Disaster Management

Dr. Durdana Khan

Asst. Professor
Department of Community Health Sciences
22nd November, 2016
Learning Objectives
After the session students will be able to;

Define disaster.

Describe various types of disasters.

Define disaster management.

Enumerate the steps in planning disaster management.

Explain the management of the social reactions after disaster.

Define the concept of bioterrorism.

What is Disaster?

“Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological

disruption, loss of human life or deterioration of
health and health services on a scale sufficient to
warrant an extraordinary response from outside
the affected community area”

(Book Park pg;36)

What is Disaster?
“Sudden extraordinary calamity or catastrophe
which affects or threatens health”

(Book Ilyas Ansari pg;256)

Types of Disasters

Meteorological disasters
Topological disasters Natural Disaster

Telluric and Tectonic disasters

Technical disasters
Industrial disasters Man made Disaster
Warfare disasters
Meteorological disasters
• Storms
 Hurricanes, Cyclones

• Cold spells
• Heat waves
• Drought

• Smog
Topological disasters

• Floods

• Avalanches

• Landslides
Telluric and Tectonic disasters

• Earthquakes

• Volcanic eruptions
Bioterrorism
Deliberate use of infectious agents to cause harm
• Anthrax Attack
• Radio-nuclear attack
 Accidents

• Failure of structures like

 Dams
 Tunnels
 Buildings
 Mine explosions
 Fires
 Collisions
 Shipwrecks
 Trains crashes
 Poison entering water supply system
Atomic explosions

• They are sudden and unforeseen

• Serious and immediate threats to public health
Magnitude and effect of disaster
By Evaluating;
1. Loss of or damage of human life
2. Disruption of community services
• Gas, water supply, electricity, sewerage system,
communication, food supply, public health services

3. Spread of communicable diseases

4. Disruption of normal activities
5. Destruction and damage of private and public
property
Classification of Disaster Related
Morbidity
• Injuries

• Emotional stress
• Epidemic of disease
• Increase in indigenous diseases
 Pre-disaster Administration
• Know the age and sex distribution
• First aid and emergency care services plan
 Disaster Planning Activities
• Pre-Disaster Planning Activities
 For environment
 Sanitation, improvement of physical and biological environment,
waste disposal
 For people
 Pre disaster organization
 Staffing, public education, training
• During Disaster Planning Activities
• For people
• Medical Treatment, patient referral, transportation of victims to places
outside the disaster area
POSDCORB
• Planning
• Organization
• Staffing
• Directing
• Coordination
• Reporting
• Budgeting
Planning Disaster Management

6 major Steps:
1. Regulations
2. Information of area and population
3. Personnel
4. Materials
5. Information of health services
6. Information on previous disaster
Organization
• Lacking in developing countries

• Primary duty --------- Highest Local Administration

• Provision of Disaster Management expert along with head of civilian

security organization

• Organization Model for Disaster

Organization Model for Disaster
 Fundamentals of Disaster
Management
• Disaster Preparedness
• Disaster Response
• Disaster Recovery
• Disaster Mitigation
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster preparedness - is ongoing multi sectoral activity.
• Integral part of the national system responsible for developing
plans and programs for

Disaster management

Prevention

Mitigation

Response

Rehabilitation and reconstruction

 Medical Preparedness &
Mass Casualty Management
• Developing
and capacity building of medical team for
Trauma & psycho-social care
• Mass casualty management and Triage
• Determine casualty handling capacity of all hospitals.
• Formulate appropriate treatment procedures
• Involvement of private hospitals.
• Mark care centers that can function as a medical units.
• Identify structural integrity and approach routes.
 Disaster Response
Immediate reaction to disaster as the disaster is anticipated, or soon
after it begins in order to assess the needs, reduce the suffering, limit
the spread and consequences of the disaster, open up the way to
rehabilitation. By:
Mass evacuation
Search and rescue
Emergency medical services
Securing food and water
Maintenance of Law & Order
Medical and Public Health response
• Pre-hospital emergency services –
External medical services
Search and Rescue teams.
Assessment of immediate health needs.
Identification of medical & health resources.
Temporary field treatment
Prompt and proper treatment to save lives
 Medical and Public
Health response
Triage: French word meaning selection &
classification
 Assigning priority for treatment and transport on the basis of
severity of injuries & likelihood of survival when resources are
insufficient for all to be treated immediately.

 Tagging- for both patients and dead Bodies

 Medical transportation Ground, Air and Heli ambulance

 Red High Priority

 Yellow Medium priority

 Black Dead or moribund Patients

 Green Ambulatory Patients

TRIAGE
TAG
Medical and Public Health response
Food safety and Water Safety
Animal control
Carcasses can foul water
Zoonotic diseases

Vector control
Mosquito and Rodents

Communicable disease control:

Measles, diarrheal diseases, ARI, and malaria
Breakdown in environmental safeguards.
Crowding of persons in camps, Malnutrition.
Waste
management
Temporary latrines Chemical toileting Sewage disposal damage.
Medical and Public Health response
Management of hazardous agent exposure
Particular matter
Also Infectious agents if hospital or scientific laboratories
damaged
Mental health
Specialized psychological triage and treatