tentang masalah itu tadi
malam.)
Kalimat di atas mengandung makna bahwa Anda seharusnya
mendiskusikan suatu masalah tadi malam, tapi ternyata Anda
tidak mendiskusikannya.
b. Could have
Could have menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya dapat dikerja-
kan di waktu lampau.
Contoh:
Tom could have shared my room because we stayed at
the same hotel.
(Tom seharusnya dapat berbagi kamar denganku karena kami
tinggal di hotel yang sama.)
c. Might have
Might have digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mung-
kin dapat terjadi di waktu lampau.
37
Contoh:
I might have gone to New York.

(Saya mungkin sudah pergi ke New York.)
Kalimat di atas memiliki arti bahwa saya mungkin sudah pergi
ke New York beberapa waktu yang lalu. Mungkin ada sesuatu
yang membuat saya tidak jadi pergi ke New York, misalnya
kekasih saya melarang saya atau mungkin ada masalah penting
lain yang membuat saya tidak jadi pergi ke New York.
It must have been a book before.
d. Must have
Must have agak berbeda penggunaannya dengan ketiga bentuk
sebelumnya. Must have digunakan untuk membuat kesim
pulan yang logis berdasarkan sesuatu yang telah terjadi di wak-
tu lampau.
Contoh:
My wall looks colorful now. It must have been
repainted.
(Dinding saya kelihatan penuh warna sekarang. Dindingnya
pasti sudah dicat ulang.)
Kalimat di atas menyatakan bahwa dinding saya sebelumnya
terlihat membosankan atau hanya memunyai satu warna. Na-
mun seseorang pasti sudah mengecatnya dengan mengguna-
38

kan beberapa warna di waktu lalu sebelum saya melihatnya
sekarang.
Exercise 16
Write the response using “must be/may be/might be/could be”.
Get the answer from the box below.
he must be sad
he must have won a lottery
I may be in Rome
she may ind you funny
it may be infected
it might be a hospital
it may be in my room
there must be someone in the house
I must have spilled the water
Example:
John goes on vacation to Bali.
He must be very happy.
Why is she crying?

I don’t know. She might be losing something.
1. She has just passed the exam well.
……………………………………………………
2. Why is she smiling at me?
……………………………………………………
3. Where is my laptop?
I don’t know. ..……………………………………
4. What’s wrong with this computer? I lose all my data.
……………………………………………………
39
5. The man has just bought a new house and two new
cars.
……………………………………………………
6. What building is it?
I’m not very sure. …………………………………
7. Where are you now?
I don’t know. ……………………………………..
8. His dog has just died.
……………………………………………………
9. The table is all wet.
……………………………………………………
10. The light is on.
……………………………………………………
Exercise 17
Do as the example.
Example:
Lisa is sneezing and coughing. (have a cold now)
She must be having a cold now.
The dead squirrel smells bad. (dead on the previous
day)
It must have been dead on the previous day.
1. Heru is reilling another glass of fresh water. (thirsty)

……………………………………………………
40

2. My uncle makes another piece of sandwich. (hungry)
……………………………………………………
3. I have a message on my phone. (somebody called me
last night)
……………………………………………………
4. The streets are wet. (it rained last night)
……………………………………………………
5. He has just run for 15 miles. (tired now)
……………………………………………………
41
pustaka-indo.blogspot.com
The Usage of An
Auxiliary Verb
Sekarang kita akan melihat kegunaan auxiliary verb atau kata

kerja bantu. Kita sudah membahas kegunaan dari salah satu
kelompok auxiliary verb yaitu kelompok modal verb. Seperti
yang kita tahu, kita menggunakan modal verb untuk menam-
bah arti pada main verb. Nah, masih ada tiga kelompok aux-
iliary verb yang lain. Ketiga auxiliary verb yang belum kita
bahas adalah kelompok to be, to have, dan to do. Mari kita
bahas satu persatu.
TO BE
Anda masih ingat apa saja yang masuk kelompok to be? Ya,
kita memunyai is, am, are, was, were, been, being. Fungsi dari
to be sebenarnya cukup sederhana. Kita menggunakan to be
pada saat kita membuat kalimat dengan tenses progressive
atau continuous—yang berarti “sedang berlangsung”—dan
saat kita membuat kalimat pasif.
To form a progressive tense

Kalimat progressive (continuous) adalah kalimat yang kata
kerjanya sedang Anda lakukan. Ciri utamanya adalah adanya
Ving.
Be + Ving
42
The Usage of an Auxiliary Verb

Contoh:
I am typing now.
(Saya sedang mengetik sekarang.)
She was talking about Rome.

(Dia sedang berbicara tentang Roma.)
Exercise 18
1. Ijah is (drink) ……………… the wedang jahe.
2. The boy is (knock) ……………. at the window.
3. Saylendra and his friends are (run) ……………. for
the ball.
4. We are (work) …………….. very hard to get this job
done.
5. All the employees were (have) …………… their lunch
in the canteen.
6. I am (laugh) …………… at your joke. And I was
(practice) ……………… my acting.
7. She was (be) …………. interviewed by a renowned
businessman.
8. He is (try) ……………. very hard to pass the driving
test.
9. Look! The car is (move) ……………… towards us.
10. We are (make) ……………… a fortune.
To form passive sentence

Sebuah kalimat pasif terdiri dari be + VIII.
Be + VIII
43
Contoh:
This handkerchief is made by Lina.

(Saputangan ini dibuat oleh Lina.)
You are fooled by Patrick.

(Anda dikerjai oleh Patrick.)
Exercise 19
Choose the correct passive sentences. Circle the numbers.
1. The boy was kidnap two years ago.
2. They are being expelled by the teacher.
3. We are taught by Mrs Susi.
4. Our game is cancelled until tomorrow.
5. My team is being survey by the managing director.
6. He decided that his car should be sold.
7. The bird is kept in this birdcage.
8. His car is being repaired.
9. My little sister was given a doll.
10. My watch is steal.
Note:
To be tidak hanya bisa berfungsi sebagai auxiliary verb saja,
namun bisa berfungsi sebagai ordinary verb. Perhatikan ketiga
kalimat di bawah ini:
He is a loafer.
(Dia seorang pemalas.)
He is in the garage.
(Dia ada di garasi.)
He is lazy.
(Dia malas.)
44

Ketiga to be is di atas berfungsi sebagai kata kerja pada
umumnya, walaupun to be di atas tidak memunyai arti apa-
apa. Lalu mengapa kita tidak menghilangkannya jika to be di
atas tidak memunyai arti? Karena dalam bahasa Inggris, setiap
kalimat tersusun atas subjek dan kata kerja. Oleh karena itu,
to be di atas berfungsi sebagai kata kerja biasa atau kata kerja
utama. To be sebagai kata kerja utama terletak sebelum:
1. kata benda atau noun (a loafer)
2. kata sifat atau adjective (lazy)
3. kata keterangan atau adverb (in the garage)
Ketiga kalimat di atas sering disebut dengan kalimat nominal.

Sekarang lihat padanan antara subjek dengan to be berikut
ini:
Subject To Be
I am, was
he, she, it is, was
we, they, you are, were
Contoh:
He is afraid of the dark.
(Dia takut gelap.)
He was here yesterday.

(Dia berada di sini kemarin.)
The children are busy with their toys.

(Anak-anak sibuk dengan mainannya.)
I am clever and beautiful.

(Saya pintar dan cantik.)
Be adalah bentuk dasar dari to be. “Be” muncul setelah to atau

setelah modals.
45
Contoh:
He will be here soon.

(Dia akan segera sampai di sini segera.)
Don’t be noisy.
(Jangan ribut!)
Exercise 20
Put the correct form of “be” where necessary.
1. I ………………… kind and diligent.
2. My mother …………… at the verandah.
3. She ………………… works at the department store.
4. My sister ……………… an attorney.
5. The children ………… very happy with their new
T-shirts.
6. Don’t ……………. greedy!
7. I think grandma will …………… angry.
8. I don’t ……………. know what to do with him.
9. He …………… a sarcastic person.
10. Don’t ………………. tell him anything about the
project.
TO HAVE
Kelompok have yaitu: have, has, dan had digunakan untuk
membuat kalimat perfect. Untuk membuat kalimat perfect
tense, have diartikan sebagai “telah”. Setiap kalimat perfect
ditandai dengan:
Have + VIII
46

Sekarang kita lihat padanan antara subjek dan to have.
Subject To have (present) To have (past)

he, she, it has had
I, you, we, they have had
Contoh:
Gugun has arrived since two hours ago.
(Gugun telah datang sejak dua jam yang lalu.)
They have inished their homework.

(Mereka telah menyelesaikan pekerjaan rumah mereka.)
I had eaten the food when you asked for it.

(Saya telah makan makanannya.)
Exercise 21
1. Bagas has (write) ……………… twenty pages.
2. The director has (direct) …………… all the actresses
well.
3. We have (manage) …………….. the issue.
4. Some of the boy scouts had (igure out) ………….
the puzzle.
5. All the passengers have (check in) …………. . We are
ready to take a board.
6. There are few children who have (take) ……………..
a bath.
7. It has (be) …………… solved with a great result.
8. This company has (grow) …………… faster than I
have (think) …………….
9. We haven’t (ind) ……………… the lost talent.
10. Rani hasn’t (read) …………… the whole memo.
47
Note:
To have juga bisa berperan sebagai kata kerja utama yang ber
arti “memunyai”.
Contoh:
I have lots of cockatoos.
(Saya memunyai banyak burung kakatua.)
The dog has a long tail.

(Anjing itu memunyai ekor yang panjang.)
When I was a kid, I had a teddy bear.

(Ketika saya anak-anak, saya punya boneka teddy bear.)
Grandpa has dreamed of lying to the moon.
TO DO
Kelompok auxiliary verb to do adalah: do, does, dan did. Kata-
kata tersebut digunakan untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan
kalimat tanya. Kalimat dengan auxiliary verbs to do menceri-
takan tentang hal kebiasaan atau “daily facts”. Bisa dikatakan
semua artinya BUKAN “sedang”, “telah” atau “akan, dapat,
48 boleh”. Padanan untuk subjek dan auxiliary do adalah:

Subject To do (present) To do (past)
he, she, it
does did
(third person singular)
I, you, we, they
do did
(irst person and plural subject)
I do work hard and don’t have much time to rest.
To form a negaive sentence

Dalam membuat kalimat negatif yang perlu kita lakukan ada-
lah:
Auxiliary do + not
Contoh:
I do not know.
(Saya tidak tahu.)
She doesn’t get the prize.

(Dia tidak mendapatkan hadiahnya.)
All the workers didn’t feel tired.

(Semua pekerja tidak merasa kelelahan.)
49
To form a quesion
Dalam membuat kalimat tanya, yang perlu Anda lakukan ha-

nya menempatkan auxiliary verb di depan kalimat.
Contoh:
Do I know?
(Apakah saya tahu?)
Doesn’t she get the prize?

(Bukankah dia mendapat hadiahnya?)
Do the workers feel tired?

(Apakah para pekerja merasa kelelahan?)
Anda bisa mempelajari lebih lanjut bagaimana membuat kali-

mat tanya atau negatif dalam sub bab di bawah.
Note:
To do bukan hanya bisa berperan sebagai auxiliary verb saja
tetapi juga bisa berperan sebagai main verb atau ordinary verb.
Do sebagai main verb berarti “mengerjakan”.
Contoh:
I do the assignment.
(Saya mengerjakan tugas itu.)
She does all the chores all by herself.

(Dia melakukan semua tugasnya sendiri.)
50

What’s new?!
“Used to” as an auxiliary verb

Used to dapat berfungsi sebagai kata kerja bantu yang berarti
sebuah kebiasaan yang dulu dikerjakan namun sekarang sudah
tidak dikerjakan lagi.
Used to + VI
Contoh:
I used to smoke.
(Saya dulu merokok namun sekarang tidak.)
Jika used diawali dengan be, maka artinya menjadi “terbiasa”.

Polanya akan menjadi:
Be used to + Ving
Contoh:
I am used to living in big city. I am ine with this trafic
jam.
(Saya terbiasa tinggal di kota besar. Saya baik-baik saja
dengan kemacetan ini.)
Sebagai auxiliary verbs, used to memunyai sifat sama seperti

auxiliary verb yang lain. Untuk membuat kalimat negatif ha
nya perlu menambah not dan untuk membuat kalimat tanya
hanya perlu menggesernya ke depan kalimat.
Contoh:
I used to smoke.
I used not to smoke.
Used I to smoke? 51
Meskipun demikian, dalam perjalanannya used to kurang
mendapat tempat sebagai auxiliary verb. Used to akhirnya le

bih berfungsi sebagai kata kerja penuh yang menggunakan
bentuk did untuk membentuk kalimat negatif dan tanya.
Contoh:
I used to smoke a lot.
I didn’t use to smoke a lot.
Did I use to smoke a lot?
There used to be a farm in the year 1960
What’s new?!
“Need” as an auxiliary verb

Kata need yang berarti “perlu” bisa berfungsi sebagai auxiliary
verb, tetapi hanya dipakai dalam bentuk negatif.
Contoh:
I needn’t go.
She needn’t go.
Dalam bentuk present, needn’t dipakai untuk semua subjek.
52

Bentuk ini bisa kita gantikan dengan “I don’t need to go.” dan
“She doesn’t need to go.” di mana keduanya memunyai arti
sama seperti terlihat di bawah ini.
I needn’t go. = I don’t need to go.
She needn’t go. = She doesn’t need to go.
Need sebagai auxiliaty verb akan membuat arti kalimat ber-
beda dalam bentuk lampau.
Contoh:
I needn’t have come (but I did anyway, and wasted my
time).
Bandingkan dengan:
I didn’t need to come (so I didn’t come).
Exercise 22
Use “needn’t have” or “didn’t need to” to complete these sentences. The
verbs are given in parentheses.
1. He ………………… (put) any more sugar. Now the
tea is too sweet.
2. He …………………… (put) any more sugar. The tea
is already sweet.
3. I ………………… (type) the letter. There are double
copies of the letter now.
4. I ……………………(type) the letter. She had done it
for me.
5. We …………………… (pack) our things. But it’s
done and we have to repack now as the new house is
not yet ready.
6. We ………………… (pack) our things, knowing that
the new house is not yet ready.
7. Rani ………………… (hurry) to the airport. The
plane was delayed and she has to wait too long at the
airport. 53
8. Rani ………………… (hurry) to the airport. The
plane was delayed and the travel agent had called her
before she left.
9. I ………………… (pay) for the balloon. It was given
for free in the next booth.
10. I ………………… (pay) for the balloon. I got it free
from the next booth.
54
To Make a Negative
Sentence and a Question
Untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya yang perlu

Anda lakukan adalah memperhatikan kata kerja bantunya.
Secara umum langkah-langkah yang harus Anda perhatikan
adalah:
Untuk kalimat negaif (negaive sentence):
• Cari auxiliary verbnya.
• Tambahkan not setelah auxiliary verb.
Untuk kalimat tanya (interrogaive sentence):
• Cari auxiliary verbnya.
• Pindahkan auxiliary verbnya ke depan kalimat.
Agar lebih mudah, mari kita bahas mengenai auxiliary verb

satu-persatu.
TO BE
Anggota to be adalah: be, is, am, are, was, were, been, being.
Negaive sentence
Seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas, langkah pertama yang
harus kita lakukan adalah mencari auxiliary verbnya. Nah,
untuk auxiliary verb to be Anda bisa langsung melihatnya di
dalam kalimat.
55
Contoh:
I am writing a book.
Be yang dipakai adalah “am”.

Langkah kedua adalah menambah not setelah be. Sehingga
kalimat di atas akan menjadi:
I am not writing a book.
Exercise 23
Put these sentences into negative.
1. Toni is yawning.
……………………………………………………
2. I am mending my watch.
……………………………………………………
3. The boys are running very fast.
……………………………………………………
4. Yuni and I are eating pineapple together.
……………………………………………………
5. My alarm was beeping last night.
……………………………………………………
6. Mother is baking a cake.
……………………………………………………
7. The professor was talking about the effect of
Renaissance.
……………………………………………………
8. They were wandering around in the city last Saturday.
……………………………………………………
56
To Make a Negaive Sentence and a Quesion

9. Bayu was drinking beras kencur when Dodi entered
Bayu’s room.
……………………………………………………
10. Dodi was playing with a doll when Bayu phoned him.
……………………………………………………
Interrogaive sentence
Ingat langkah-langkah pada bagian sebelumnya. Langkah per-
tama dalam membuat kalimat tanya adalah mencari auxilary
verbnya.
Contoh:
I am writing a book.
Be yang dipakai adalah “am”.
Langkah kedua, letakkan kata kerja bantunya di awal kalimat.
Contoh:
Am I writing a book?
Exercise 24
Put these sentences into interrogative.
1. I am telling the truth.
……………………………………………………
2. The police oficers are capturing the thief.
……………………………………………………
3. My toy ship is sinking into the river.
……………………………………………………
4. The committee is focusing on the matter.
……………………………………………………
57
5. Romi was working hard when he was a teenager.
……………………………………………………
6. My little brother was shattering my CD’s.
……………………………………………………
7. The painter is just spattering the paint onto the wall.
……………………………………………………
8. All the children were reciting the topic they discussed.
……………………………………………………
9. I am scratching this coupon to see if I win the grand
prize.
……………………………………………………
10. We are planning to issue the magazine by the end of
this summer.
……………………………………………………
Is Cinderella losing her glass slippers?
58

TO DO
Seperti yang telah dibahas sebelumnya bahwa Auxiliary verb
to do digunakan untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan kali-
mat tanya. Nah, yang membedakan dalam membuat kalimat
negatif maupun kalimat tanya adalah auxiliary verb to do di-
ambil dari kata kerja utamanya.
Negaive sentence
Contoh:
“I take the bag.”
Kata kerja utama : take (present)
Auxilary verb : do
Menjadi : “I do not take the bag.”
“She tells the truth.”

Kata kerja utama : tells (present)
Auxilary verb : does
Menjadi :“She doesn’t tell the truth.”
“The guests came at dawn yesterday.”

Kata kerja utama : came (past)
Auxilary verb : did
Menjadi : “The guests didn’t come at
dawn yesterday.”
“She screamed too much.”

Kata kerja utama : screamed (past)
Auxilary verb : did
Menjadi : “She didn’t scream too much.”
59
Exercise 25
Change the verbs in italic into negative.
1. Yesterday I went to a party.
……………………………………………………
2. People welcomed me nicely.
……………………………………………………
3. And somebody gave presents.
……………………………………………………
4. All the people became very happy knowing that I was
there.
……………………………………………………
5. I was singing a song at the party.
……………………………………………………
6. They said that my voice was beautiful and delicate.
……………………………………………………
7. This is a lie.
……………………………………………………
Interrogaive sentence
Untuk membuat kalimat tanya dari kalimat yang memakai
auxiliary verb, yang perlu Anda lakukan hanya memindahkan
kata kerja bantunya ke depan kalimat. Namun karena auxiliary
60
to do tersembunyi di dalam main verb, Anda harus berhati

hati dalam memilih auxiliary to do yang sesuai. Lihat kembali
padanan antara subjek dan auxiliary to do di atas.
I do not like playing in the mud. I just love it.
Contoh:
“I take the bag.”
Kata kerja utama : take (present)
Subjek :I
Auxilary verb : do
Menjadi : “Do I take the bag? ”
“She tells the truth.”

Kata kerja utama : tells (present)
Subjek : she
Auxilary verb : does
Menjadi : “Does she tell the truth?”
“She screamed aloud.”

Kata kerja utama : screamed (past)
Subjek : she
Auxilary verb : did
Menjadi : “Did she scream aloud?”
61
TO HAVE
Have sebagai auxiliary verb memunyai arti “sudah” atau “be-
lum” (have not). Untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan kalimat
tanya, sama seperti biasa kita perlu menambahkan not pada
auxiliary verb untuk kalimat negatif. Sedangkan untuk kalimat
tanya, Anda hanya perlu memindahkan auxiliary verb ke de-
pan kalimat.
Negaive sentence
Untuk membuat kalimat negatif, Anda perlu mencari auxi-
liary verbnya kemudian tambahkan kata not sesudah auxil-
iary verb.
Contoh:
I have eaten.
Menjadi: I have not (atau haven’t) eaten.
I have spoken to him

Menjadi: I have not (atau haven’t) spoken to him.
Exercise 26
Fill in the blanks with “to have + VerbIII.”
Example: She …………… the movie twice. (watch)
She has watched the movie twice.
1. They ……………… the right formula. (discover)

2. The sailor ……………… the whale for years. (hunt)
3. The detective ……………… the victim last week.
(identify)
4. Your son ………………… since I came. (yell)
5. My company ……………… for twenty years. But still
62 we don’t make any signiicant progress. (set up)

6. We ………………… by the junior team. (be beat)
7. My girlfriend ……………… there for two hours wait-
ing for me. I felt very bad. (stand)
8. They ………………… to go to the semiinal. (fail)
9. Nania ……………… to the sea before. (not be)
10. He ………………… that he does what he says. (never
prove)
Interrogaive
Membuat kalimat tanya sebenarnya sangat mudah. Hal yang
perlu Anda lakukan hanyalah mencari auxiliary verb to have
kemudian pindahkan ke awal kalimat.
Contoh:
She has gone.
Menjadi: Has she gone?
They have arrived.

Menjadi: Have they arrived?
63
To Make Short Responses
Short responses adalah sebuah jawaban singkat. Jika kita ditanya

“Anda mau buah?” kita bisa menjawab dengan “Ya.” Dalam
bahasa Inggris tertulis kita diharuskan untuk menyertakan
auxiliary verb dalam membuat short response. Jadi bila ditanya
“Anda mau buah?” kita menjawabnya dengan “Ya, saya mau.”
Bagian “saya mau” diungkapkan dengan auxiliary verb.
Dalam menggunakan short responses, Anda perlu mem-
perhatikan kata kerja bantu yang ada dalam kalimat tanya.
Contoh:
“Are you reading a magazine?”
Auxiliary verb : are dari kelompok to be
Respons : “Yes, I am.”
Ingat padanan subjek “I” untuk auxiliary verb to be adalah
“am” bukan “are”.
Begitu juga dengan short response berbentuk negatif,
yang perlu Anda lakukan hanyalah menambahkan not setelah
auxiliary verb.
Contoh dengan penjabaran:
“Do you make a note?”
Auxiliary verb : do
Respons : “No, I don’t.”
Contoh lainnya:
Has he come?
No, he hasn’t.
64
To Make Short Responses

Have you done your homework?
Yes, I have.
Were you sleeping at the class?
No, I wasn’t.
Are they hiding in the park?

Yes, they are.
Did you borrow my dictionary?

No, I didn’t.
Does she call you?

Yes, she does.
65
To Make a Question Tags
Question tags adalah pernyataan pada akhir kalimat yang digu-

nakan untuk mendapatkan penegasan. Sama seperti yang te-
lah kita pelajari sebelumnya bahwa yang perlu Anda lakukan
hanyalah memperhatikan auxiliary verbnya.
Contoh:
You are studying English, aren’t you?
(Anda sedang belajar bahasa Inggris, bukan?)
“You are studying” merupakan kalimat pernyataannya, sedang-

kan bagian yang dicetak tebal adalah question tags-nya.
Dalam membuat question tags, Anda tidak hanya perlu
memperhatikan auxiliary verbnya saja. Perhatikan aturan
aturan mengenai question tag berikut:
1. Bila pernyataannya positif (+) maka question tags-nya
negatif (-), begitu juga sebaliknya.
Contoh:
You run fast, don’t you?
You don’t run fast, do you?
2. Question tag berbentuk negatif selalu dalam bentuk

singkatan (don’t, didn’t, aren’t, etc).
Contoh:
They were talking about me, weren’t they?
She is taking the right box, isn’t she?
66 You came yesterday, didn’t you?
To Make Quesion Tags

3. Kata yang bermakna negatif, seperti never, few, little
memiliki tag question positif. Lantas kata-kata apa saja
yang bermakna negatif ? Hafalkan kata-kata berikut ini:
never few/little hardly seldom

nothing rarely nobody
Contoh:
Lisa seldom goes to the cinema, does she?
We have nothing, do we?
The child could hardly breathe, could he?
4. Subjek yang dipakai dalam question tag berbentuk

pronoun (he, she, I, it, etc), bukan my friend, the
lawyer, Lisa, dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
The police oficers are giving me a ticket, aren’t they?
The dog eats the meat, doesn’t it?
5. Untuk pernyataan yang berupa kalimat ajakan, question

tag-nya menjadi shall. Sedang untuk pernyataan yang
berupa kalimat perintah, question tag-nya menjadi will.
Contoh:
Let’s go to the zoo, shall we? (ajakan)
Drink this medicine, will you? (perintah)
Exercise 27
Put the question tag in the blanks.
1. He has had his medicine, ……………………?
2. Lisa was looking for me, ………………………?
3. Toni jumps over the fence, ………………………? 67
4. Let’s watch Mr. Big concert, ……………………?
5. That couple often go to this restaurant, ……………?
6. I seldom listen to the teacher, ……………………?

7. Put on the light, ……………………?
8. He’s ixed the broken air conditioner, ……………….?
9. Those children have little happiness, ………………?
10. Lisa and John must do the ield research, ……………?
68
Final Exercise
Choose the correct answer.

1. “You ………….. bring a lantern. I have brought two
for us.”
a. must not
b. needn’t
c. must
d. could
2. “The streets are wet.”

“It …………………… last night.”
a. must be raining
b. could have rained
c. should have rained
d. must have rained
3. This amazing building ……………. in 1967 by a fa-

mous architect.
a. built
b. build
c. was built
d. was building
4. He’d gone for so long, ……………………?

a. hadn’t he
b. didn’t he
69
c. isn’t he
d. wouldn’t he
5. “Where is Hari? I haven’t seen him for a while.”

“He might have gone to Chicago. He said that he want-
ed to continue his study there.”
From the above sentence we may conclude that ……
a. Hari went to Chicago
b. Hari is going to Chicago
c. Hari is probably in Chicago now
d. Hari is certainly not going to Chicago
6. You …………… get another bulb. This room is too

dark for you to study.
a. will
b. can
c. may
d. should
7. You ………………… come with us if you want to.

a. may
b. will
c. must
d. cannot
8. Brenda is ………………… a letter for his new friend.

a. writing
b. written
c. writes
d. write
9. My uncle would rather ………………. the car. He

70 feels sleepy.
a. don’t drive
Final Excercises
b. not drive
c. didn’t driving
d. didn’t drive
10. He seldom has visited this place, ……………………?

a. hasn’t he
b. has he
c. didn’t he
d. does he
11. To study Mathematics you ……………………. a lot.

a. must practice
b. have practice
c. must practices
d. ought practice
12. The police stopped me and said, “When you are riding
a motorcycle you ……………….. wear a helmet.”
a. should
b. must
c. may
d. can
13. You had better ……………… or you will miss the

game.
a. don’t sleep
b. not sleep
c. didn’t sleep
d. not sleeping
71
14. They were ……………. in the football ield when you
arrived.
a. play
b. plays
c. played
d. playing
15. They used to play in the T Park happily.

The above sentence means …………………….
a. they are now playing in the T Park.
b. they always play in the T Park
c. they played in the T Park in the past, but they don’t
play in the T Park again now.
d. they are accustomed to playing in the T Park.
16. Valentino Rossi may, if he keeps up resulting good lap

time on testing Ferrari, ……………… to Formula 1.
a. move
b. moves
c. moving
d. moved
17. Has she ………………… to you?

a. wrote
b. write
c. written
d. writted
18. He ……………… when I phoned him yesterday.

a. was sleep
b. was sleeps
c. was slept
72 d. was sleeping
19. Get me an ice cream, …………………?
Final Excercises
a. shall you
b. do you
c. will you
d. should you
20. I don’t know where Nimo is. He ………………. early.

a. must have leave
b. must left
c. must have left
d. must leave
21. I couldn’t ind Nana and Nini, they ………… in the

library after class.
a. must be
b. must have be
c. must have being
d. must have been
22. She ………………… making her dinner by herself.

a. used to
b. is used
c. used
d. is used to
23. I called Rino last night, but he didn’t pick the phone
up.
He …………………… last night.
a. must have gone to sleep
b. must sleep
c. could not be sleeping
d. could sleep
73
24. After they had ……………… for several hours, they
decided to sleep in a motel.
a. drives
b. drove
c. driving
d. driven
25. You should ………………… your umbrella, it’s

raining.
a. bring
b. brought
c. bringing
d. brings
26. “Nobody is answering the bell.”

“Husni ………………… now.”
a. must have slept
b. could be sleeping
c. should be sleeping
d. must be sleeping
27. “I hope you don’t mind with the sound, Miss

Daphne.”
“Don’t worry, I am used to hearing loud and noisy
sound especially that in the factory.
The sentence above means that …………………….
a. Miss Daphne don’t like the sound in the factory
b. Miss Daphne is accustomed to loud and noisy
sound
74
c. Miss Daphne used to hear the loud and noisy
Final Excercises
sound in factories
d. the sound bothers Miss Daphne
28. “My blind date didn’t come to the dinner.”

“Oh I am sorry. She ………………… you before.”
a. should have called
b. must have called
c. could have called
d. would have called
29. I can hear the sound of a radio, my uncle ……………

to the radio now.
a. must be listening
b. must listen
c. must listening
d. must have listened
30. Nini is………………… in England with its spacious

area.
a. used to live
b. used to lives
c. used to living
d. used to be living
31. I should ……………… my proit with you.

a. don’t share
b. not share
c. not sharing
d. not shared
75
32. Jane is ………………… to the post ofice this
afternoon.
a. goes
b. go
c. going
d. to go
33. I have ………………… here since this morning.
a. been
b. be
c. being
d. to be
34. The police had ……………… the robber of the

bank.
a. catch
b. to catch
c. catches
d. caught
35. This is the novel that I have bought from the book-
store, …………………?
a. haven’t I
b. haven’t it
c. isn’t it
d. isn’t I
76
Key to Exercises
Exercise 1
1. go; 2. listen; 3. come; 4. yell; 5. raise; 6. open; 7. tell; 8. fol-
low; 9. take off; 10. achieve; 11. be able to; 12. smile; 13. take;
14. sit; 15. keep on, be
Exercise 2
The correct forms of permission are sentences 1, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7.
Exercise 3
1. May I go out?
2. May I play kite with my friends?
3. May I play the drum?
4. May I see the movie?
5. May I build a tree house in the backyard?
6. May I buy an ice cream?
7. May I have a puppy?
8. May I go to the beach?
9. May I drive the new car?
10. May I get out of the house?
Exercise 4
1. may forget; 2. may be in your bag; 3. There may not be
enough people 4. It might have been raining; 5. It may rain
any time; 6. I may do nothing; 7. It may be a BMW; 8. It may
lack of sugar; 9. It might be because of the scratch. 10. I
might ind a job.
Exercise 5
can – can’t – can – can – can
Exercise 6
78 NA
Key To Excercises
Exercise 7
“Can” can be replaced by “could” or “would” or “will”.
1. Can you mail my letter?
2. Can you ix my radio?
3. Can you reach that book for me?
4. Can you close the window?
5. Can you teach me Mathematics?
6. Can you help me carry the luggages?
7. Can you take a picture for me?
8. Can you make an omelette for me?
9. Can you take me for a drive?
10. Can you share one of your sausages?
Exercise 8
1. Would you mind picking me up at the airport?
2. Would you mind helping me move this table?
3. Would you mind accompanying me to the bank?
4. Would you mind turning on the air conditioner?
5. Would you mind getting me a glass of ice tea?
6. Would you mind cutting the grass?
7. Would you mind shutting the door?
8. Would you mind putting off your cigarette?
9. Would you mind taking that dictionary off the shelf ?
10. Would you mind bringing the lost duck tomorrow?
Exercise 9
NA
Exercise 10
1. don’t have to; 2. mustn’t; 3. doesn’t have to; 4. must not ;
5. don’t have to ; 6. must not; 7. don’t have to; 8. must not; 9.
must not; 10. must not
79
Exercise 11
NA
Exercise 12
“Had better” bisa diganti dengan “should”.
1. You had better speak louder; 2. You had better sprinkle the
seeds to wider areas; 3. You had better polish them; 4. You
had better have some rest; 5. You had better drink lots of wa-
ter; 6. You had better repaint it; 7. You had better comb your
hair; 8. You had better wear a seatbelt; 9. You had better turn
on the fan; 10. You had better study with me
Exercise 13
NA
Exercise 14
1. am going to; 2. am going to; 3. will; 4. would; 5. am going
to
Exercise 15
1. left; 2. study; 3. think; 4. didn’t; 5. gave; 6 become; 7. bring
Exercise 16
1. She must be happy; 2. She may ind you funny; 3. It may
be in your room; 4. It may be infected; 5. He must have won
a lottery; 6. It might be a hospital; 7. I may be in Rome; 8 He
must be sad; 9. I must have spilled the water; 10. There must
be someone in the house
80
Key To Excercises
Exercise 17
1. He must be thirsty; 2. He must be hungry; 3. Somebody
must have called me last night; 4. It must have rained last
night; 5. He must be tired now
Exercise 18
1. drinking; 2. knocking; 3 running; 4. working; 5. having; 6.
laughing, practicing; 7. being; 8. trying; 9. moving; 10. mak-
ing
Exercise 19
The correct passive sentences are 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Exercise 20
1. am; 2. is; 3. -; 4. is; 5. are; 6. be; 7. be; 8. -; 9. is; 10. -
Exercise 21
1. written; 2. directed; 3. managed; 4. igured out; 5. checked
in; 6. taken; 7. been; 8. grown, thought; 9. found; 10. read
Exercise 22
1. needn’t have put; 2. didn’t need to put; 3. needn’t have
typed; 4. didn’t need to type; 5. needn’t have packed; 6. didn’t
need to pack; 7. needn’t have hurried; 8. didn’t need to hurry;
9. needn’t have paid; 10. didn’t need to pay
Exercise 23
1. Toni is not yawning.; 2. I am not mending my watch.; 3. The
boys are not running very fast.; 4. Yuni and I are not eating
pineapple together.; 5. My alarm was not beeping last night.; 6.
Mother is not baking a cake.; 7. The professor was not talking
about the effect of Renaissance.; 8. They were not wandering
around in the city last Saturday.; 9. Bayu was not drinking beras 81
kencur when Dodi entered Bayu’s room.; 10. Dodi was not
playing with a doll when Bayu phoned him.
Exercise 24
1. Am I telling the truth?; 2. Are the police oficers captur-
ing the thief ?; 3. Is my toy ship sinking into the river?; 4. Is
the committee focusing on the matter? 5. Was Romi work-
ing hard when he was a teenager?; 6. Was my little brother
shattering my CD’s? 7. Is the painter just spattering the paint
onto the wall?; 8. Were all the children reciting the topic they
discussed? 9. Am I scratching this coupon to see if I win the
grand prize?; 10. Are we planning to issue the magazine by the
end of this summer?
Exercise 25
1. didn’t go; 2. didn’t welcome; 3. didn’t give; 4. didn’t become;
5. wasn’t singing; 6. wasn’t beautiful; 7 wasn’t;
Exercise 26
1. have discovered; 2. has hunted; 3. had identiied; 4. has
yelled; 5. has set up; 6. haven’t been beaten; 7. has stood; 8.
have failed; 9. hasn’t been; 10. has never proved
Exercise 27
1. hasn’t he?; 2. wasn’t she?; 3. doesn’t he?; 4. shall we?; 5.
don’t they?; 6. don’t I?; 7. will you?; 8. hasn’t he?; 9. don’t they;
10. mustn’t they?
Final Exercise
1. b 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. c
6. d 7. a 8. a 9. b 10. b
11. a 12. b 13. b 14. d 15. c
82 16. a 17. c 18. d 19. c 20. c
21. d 22. b 23. a 24. d 25. a
Key To Excercises
26. b 27.c 28. a 29. a 30. c
31. b 32. c 33. a 34. d 35. c
83
Auxiliary Verbs
&
Modal Auxiliary
PART 2
MODALS AUXILIARY
Auxiliary Verbs
&
Modal Auxiliary
More on Modals
Modals merupakan kata kerja yang difungsikan sebagai kata

bantu dalam sebuah kalimat. Dengan modals kita dapat meng-
eskpresikan apa yang kita rasakan dalam sebuah situasi.
Contoh:
I’ll go swimming tomorrow.
I might go swimming tomorrow.
Kalimat pertama mengekspresikan niat Anda untuk berenang

besok, sedangkan kalimat yang kedua mengekspresikan ke-
mungkinan bahwa Anda ingin berenang besok namun Anda
belum tahu pasti apakah Anda akan pergi atau tidak.
Kita pasti bertanya-tanya, apakah semua kata kerja meru-
pakan modals? Jawabannya adalah TIDAK. Kata-kata yang
termasuk dalam kelompok modals adalah sebagai berikut:
Primary modals
can–could
may–might
must–had to
shall–should/would
will–would
Sebagai kata bantu dalam sebuah kalimat, modals diletakkan

setelah subjek dan sebelum kata kerja.
87
Pola yang digunakan:
Subject + modals + Verbdasar
Contoh:
They could understand each other, when they were
young.
(Mereka bisa saling mengerti satu sama lain ketika mereka
masih muda.)
You may get your bag now.

(Anda boleh mengambil tas Anda sekarang.)
We have to help that old man crossing the street.

(Kita harus menolong orang tua itu menyebrang jalan.)
We shall visit our new neighbour.

(Kita harus mengunjungi tetangga baru kita.)
You should greet your boss in the morning.
(Anda harus menyapa bos anda di pagi hari.)
88
Adrian will come soon.
More On Modals
(Adrian akan segera datang.)
You ought to eat fruit every day.

(Anda harus makan buah setiap hari.)
I used to study in your school.

(Saya pernah belajar di sekolahmu.)
What’s new?!
Dalam kalimat, modals selalu diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk
dasar (Verbdasar). Untuk menyatakan bentuk lampau, Anda
hanya perlu mengubah modals bukan kata kerjanya.
Contoh:
I can write English now.
I could write Indonesian when I was three.
Note:
Need and dare
Need dan dare benar-benar difungsikan sebagai modals ha-
nya ketika dipakai dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.
Sedangkan untuk kalimat positif, need dan dare difungsikan
sebagai kata kerja penuh dengan menambahkan kata “to”.
Contoh:
He dared to go to the jungle.
(Ia berani untuk pergi ke hutan.)
He needs to speak more gently.

(Ia perlu bicara dengan lebih lembut.)
89
Exercise 1
Tick (√) T if the sentence is true or F if the sentence is false.
1. He can took the exam last year. T F
2. They will visit their homeland next T F
week.
3. It’s 7 A.M., I must be late. T F
4. You should inish your task, Ciara! T F
5. She might forgive my mistake. T F
6. Lina must draws a new sketch. T F
7. The cat can cause you a scratch. T F
8. He will marry her next month. T F
9. Berlin ought to takes the bed rest for T F
a few days.
10. He shall see his mother as soon as T F
possible.
Sekarang kita telah mendapatkan sedikit gambaran tentang

apa itu modals. Selanjutnya kita akan mempelajari bagaimana
cara untuk menggunakan modals secara lebih spesiik
90
To Form Negatives and
Questions with Modals
Sekarang kita akan mempelajari bagaimana cara membuat ka-

limat negatif dan kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan modals
sebagai kata bantu dalam kalimat.
Sebelumnya kita telah mengetahui pola kalimat tanya yang
menggunakan modals, yaitu dengan meletakkan modals sebe-
lum kata kerja. Untuk membentuk kalimat negatif, kita tinggal
menambahkan kata not sesudah modals.
Pola yang digunakan:
Subject + modals + NOT + Verbdasar
Perhatikan tabel berikut ini.
Positive Negative
Modals Arti Modals Arti
can bisa cannot (can’t) tidak bisa
could bisa could not (couldn’t) tidak bisa
may mungkin may not tidak mungkin
might mungkin might not tidak mungkin
must harus must not (mustn’t) tidak boleh
ought to harus ought not to (oughtn’t to) tidak boleh
need harus/perlu need not (needn’t) tidak harus
shall akan shall not (shan’t) tidak akan
should harus should not (shouldn’t) tidak boleh
will akan will not (won’t) tidak akan
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would akan would not (wouldn’t) tidak akan

dare berani daren’t tidak berani
have to harus don’t/doesn’t have to tidak mesti
used to pernah didn’t use to/never tidak pernah
Contoh:
Positive form Negative form
I can sing the song. I can’t sing the song.
I could sing the song. I couldn’t sing the song.
I shall sing the song. I shan’t sing the song.
I should sing the song. I shouldn’t sing the song.
I may sing the song. I may not sing the song.
I might sing the song. I might not sing the song.
I must sing the song. I mustn’t sing the song.
I ought to sing the song. I oughtn’t to sing the song.
I need to sing the song. (verb) I needn’t sing the song.
I dare to sing the song. (verb) I daren’t sing the song.
I will sing the song. I won’t sing the song.
I would sing the song. I wouldn’t sing the song.
I have to sing the song. I don’t have to sing the song.
I used to sing the song. I never sing the song.
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To Form Negaives and Quesions with Modals

I can’t sing the song.
Note:
Have to and used to
Have to adalah pengganti must dan selalu menggunakan aux-
iliary verb do/does/did.
Contoh:
I must stop when they tell me to stop.
I have to stop when I feel tired.
Sedangkan used to tidak lagi difungsikan sebagai auxiliary

verb. Used to juga menggunakan auxiliary verb do/does/
did.
Contoh:
Positive form Negative form
I have to sing the song. I don’t have to sing the song.
I used to sing the song. I didn’t use to sing the song.
I never used to sing the song.
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Exercise 2
Change these sentences into negative form.
1. I could watch the movie in the cinema.
……………………………………………………
2. We will swim today.
……………………………………………………
3. Dennis and I must inish our task soon.
……………………………………………………
4. The door will open.
……………………………………………………
5. It may rain today.
……………………………………………………
6. He says that he will stop smoking.
……………………………………………………
7. The students can speak English well.
……………………………………………………
8. I can drive your car.
……………………………………………………
9. The storm might damage the village.
……………………………………………………
10. I need to talk to her.
94 ……………………………………………………
11. Mandy and Ivy have to complete their task before

midday.
……………………………………………………
12. I should visit my sister in hospital.
……………………………………………………
13. Molly used to love Dion very much.
……………………………………………………
14. We shall return the books to the library.
……………………………………………………
15. She dares to punch the burglar.
……………………………………………………
Bentuk kalimat tanya (question form) pada kalimat yang

meng gunakan modals adalah sebagai berikut:
Modals + Subject + Verbdasar
Contoh:
Positive form Question form
I can sing the song. Can I sing the song?
I could sing the song. Could I sing the song?
I shall sing the song. Shall I sing the song?
I should sing the song. Should I sing the song?
I may sing the song. May I sing the song?
I might sing the song. Might I sing the song?
95
I must sing the song. Must I sing the song?

I ought to sing the song. Ought I to sing the song?
I need to sing the song. Need I sing the song?
I dare to sing the song. Dare I sing the song?
I will sing the song. Will I sing the song?
I would sing the song. Would I sing the song?
Note:
Dalam membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan modals,
kita tidak menggunakan auxiliary verbs do/does/did. Kita
langsung menggunakan modals sebagai pengganti do/does/
did, kecuali untuk have to dan used to.
Contoh:
Positive form Question form
I have to sing the song. Do I have to sing the song?
I used to sing the song. Did I use to sing the song?
What’s new?!
Need dan dare berfungsi sebagai modals auxiliary ketika di-
pakai dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.
Contoh:
I need to take a bath. (verb)
(Saya harus mandi.)
Kalimat negatif : I needn’t take a bath. (modal)
(Saya tidak perlu mandi.)
Kalimat tanya : Need I take a bath? (modal)
(Haruskah saya mandi?)
I dare to swim in the sea. (verb)
(Saya berani berenang di laut.)
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Kalimat negatif : I daren’t swin in the sea. (modal)

(Saya tidak berani berenang di laut.)
Kalimat tanya : Dare I swim in the sea? (modal)
(Beranikah saya berenang di laut?)
Exercise 3
Change these sentences into question form.
1. I could watch the movie in the cinema.
…………………………………………………....
2. We will swim today.
…………………………………………………....
3. Dennis and I must inish our task soon.
…………………………………………………...
4. The door will open.
……………………………………………………
5. It may rain today.
…………………………………………………....
6. He will stop smoking.
…………………………………………………....
7. The students can speak English well.
……………………………………………………
8. I can drive your car.

…………………………………………………....
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9. The storm might damage the village.
…………………………………………………
10. I need to talk to her.
…………………………………………………
11. Mandy and Ivy has to complete their task before
midday.
…………………………………………………
12. I should visit my sister in the hospital.
…………………………………………………
13. Molly used to love Dion very much.
…………………………………………………
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14. We shall return the books to the library.

…………………………………………………
15. She dares to punch the burglar.
…………………………………………………
99
Can and Be Able To
Can dapat diganti menjadi am/is are able to yang kurang

lebih berarti “mampu” atau “dapat”.
Contoh:
I can swim. = I am able to swim.
She can swim. = She is able to swim.
They can swim. = They are able to swim.
Dari segi kegunaan, can memiliki kegunaan yang lebih luas

sebagai berikut:
1. Untuk mengekspresikan permintaan izin (permission)
atau kemungkinan (possibility). Be able to tidak digu-
nakan untuk mengungkapkan ekspresi ini dan paling
sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kemampuan
(ability).
Contoh:
Can I read your book? (permission)
If you came early, you can get a reward.
(possibility)
2. Untuk mengekspresikan kemampuan (ability), can
dapat digantikan oleh am/is/are able to.
Contoh:
I can dive in the sea.
Atau
I am able to dive in the sea.
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Can and Be Able To

I am able to dive in the sea.
3. Untuk mengungkapkan permintaan (request).

Contoh:
Can you get me a cup of tea, please!
Can you bring me that book?
Note:
Untuk mengekspresikan ketidakmampuan dan ketidakmung-
kinan, kita hanya perlu menambahkan not pada modals auxi-
liary can atau be dalam be able to meskipun jarang kita de-
ngar.
Contoh:
I can dive into the sea.
Menjadi: I can’t dive into the sea.
I am able to dive in the sea. (jarang dipakai)

Menjadi: I am not able to dive in the sea.
You can get a reward.

Menjadi: You can’t get a reward. 101
Can and could

Could adalah bentuk lampau (past) dari can. Untuk menya-
takan kemampuan dalam bentuk lampau, kita dapat meng-
gunakan could.
Contoh:
I could accompany you yesterday, but today I can’t.
Could meskipun dianggap sebagai bentuk lampau dari can,

sebenarnya juga bisa dipakai dalam bentuk present, yaitu un-
tuk mengungkapkan sebuah permintaan (request).
Contoh:
Can you go with me?
Could you go with me?
Pada kalimat kedua, ada kesan lebih halus, lebih sopan, lebih
berhati-hati, dan lebih ragu-ragu.
Can dan could juga dapat digunakan ketika kita hendak
memberi saran pada seseorang (suggestion).
Contoh:
I think you can sleep here tonight.
I think you could sleep here tonight.
Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks with “can” or “can’t”.
1. …………… you tell me where this road is going,
please!
2. I ……………… ride the motorbike a year ago.
3. ……………… spiders live over a month?
4. Amel, …………… I use your computer?
102
Can and Be Able To

5. ……………… you come to my party, Mrs Smith?
6. Mr and Mrs Daniel ………… live together in their
little villa.
7. The bomb …………… kill the people if they get a
warning before.
8. My brother ………….. climb the trees, but now he
can’t.
9. Sari ………….. help me to clean the classroom.
10. ……………… you cut off this rope, John?
Was able to and could

Could dan was able to adalah bentuk lampau dari can dan am/
is/are able to.
Contoh:
I could write when I was two.
I could swim very well at your age.
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Was/were able to lebih menyiratkan adanya sebuah usaha
sama seperti managed to.

Contoh:
I managed to escape from the riot.
I was able to escape from the riot.
(after a lot of pushing or being pushed)
Exercise 5
Fill in the blanks with the correct modals (can, could, be able to or
was able to).
1. …………… she understand what I mean?
2. Donni ………… play basketball since he had a
3-month practice.
3. I …………… walk now, after my leg has been injured
for 2 weeks.
4. My mother ………… cook a delicious steak.
5. …………….. you lend me your ruler, please!
6. ……………… she stay in your house for a week?
7. I …………… swim, it frightens me to jump to the
pool.
8. …………… I borrow your money, I lost my wallet.
9. Mira ………… speak English very well, she has been
living in England since 2002.
10. He …………… drive car anymore .
11. She said that I …………… join her to the party.
12. …………… you call the doctor, please!
13. My grandma ………… walk well before she’s too old
to walk without her walking stick.
14. They ……….. win the competition after lots of
practice.
15. …………….. I borrow your car, Dad?
16. ……………. you give me that book, please!
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Can and Be Able To

17. Ronny ………….. sleep at night before he had
insomnia.
18. You …………… eat the meal after we pray.
19. I ……………… come to your ofice yesterday.
20. He ……………… play badminton anymore.
Can’t and couldn’t for making conclusion

Ketika dihadapkan pada kondisi atau fakta tertentu, kita dapat
menarik kesimpulan dari kondisi atau fakta tersebut. Kesim-
pulan itu bisa berupa kesimpulan positif ataupun negatif. Un-
tuk mengungkapkan kesimpulan negatif, kita dapat menggu-
nakan bantuan modals can’t dan couldn’t.
Mari kita perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
“My neighbour is rich, he can’t have that much debt.”
(Tetanggaku itu kaya, ia tidak mungkin punya banyak hu-
tang.)
Kondisi/fakta : My neighbour is rich.
Kesimpulan : He can’t have that much debt.
“Anita is very clever, she can’t fail in her exam.”

(Anita sangat pintar, ia tidak mungkin gagal dalam ujian.)
Kondisi/fakta : Anita is very clever.
Kesimpulan : She can’t fail in her exam.
Can’t digunakan untuk pernyataan yang dibuat pada masa

sekarang (present). Pada contoh pertama “Saat ini tetangga
saya masih kaya.” dan disimpulkan bahwa ia tidak mungkin
terlilit hutang. Begitu juga untuk contoh kedua “Saat ini Anita
sangat pintar.”, jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa ia tidak mung-
kin gagal ujian.
105
“Mike loved Helen, he couldn’t have left her in the
wedding day.”
(Mike mencintai Helen, ia tak mungkin meninggalkannya di
hari pernikahan.)
Kondisi/fakta : Mike loved Helen.
Kesimpulan : He couldn’t have left her in the
wedding day.
“Mr Santo was a farmer, he couldn’t hate planting.”

(Tuan Santo seorang petani, ia tak mungkin benci bercocok
tanam.)
Kondisi/fakta : Mr Santo was a farmer.
Kesimpulan : He couldn’t hate planting.
Couldn’t atau couldn’t have (+Verb III) digunakan untuk

pernyataan pada masa lampau (past). Contoh pertama menya-
takan “Mike dulu mencintai Helen” dan mungkin sekarang ia
sudah tidak mencintainya lagi. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa
dulu ia tak mungkin meninggalkan Helen di hari pernikahan.
Begitu pula untuk contoh kedua “Tuan Santo dulu adalah
seorang petani”, jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa dulu ia tidak
mungkin benci bercocok tanam.
Exercise 6
Give conclusion to these situations below.
Situations:
1. Mario is a football player.
2. Her hobby is watching action movie.
3. Bobby is a discipline student.
4. My father used to drive his car.
5. Nina loved her hair.
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Can and Be Able To

Conclusions:
1. …………………………………………………………
2. …………………………………………………………
3. …………………………………………………………
4. ………………………………………………………….
5. ………………………………………………………….
107
Must, Have To and Need
Must and must not

Must digunakan untuk mengungkapkan perintah (command),
keharusan (obligation), dan kemungkinan (possibility).
Contoh:
He must attend the meeting. (obligation)
Ronny must drink the medicine twice a day.
(obligation)
Father must go to work every morning. (obligation)
She must be your best friend. (possibility)
Sedangkan must not digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pe-

rintah dalam bentuk negatif (negative commands).
must = harus
mus not = tidak boleh
Contoh:
“He must not attend the meeting.”
Berarti bahwa ia tidak boleh atau berkewajiban untuk tidak

menghadiri rapat.
108

Exercise 7
Today is Saturday and Viona is going to go to her grandma’s
house. She wants to stay there until Sunday. Viona likes going
by bus and it’ll take an hour. It is 4 p.m. and the last bus will
come after 30 minutes. The weather outside isn’t good, the
dark clouds are hanging in the sky and the wind is blowing.
From the story above, mention 5 possible situations and

give Viona 5 commands!
Possibilities Commands/Obligations
1. ………………………… 1. ………………………
2. ………………………… 2. ………………………
3. ………………………… 3. ………………………
4. ………………………… 4. ………………………
5. ………………………… 5. ………………………
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Must and need not

Need not digunakan untuk menjelaskan tidak adanya paksaan
dalam suatu perintah. Need not diartikan sebagai “tidak ha-
rus” yang merupakan kebalikan dari must.
Contoh:
You must call him now.
No, you need not call him just yet, you can call him
later.
Exercise 8
Fill in the blank with the correct modals.
1. As a social creature, men ……… take care of each
other.
2. You ………… not eat that bread, it belongs to your
sister.
3. If you don’t mind, you …………… stay here tonight.
4. She ………… pay her debt or the debt collector will
bother her.
5. We …………… hurry, we’re running out of time.
6. They …………… (not) to drink the milk, they can
drink coffee or tea.
7. I ………… inish typing the report before I leave the
ofice.
8. She …………… leave her brother home by himself,
he is only 3 years old.
9. My mother ………… prepare the vegetables before
she cooks it.
10. I ………… (not) help her, somebody else did.
110
Must and have to

Pada dasarnya, must dan have to samasama memunyai arti
“harus”, sehingga penggunaan keduanya dalam kalimat dapat
saling menggantikan. Penggunaan modals must dan have to
dalam kalimat berfungsi untuk menyatakan adanya paksaan
akan sesuatu.
Contoh:
You must be here at 5 p.m.
(Anda harus ada di sini pada jam 5 sore.)
You have to be here at 5 p.m.

(Anda harus ada di sini pada jam 5 sore.)
Must mengungkapkan paksaan

dari sudut pandang pembicara.
Have to mengungkapkan keharusan
yang dipengaruhi fakor lain (eksternal).
Contoh:
You must be here at 5 p.m. (Because I want you to
help me here at 5 p.m.)
You have to be here at 5 p.m. (Because the party will
begin at 5 p.m.)
Have to and need

Have to dan need memunyai makna yang sama pada waktu
diungkapkan dalam bentuk negatif. Keduanya menunjukkan
hilangnya kesan “harus”.
Contoh:
You don’t need to go now. You still have a lot of time.
You don’t have to go now. You still have a lot of time.
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Exercise 9
Fill in the blank with the suitable modals (must or have to).
Nona : Hi Dee, where are you going?
Dee : I’m going to the bus station.
I ………… be there at 3 or I’ll miss the bus.
Nona : I want to read my novel, you ……….. give it back.
Dee : ………… I return it by now?
I’m still reading it.
Nona : No, you don’t ………….
But you ……… return it as soon as possible.
Dee : OK Nona, I …………… leave now.
Nona : Do I …………… drive you to the bus station?
Dee : Thank you, but you don’t ………………
Needn’t have and didn’t need

Sebagai auxiliary verb, need memiliki bentuk negatif needn’t
dalam bentuk present dan needn’t have dalam bentuk past.
Needn’t have dan didn’t need, keduanya menunjukkan
tidak perlunya suatu hal dikerjakan. Meskipun demikian, ada
perbedaan di antara keduanya.
Contoh:
I needn’t have brought an umbrella.

(Saya tidak perlu membawa payung.)
112
Meaning: I brought an umbrella and didn’t use it.

(Saya terlanjur membawa payung dan tidak memakainya.)
Needn’t have selalu diikuti oleh VerbIII dan menunjukkan

bahwa sesuatu tidak perlu dilakukan, tetapi sudah telanjur di-
kerjakan.
needn’t have + VerbIII
Sedangkan, didn’t need to selalu diikuti oleh VerbI atau kata

kerja dasar dan bermakna bahwa sesuatu hal tidak harus di-
lakukan dan memang tidak dilakukan.
Contoh:
I didn’t need to bring an umbrella.
(Saya tidak perlu membawa payung.)
Meaning: I walked outside and didn’t bring an umbrella.
(Saya berjalan keluar rumah dan tidak membawa
payung.)
didn’t need to + Verbdasar
Note:
Must for making conclusion
Salah satu fungsi modal must adalah untuk membuat suatu
kesimpulan atas suatu kejadian yang sedang atau sudah ter-
jadi.
113
Contoh:
You are wearing a rain coat; it must be raining in your

place.
Many students graduate from this school, your son
must be one of them.
Must pada kalimat di atas diartikan sebagai “mestinya”. Anda
melihat teman Anda mengenakan jas hujan dan basah kuyup
padahal di tempat Anda tidak ada hujan sama sekali. Dari situ-
asi ini, Anda dapat mengambil kesimpulan bahwa di tempat
teman Anda pasti hujan.
Exercise 10
Fill in the blank with the suitable modals (had to, didn’t need or
needn’t have).
My brother has left for Semarang. He used to go there by

train. He ………………… gone by bus, but he did. He want-
ed to know how it felt like going to Semarang by bus. He
…………………. to bring a jacket because Semarang is not
chilly. He only packed several shirts.
After he has left for Semarang, I was home alone. I
……………… lock the door everytime I left the house. I
………………. to do that before.
I ………………. wait until he returned home then I
…………… to lock the door anymore.
And now, I can leave the house without locking the door.
My neighbour said that my brother is at home, he must have
come back from Semarang.
114
Will and Shall
Will and shall

Modals will dan shall diterjemahkan sebagai “akan” dan
menunjukkan keinginan untuk melakukan sesuatu atau ke-
mungkinan terjadinya sesuatu hal.
Contoh:
Anita will give this book to her friend.
The train will be coming soon.
Dalam bahasa sastra, shall digunakan untuk semua subjek dan
memunyai arti “harus”. Tetapi untuk percakapan sehari-hari,
kita tidak menggunakan kata shall melainkan kata will yang
biasa dipakai untuk semua subjek dan memunyai arti “akan”.
Contoh:
I shall return this book.
I will return this book.
Will dalam bentuk interrogative dapat digunakan untuk men-
gungkapkan permintaan (request).
Contoh:
Will you accompany me?
Will you give me her phone number?
115
Exercise 11
Complete these following sentences.
Example: He ……… a blue jeans jacket. (will, to wear)
He will wear a blue jeans jacket.
1. Mona ………… you home. (will, taking)
2. ……… she …….. ine hearing this news? (will, to be)
3. They ……… here at 5 o’clock. (will, to be)
4. I ………… these iles. (will, to save)
5. ……… we …………? (shall, to dance)
6. I ……… the same mistake twice. (not, will, to make)
7. I ………. you an exception. (not, shall, to give)
8. ………. we ………. these exercises now? (shall, to do)
9. Viona …………. very happy to see you. (will, to be)
10. ………. you ……….. me from him? (will, to save)
Will and be going to

Be going to merupakan bentuk lain dari will. Keduanya sama-
sama mengungkapkan niat atau rencana untuk melakukan se-
suatu. Namun ada spesiikasi penggunaan will dan be going
to dalam kalimat.
Will digunakan untuk mengungkapkan:

1. Janji
Contoh:
(I promise) I will help you after I inish my homework.
116
2. Meminta dan menawarkan bantuan
Will and Shall

Contoh:
A : Will you help me clean the room? (meminta
bantuan)
B : I’ll help you clean the room. (menawarkan
bantuan)
Atau
No, I won’t help you clean the room. (penolakan)
A : Will you get me a cup of coffee? (meminta

bantuan)
B : I’ll get you a cup of coffee. (menawarkan
bantuan)
Atau
No, I won’t get you a cup of coffee. (penolakan)
3. Prediksi tentang masa depan

Contoh:
Look at the sunny sky! It’ll be a beatiful day today.
Be going to digunakan untuk mengungkapkan:

1. Rencana
Contoh:
I’m going to be a diver when I grow up.
I’m going to go to Germany when I have enough
money.
117
2. Prediksi tentang masa depan yang dibuat
perencanaannya
Seperti halnya will, be going to juga dapat digunakan
untuk mengungkapkan prediksi, tetapi be going to
menunjukkan adanya suatu rencana.
Contoh:
“Several years later, he is going to be a rich man. But
he will be 27 when it happens.” (Bukan “he is going to
be 27”.)
Exercise 12
Complete these sentences with “will” or “(be) going to”.
1. I ……………… study hard for the inal exam.
2. I …………… go to sleep after I wash my feet.
I wash my feet.
3. Diana …………… marry Ronny.
4. My father …………… drive the car. He has got the
key.
5. We ………… climb the Lawu Mountain this weekend.
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Would and should
Will and Shall

Kita menggunakan modal would ketika kita ingin mengung-
kapkan beberapa situasi, antara lain:
1. Permintaan secara sopan dan formal (polite
request).
Ada beberapa modals yang dapat dipakai untuk
mengungkapkan request, namun would digunakan
bila kita mengajukan request kepada orang yang belum
dikenal, orang yang lebih tua, atau kepada atasan,
sehingga kita harus meminta dengan sopan dan
formal.
Contoh:
Would you like to come to my house, please!
Would you like to borrow me your pen, Miss?
2. Kebiasaan di masa lampau.

She would sing for me after class.
Sometimes Mona would give me some cakes.
3. Menyatakan kalimat pengandaian atau
conditional sentences.
Conditional sentences mengungkapkan situasi di masa
lampau, namun pada kenyataannya hal tersebut tidak
mungkin bisa terjadi atau diulang lagi pada saat ini.
119
Contoh:
You wouldn’t get wet if you don’t go out in the rain.
Fact: You get wet because you go out in the rain.
They would come early if they didn’t wait for you

irst.
Fact: They don’t come early because they should
wait for you.
Should digunakan untuk mengekspresikan:

1. Saran (advice)
Should juga dapat digunakan untuk membuat kalimat
berupa saran untuk orang lain. Biasanya setelah main
clause berupa saran, akan diikuti oleh if clause berupa
akibat bila seseorang tidak melakukan saran tersebut.
Contoh:
You should take a rest if you want to get well soon.
Sonny should return the book to library if he doesn’t
want to pay the penalty.
You should sleep now, it’s late already.
120
2. Kewajiban (obligation)
Will and Shall

Should digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu ke-
harusan atau kewajiban.
Contoh:
Keni should drink milk every morning.
Mother should clean the kitchen after she cooks.
Exercise 13
Fill in the blank with the correct modals.
1. ……………… you come with me to the charity party?
2. My uncle ……… take care of his livestocks in his
farm.
3. …………… you tidy up the table?
4. I ………… pray before sleep so I will not have a
nightmare.
5. When I was a child, my mother ………… tell me a
story before I sleep.
6. She ……………. marry you, if you asked her to.
7. If I had money, I ……………… buy you the camera.
8. Nana ……………. tidy her bed every morning.
9. If I were you, I ……………… buy that book.
10. You …………… inish your task before your teacher
asks for it.
Would have and should have

Would have dan should have digunakan dalam bentuk present
perfect tense untuk mengungkapkan:
Conditional sentence tipe III, yaitu pengandaian suatu keja-
dian di masa lampau. Mari kita perhatikan contoh berikut:
Deni would have eaten the bread if a mouse had not
stolen it.
Fact: Deni didn’t eat the bread because a mouse stole it.
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I should have called you.
Fact: I didn’t call you.

Kedua kalimat di atas adalah conditional sentences tipe III
yang menyatakan pengandaian apabila suatu kejadian terjadi
atau tidak terjadi di waktu lampau. Pada contoh pertama, se-
andainya saja tikus tidak mencuri roti Deni, maka Deni pasti
jadi makan roti. Namun tikus terlanjur mencurinya dan Deni
tidak mungkin bisa makan roti. Begitu pula dengan con-
toh kedua, saya seharusnya menelpon Anda, tapi saya tidak
melakukannya.
Kedua kejadian tersebut sudah tidak dapat diubah lagi karena

sudah terjadi.
1. Adanya kemungkinan (possibility) suatu kejadian.
Contoh:
The shop should have closed by now.
(Tokonya mungkin sudah tutup saat ini.)
2. Keterkejutan (shocking) atas suatu kejadian yang
telah terjadi.
Contoh:
You should have heard his comment when he heard
the news.
(Kau harusnya mendengar komentarnya ketika ia mendengar
berita itu.)
Exercise 14
Fill in the blank with would have or should have.
Bryan : Hi, did you see John?
Frans : He has just left.
If you had come earlier, you ……….... met him.
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Bryan : Oh, unfortunately.
Will and Shall

I ……………. called him before.
Frans : Yeah, why didn’t you?
Bryan : I thought he’ll be here all the time.
How long has he been gone?
Frans : About 20 minutes.
He …………… been far by now.
Do you want to leave a message?
Bryan : Actually, I want to give this letter. His scholar-
ship has been approved.
Frans : Wow, he must be very happy.
You …………… seen his anxiousness waiting
for this.
Bryan : Really?
Frans : Yes. I ………………… acted like that if I had
been in his situation.
123
Dare, Need and Used to
Dare
Modal dare yang dipakai dalam kalimat memunyai beberapa
arti sebagai berikut:
1. keberanian untuk melakukan atau menghadapi
sesuatu
Contoh:
I wouldn’t dare meet my parents after crashing their
car.
2. menantang seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu
Contoh:
I dare you to touch the snake.
Dare adalah kata kerja semi-modal. Dare dapat diartikan sebagai

modals auxiliary ketika dipakai dalam kalimat negatif dan ka-
limat tanya. Dalam bentuk afirmative, dare digunakan dengan
menggunakan ininitive to, sedangkan untuk kalimat negatif
dan kalimat tanya, dare dapat diikuti ininitive to atau bisa juga
tidak.
Contoh:
Afirmative : Kaila dares to drive a car. (verb)
Negative : Kaila dares not drive a car. (modals)
Kaila doesn’t dare to drive a car. (verb)
Interrogative : Dare Kaila drive a car? (modals)
Does Kaila dare to drive a car? (verb)
124
Dare, Need & Used to

Note:
Dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya, subjek orang ketiga
tetap menggunakan verbdasar “dare”.
Contoh:
“She dares to watch the scary movie.”
Kalimat negatif : She dares not watch the scary movie.
Kalimat tanya : Dare she watch the scary movie?
Dare she watch the scary movie?
Exercise 15
Change these sentences into negative and question form.
1. Monica dares to play in Fear Factor.
(-)…………………………………………………
(?)…………………………………………………
125
2. She dares to wear a very sexy dress in a public area.
(-) …………………………………………………
(?)…………………………………………………
3. I dare to confess my love to her.
(-)…………………………………………………
(?)…………………………………………………
4. They dare to camp in the jungle.
(-)…………………………………………………
(?)…………………………………………………
5. Jonna dares to jump to the pool.
(-)…………………………………………………
(?)…………………………………………………
Need
Sama halnya dengan dare, need digunakan sebagai modal
hanya dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Dalam kalimat
positif, need diartikan sebagai kata kerja penuh (verb) yang
diikuti dengan to. Need to berarti “perlu”.
Contoh:
• My friend needs to tell me about her feeling.
(-) My friend needn’t tell me about her feeling. (modal)
• My friend doesn’t need to tell me about her feeling.
(verb)
(?) Need he tell me about her feeling? (modal)
Does he need to tell me about her feeling? (verb)
126

Exercise 16
Change these sentences into negatives.
1. They need to walk in the city walk.
(modals)……………………………………………
(verb) ……………………………………………...
2. As a new supermarket, Hypermart needs to be

advertized.
(modals)……………………………………………
(verb) ………………………………………………
3. The cat needs to drink milk every morning.
(modals)……………………………………………
(verb)………………………………………………
4. The citizens need to get the right information.
(modals)……………………………………………
(verb) ………………………………………………
5. I need to break the window to get into the house.
(modals)……………………………………………
(verb) ………………………………………………
127
Used to (do)
Kita menggunakan used to untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu

yang menjadi kebiasaan di waktu lampau tapi tidak terjadi lagi
di saat sekarang.
Contoh:
Diana used to walk with me to school, but now she
doesn’t.
(Diana biasa berjalan bersama saya ke sekolah, tapi sekarang
tidak lagi.)
I used to live in Semarang before I settle in Solo.

(Saya pernah tinggal di Semarang sebelum menetap di Solo.)
To be used to (doing)
To be used to kita gunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan
yang sedang dikerjakan.
Contoh:
I couldn’t stay long in the city because I’m used to
living in the village.
(Saya tidak bisa tinggal lama di kota karena saya terbiasa
tinggal di desa.)
To get used to (doing)

To get used to dan to be used to memiliki arti yang sama.
Contoh:
I didn’t feel comfortable when I irst time moved to
the city but I quickly got used to it.
(Saya tidak merasa nyaman saat pertama pindah ke kota, tapi
akhirnya saya mulai terbiasa.)
128

Exercise 17
Fill in the blank with the correct form of used to.
1. My mother ……………… cook rice everyday.
2. Didn’t she ……………… play badminton?
3. I didn’t ……………… watch this TV show.
4. You will get ……………… this neighbourhood soon.
5. She ………………… be my girlfriend.
6. I …………………… drink 5 cups of coffee a day.
7. I was ………………… seeing sunset in Kuta beach.
8. Are you …………………… eating Indian food?
9. My brother is ……………… going to school at 6.30.
10. Did you …………………… sleep late?
129
Polite Request with
May and Can
Bila kita ingin meminta orang lain melakukan sesuatu, kita

dapat menggunakan modals sebagai kata bantu untuk meng-
ungkapkan permintaan (request) tersebut. Modal “may” dan
“can” digunakan untuk mengungkapkan request secara sopan
dan halus.
Contoh:
May I come to your place?
Can you help me wash my car?
Dilihat dari urutannya, maka can adalah bentuk yang paling

informal. Jika saya mengatakan “Can I borrow your car?” hal
ini menunjukkan bahwa saya kenal betul dengan pemilik mo-
bil itu. Oleh karena itu, besar keyakinan saya permintaan saya
akan dikabulkan.
May dipakai untuk berbicara dengan orang yang belum
atau kurang kita kenal. Misalnya, ketika Anda harus mengan-
tri di tempat umum, Anda dapat mengatakan “May I use the
bathroom irst?”
Could yang merupakan bentuk past dari can dapat digu-
nakan untuk menunjukkan bentuk kalimat formal.
Contoh:
Could I have the key to the classroom?
Could you come to my birthday party this Saturday?
130
Polite Requests with May and Can

Exercise 18
Make the request form using modals “may” or “can” from these situa-
tions below.
1. You want to sit next to your friend.

……………………………………………………
2. You want your brother to switch on the fan.
……………………………………………………
3. You need help to tidy the classroom.
……………………………………………………
4. You need help from your friend to show you how to
solve the math problem.
……………………………………………………
5. You want your mother to cook you the fried rice.
……………………………………………………
6. You want your sister to lent you her hairdryer.
……………………………………………………
7. You want to borrow your father’s car.
……………………………………………………
8. You want to eat your friend’s snack.
……………………………………………………
9. You ask for help from your colleague to ile the letters.
……………………………………………………
10. You ask for help from your uncle to teach you how to
ride a horse.
……………………………………………………
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Expressing Possibilities
with May and Might
May dan might dapat membantu kita dalam mengungkapkan

kemungkinan atau possibilities.
May dan might mengungkapkan kemungkinan yang ter-
jadi di masa depan (future). Jadi, may dan might dapat dipakai
dalam kedua bentuk tersebut.
Contoh:
My brother may be angry with you.
(Kakakku mungkin marah padamu.)
They might leave the house, but I will look around
once again.
(Mereka mungkin pergi, tapi saya akan memeriksanya sekali
lagi.)
Sedangkan untuk possibilities dalam bentuk past, kita meng-

gunakan may have atau might have.
Contoh:
He may have been late, he came here on foot.
(Ia mungkin terlambat, ia datang ke sini berjalan kaki.)
The stranger might have lost his mind.

(Orang itu mungkin sudah kehilangan akal.)
Ketidakmungkinan atau impossibilities diungkapkan dengan me-

nambahkan not pada modals may dan may have atau might
dan might have.
132
Contoh:
Expressing Possibiliies With May and Might

My brother may not be angry with you.
They might not leave the house, but I will look around
once again.
He may not have been late, he came here on foot.
The stranger might not have lost his mind.
Note:
Meskipun may dan might sama-sama mengungkapkan
possibilities, namun may mengandung tingkat keyaki-
nan yang lebih besar dibandingkan might. Bisa karena si
pembicara sudah mengetahui situasi yang terjadi atau telah
mengenal orang yang dibicarakan, seperti pada contoh “My
brother may be angry with you.” Dalam hal ini, si pembicara
telah mengenal orang yang dibicarakan. Sedangkan untuk ka-
limat “The stranger might lost his mind.” si pembicara tidak
mengenal orang yang dibicarakan, sehingga ia tidak begitu
yakin mengenai kebenaran pendapatnya itu.
Selain itu dalam situasi yang bukan sebenarnya (pengan-
daian) kita hanya boleh menggunakan might.
Contoh:
If I were you, I might not eat that pizza.
Exercise 19
Fill in the blank with the correct modals for expressing possibilities and
impossibilities.
1. She ………………… be leaving but I’m not.
2. Your children …………… still be out in the yard, I
don’t see them there. 133
3. You ……………… be right about her news but I’m
going to ask her directly.

4. Julie might not be on the bus. She ………… be walk-
ing home.
5. He ……………… be ill, perhaps he is just tired.
6. If you don’t tell him the truth, he …………. get angry.
7. I don’t see the invitation letter, we ………. have re-
ceived it.
8. Our teacher is absent, he …………… be sick.
9. Jack and his family ……………… visit us today, he
called me last night.
10. I …………… be right, but I have a different point of
view.
134
Making Suggestions
Untuk membuat kalimat yang mengungkapkan saran (sug-

gestion) dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan bantuan be-
berapa modals, antara lain: could, ought to, need to, have to,
dan should.
Contoh:
You could study medicine.
You ought to study medicine.
You should study medicine.
Cara membuat kalimat bentuk negatif adalah dengan menam-

bahkan not pada modals, sehingga menjadi: couldn’t, oughtn’t
to, needn’t, don’t have to, dan shouldn’t.
Contoh:
You couldn’t study medicine.
You oughtn’t to study medicine.
You shouldn’t study medicine.
Exercise 20
Make the suggestion from these situations below.
1. Your friend can’t decide what college he wants to go
to.
……………………………………………………
135
2. Your mother is choosing the dress she wants to wear.
……………………………………………………
3. The stranger does not know how to ind an address.
……………………………………………………
4. Your student failed in her exam.
……………………………………………………
5. Your sister cries for her lost wallet.
……………………………………………………
6. Your neighbour asks your suggestion about what he
should do with his garden.
……………………………………………………
7. Your father wants to buy a computer.
……………………………………………………
8. Your cousin wants to buy an ice cream.
……………………………………………………
9. Novi can’t decide whether she’ll go to the movie or
not.
……………………………………………………
10. Your sister can’t decide which shoes she has to buy.
……………………………………………………
136
Preference
Fungsi modals yang lain adalah untuk mengungkapkan pilihan

(preference). Bila seseorang memberikan saran pada kita, kita
dapat mengungkapkan pilihan kita dengan preference. Selain
itu, preference kita gunakan ketika kita ingin mengungkapkan
pendapat atau menolak tawaran secara halus. Coba perhatikan
contoh berikut ini:
I prefer going to school by bus to by bicycle.
(Saya lebih suka pergi ke sekolah naik bis daripada naik
sepeda.)
I would rather go to school by bus than by bicycle.
I would prefer going to school by bus to by bicycle.
137
Passive Voice & Reported Speech
Preference dapat diungkapkan dengan would rather, prefer, atau
would prefer.
Would rather biasanya ditulis dengan -d rather menjadi I’d
rather, she’d rather, they’d rather, etc. Would rather selalu diikuti
kata kerja bentuk dasar. Sedangkan prefer atau would prefer
diikuti kata kerja bentuk –ing atau dengan ininitive to.
Prefer akan diikuti oleh bentuk –ing bila dibandingkan.
I prefer to walk. = I prefer walking.
BUT
I prefer walking to riding.
Note:
Would rather mengambil bentuk past bila Anda membuat pi-

lihan untuk orang lain.
Contoh:
I’d rather walk to school.
(Saya lebih suka berjalan ke sekolah.)
Menjadi:
I’d rather you walked to school.
(Saya lebih suka kamu berjalan ke sekolah.)
Marisa would rather take law.

Bandingkan dengan:
Her parents would rather Marisa took medicine.
(Orangtua Marisa lebih suka anaknya belajar hukum—
dibanding kedokteran.)
138
Exercise 21
Preference
Complete these preferences with “prefer” or “would rather”.
Example: Would you like to go to the movie tonight?
I would rather stay at home
1. Why don’t we order some fast food?

Well, I ……………… eating sea food.
2. What do you think we should do?
If I were you, I ……………… go out for shopping.
3. What are you going to do tonight?
Well, it is a weekend. I think I ………….. hang out
with my friends.
4. What would you like to do this evening?
I ……………. staying at home.
5. Which one is better? The red or the green one?
If I were you, I ………………. choose the red one.
139
Making Conclusions
Ketika kita dihadapkan pada suatu situasi atau keadaan, terka-

dang situasi tersebut dapat memberikan informasi dan kita
dapat menyimpulkan sesuatu.
Misalnya:
Keadaan : tanah tandus
Kesimpulan : musim kemarau panjang
Kesimpulan dapat berupa kesimpulan positif atau negatif.

Kesimpulan positif diungkapkan dengan menggunakan must
(present) dan must have (past).
Contoh:
Anita looks sad. There must be something bothering
her. (present)
Anita looked sad when I saw her yesterday. There
must have been something bothering her. (past)
Penggunaan must atau must have tergantung dari apa yang

ingin disampaikan. Must have dipakai ketika sesuatu telah ter-
jadi di masa yang telah lampau.
Kesimpulan negatif dapat kita ungkapkan dengan can’t
(present) dan couldn’t have (past).
Contoh:
This is a new book, it can’t be mine. Mine is torn
already. (present)
It was a new television set. You couldn’t have sold it.
140
(past)
Exercise 22
Making Conclusions
Make the negative and positive conclusions from these situations.
1. The lower is wilting.
2. My sister was crying.
3. The door is open.
4. The room is clean.
5. I have lost my iles in computer.
1. (+) ……………………………………..
(-) ……………………………………..
2. (+) ……………………………………..
(-) ……………………………………..
3. (+) ……………………………………..
(-) ……………………………………..
4. (+) ……………………………………..
(-) ……………………………………..
5. (+) ……………………………………..
(-) ……………………………………..
141
Final Exercise
1. A : Where is Diana? I can’t ind her in her room.

B : She ………….. be in the garden.
a. must
b. have to
c. dare
d. shall
2. The letter ………….. come tomorrow, it was sent by

express mail this morning.
a. will
b. would
c. shall
d. can
3. You don’t ………….. buy the ticket, I’ve already re-

served it for you.
a. need
b. dare
c. have to
d. used to
4. You can’t mean that! You ………….. be kidding me!

a. may
b. must
c. might
142 d. can
5. She ………….. cook a very delicious spaghetti.
Final Excercises
a. need
b. shall
c. is able to
d. dare
6. A : ………….. you turn on the computer, Jack?
B : No problem.
a. can
b. shall
c. should
d. must
7. Sonny ………….. ride a motorbike a year ago.

a. can
b. could
c. will
d. shall
8. He ………….. climb the trees after trying on it since

20 minutes ago.
a. is able to
b. be able to
c. was able to
d. could
9. Nina, I ………….. love to go with you but I’m sorry I

couldn’t.
a. will
b. would
c. shall
d. should
143
10. It ………….. been an earthquake here, but it is over
now.
a. must
b. must have
c. would
d. would have
11. A : ………….. I attend that ceremony?
B : No, you need not
a. need
b. have to
c. will
d. can
12. Doni, you ………….. eat that apple! It belongs to
your little sister.
a. must not
b. must
c. need
d. need not
13. I want to stay here much longer, but I ………….. go

now.
a. need have
b. would have
c. must have
d. have to
14. My father ………….. drive the car, he has already got

the key.
a. be going to
b. is going to
c. are going to
d. am going to
144
15. A : ………….. you like to come to my charity party?
Final Excercises
B : Of course, I’d love to.
a. could
b. should
c. would
d. would have
16. I ………….. do my task before my boss asks for it.

a. should
b. should have
c. would
d. would have
17. If the meeting had been canceled, she …………..

gone home early.
a. will
b. would
c. would have
d. should
18. I ………….. known, but I didn’t.

a. should
b. should have
c. would
d. would have
19. A : Did I use to tell you about my past?

B : Yes, you did …………...
a. used to
b. use to
c. use
d. used
145
20. They didn’t ………….. eat Indian food.

a. used to
b. use to
c. use
d. used
21. He decides not to join us going to the movie, he

………….. stay at home.
a. better
b. rather
c. would
d. would rather
22. I ………….. do SCUBA diving when I was a college

student.
a. use to
b. used to
c. do use to
d. did use to
23. Harry Potter ………….. to ight the Dark Lord.

a. dare
b. dares
c. dared
d. daring
24. Lola ………….. to play in Fear Factor.

a. dare
b. dares
c. dared
d. daring
146
Final Excercises
25. Last night the phone rang, it ………….. been Jonna
who called.
a. must
b. must have
c. would
d. would have
26. The machine ………….. be put on by pressing this

button.
a. can
b. could
c. shall
d. should
27. You ………….. maintain your car regularly if you

want to keep it in good condition.
a. may
b. might
c. shall
d. have to
28. If you had not driven me to the station, I …………..

been missed the train.
a. will
b. would
c. would have
d. should have
147
29. A : What do you think about going to the CD store
tonight?
B : It sounds nice, but I ………….. staying at home.
a. would
b. would rather
c. would prefer
d. like
30. She said that we ………….. read the book. But we

don’t have to read it if we don’t want to.
a. can
b. could
c. will
d. would
31. I ………….. hear your voice in this crowd, you need

to speak louder.
a. cannot
b. could not
c. will not
d. would not
32. My television isn’t working. I ………….. repair it.

a. be going to
b. am going to
c. is going to
d. was going to
33. A : ………….. I use your telephone?

B : Yes, of course.
a. may
b. might
148 c. must
d. must have
34. A : ………….. you dive without SCUBA equipment
Final Excercises
more than 5 minutes?
B : No, I can’t.
a. can
b. could
c. shall
d. should
35. A : ………….. I see your journal?

B : Here you are.
a. may
b. might
c. must
d. must have
149
Auxiliary Verbs
&
Modal Auxiliary
Key to Exercises
Exercise 1
1. F; 2. T; 3. T; 4. T; 5. T; 6. F; 7; T; 8. T; 9. F; 10. T
Exercise 2
1. I could not watch the movie in the cinema.
2. We will not swim today.
3. Dennis and I must not inish our task soon.
4. The door will not open.
5. It may not rain today.
6. He says that he will not stop smoking.
7. The students cannot speak English well.
8. I cannot drive your car.
9. The storm might not damage the village.
10. I need not talk to her.
11. Mandy and Ivy do not have to complete their task
before midday.
12. I should not visit my sister in the hospital.
13. Molly did not use to love Dion very much.
14. We shall not return the books to the library .
15. She dares not dare punch the bugler.
Exercise 3
1. Could I watch the movie in the cinema?
2. Will we swim today?
3. Must Dennis and I inish our task soon?
4. Will the door open?
5. May it rain today?
6. Will he stop smoking?
7. Can the students speak English well?
8. Can I drive your car?
9. Might the storm damage the village?
10. Do I need to talk to her?
152 11. Do Mandy and Ivy have to complete their task before
midday?
12. Should I visit my sister in hospital?
Key To Excercises
13. Did Molly use to love Dion very much?
14. Shall we return the books to the library?
15. Dare she punch the bugler?
Exercise 4
1. can; 2. can; 3. can; 4. can; 5. can; 6. can; 7. can’t; 8. can; 9.
can; 10. can
Exercise 5
1. can; 2. was able to; 3. can/am able to; 4. can; 5. can; 6. can;
7. can’t; 8. could; 9. can; 10. can’t; 11. could; 12. can; 13. was
able to; 14. were able to; 15. can; 16. can; 17. could not; 18.
can; 19. could; 20. can’t
Exercise 6
NA
Exercise 7
NA
Exercise 8
1. must, have to, can, should, ought to
2. mustn’t, can’t, shouldn’t
3. can, may
4. must
5. must
6. don’t have
7. should, must, have to
8. can’t, mustn’t
9. must, should
10. didn’t need to
153
Exercise 9
have to – must – must – have to – must – must – have to –
have to
Exercise 10
needn’t have didn’t need – had to – didn’t need – had to –
didn’t need
Exercise 11
1. will be taking; 2. Will, be; 3. will be; 4. will save; 5. Shall,
dance; 6. will not make; 7. shall not give; 8. Shall, do; 9. will
be; 10. Will, save
Exercise 12
1. will/am going to; 2. am going to ; 3. will/is going to; 4. will;
5. are going to
Exercise 13
1. Will, should, must, can; 2. must, should, will; 3. Can, will,
would, must; 4. must, should; 5. would; 6. would; 7. would; 8.
should, must; 9. would; 10. should
Exercise 14
would have; should have, should have, should have, would
have
Exercise 15
1. Monica dares not play in Fear Factor.
Dare Monica play in Fear Factor?
2. She dares not wear a very sexy dress in a public area.
Dare she wear a very sexy dress in a public area?
3. I dare not confess my love to her.
154 Dare I confess my love to her?
4. They dare not camp in the jungle.
Key To Excercises
Dare they camp in the jungle?
5. Jonna dares not jump to the pool.
Dare Jonna jump to the pool?
Exercise 16
1. They needn’t walk in the city walk.
They don’t need to walk in the city walk.
2. As a new supermarket, Hypermart needn’t be advert-
ized.
As a new supermarket, Hypermart does not need to
be advertized.
3. The cat needn’t drink milk every morning.
The cat does not need to drink milk every morning.
4. The citizens needn’t get the right information.
The citizens do not need to get the right information.
5. I needn’t break the window to get into the house.
I don’t need to break the window to get into the
house.
Exercise 17
1. used to; 2. use to; 3. use to; 4. get used to; 5 used to ; 6. used
to; 7. used to; 8. used to; 9. used to; 10. use to
Exercise 18
1. Can I sit next to you? 2; Can you switch on the fan?; 3. Can
somebody help me tidy up the classroom?; 4. Can you show
me how to solve this math problem?; 5. Can you cook me
fried rice, Mum?; 6. Can I borrow your hairdryer, Sis?; 7. Can
I borrow your car, Dad?; 8. Can I eat your snack?; 9. Can you
help me iling the letters?; 10. Can you teach me how to ride
a horse, Uncle?
155
Exercise 19
1. may; 2. might not/may not; 3. may; 4. might/may; 5. may
not; 6. might/may; 7. may not/might not; 8. may/might; 9.
may; 10. may
Exercise 20
NA
Exercise 21
1. prefer; 2. would rather; 3. would rather; 4. prefer; 5. would
rather
Exercise 22
NA
Final Exercise
1. must; 2. will; 3. have to; 4. must; 5. is able to; 6. can; 7.
could; 8. is able to; 9. would; 10. must have; 11. need; 12. must
not; 13. have to; 14. is going to; 15. would; 16. should; 17.
would have; 18. should have; 19. use to; 20. use to; 21. would
rather; 22. used to; 23. dares; 24. dares; 25. must have; 26. can;
27. have to; 28. would have; 29. would prefer; 30. could; 31.
cannot; 32. am going to; 33. may; 34. can; 35. may
156
TENTANG PENULIS
ILT adalah sebuah unit riset pengembangan pendidikan

yang mengembangkan materi pembelajaran bahasa Inggris,
matematika, dan IT. Materi yang dibuat oleh ILT telah dipub-
likasikan oleh beberapa penerbit di Kompas Gramedia Grup,
di antaranya PT Bhuana Ilmu Populer (BIP). Lebih dari 90
judul telah tersebar di seluruh Indonesia dengan prinsip sim-
ple, fun, dan applikatif.
Terima kasih pada para pengguna buku ILT yang telah
mengirimkan E-mail kepada kami. Kami bisa dihubungi di:
peni_rpramono@yahoo.com untuk materi pembelajaran ba-
hasa dan manajemen atau di: handipramono@yahoo.com
untuk materi pembelajaran matematika dan komputer. Untuk
informasi lebih lengkap, kunjungi situs jejaring kami di: www.
penipramono.com.
157
Anda Ingin Jadi

Penulis?
Kirimkan Naskah Anda

ke Redaksi Bhuana Ilmu Populer
melalui email:
redaksi.bip.gramedia@gmail.com,
dengan subjek PN.
Atau ke alamat
Gedung Kompas Gramedia
Jl. Kerajinan no. 3-7, Jakarta 11140
dengan kode PN di pojok kiri atas
amplop
http://pustaka-indo.blogspot.com Bahasa/Tata Bahasa/Inggris
ada batasan waktu-

Belajaralbaaghai jiksaa tidmak
enyangkut tata ba
hasa.
nya, ap alan
ta h itu An da m ul ai dari cara berken
En pun
buat kalimat. Begitu
atau langsung mem ri
an ba ha sa Ingg ris , Anda bisa mulai da
deng
mana saja.
s tentang Auxiliary
Buku ini membaha Modal
rb s ya ng di da lamnya termasuk
Ve dari
san buku ini dimulai
Auxiliary. Pembaha at,
en alan m od als auxiliary, pola kalim
peng mem-
an khusus untuk
sampai pemaham tihan
tai pula berbagai la
bedakannya. Diser da-
k m em pe rd al am pengetahuan Anda
un tu
a.
lam penggunaanny
Koleksi juga seri lainnya :

Question Tag, Relative Pronoun, Noun and Article
Idioms & Preposition On Every Day Living
Conditional and Unreal Past & Gerund
16 Tenses & Their Secrets
Passive Voice & Reported Speech 200278102
ISBN 10: 979-074-351-3
ISBN 13: 978-979-074-351-9

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Passion for Knowledge

AUXILIARY VERBS &

Ule Sulistyo & Inet Gunawan—Tim Bahasa ILT

© 2010, PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer

PART 1: Auxiliary Verbs and Modals

PART 2: Modal Auxiliary

Final Exercise 142

Belajar bahasa tidak ada batasan waktunya, apalagi jika me-

What Is an Auxiliary Verbs?

I do not know the answer.

I have studied for the exam.

I can do the exam.

Berdasarkan contoh di atas, Anda dapat mengetahui bahwa:

Mari kita pelajari lebih lanjut fungsi dari auxiliary verbs.

Auxiliary Verbs and Modals

Berdasarkan artinya, modal verbs atau modals, dibagi dalam

Jadi, dengan adanya bermacam-macam modals dengan arti

kata kerja bentuk dasar.

Modal + Ininiive without To

I can drive a car.

I will guide you.

They might drink the liquor.

Auxiliary Verbs and Modals

I’ll help you paint the wall.

They wouldn’t dare to bother you again.

Our customers may not like the products.

Would you drive me to the hospital?

I will not walk without looking.

Auxiliary Verbs and Modals

Permission: can, could, may, might

Can I sing “Balonku ada Lima”?

Could I break the gate?

May I borrow your doll?

Might I come tonight?

Could you write this note now?

May I go with Salma tonight?

Auxiliary Verbs and Modals

The dealer said I could have it for ifty millions only.

2. You want to play kite with your friends.

3. You want to play the drum.

4. You want to see a movie.

5. You want to build a tree house at the backyard.

6. You want to buy an ice cream.

7. You want to have a puppy.

8. You want to go to the beach.

9. You want to drive the new car.

10. You want to get out of the house.

Respons yang kita berikan biasanya hanya sebatas:

Auxiliary Verbs and Modals

Jika kita tidak mengizinkan, biasanya kita akan mengucapkan:

Possibility: may, might

He might deliver the paycheck soon.

Perlu dicatat bahwa might menunjukkan kadar keraguan lebih

May I have the umbrella?

If you give me the money, I may buy this car.

If you told me earlier, I might come. (conditional)

He said that he might come late. (reported speech)

Auxiliary Verbs and Modals

Ability: can, could

Pipit couldn’t drive a car.

He could run fast when he was in high school.

I could jump if my knee didn’t hurt. (conditional)

He said that he could run 25 km/h. (reported speech)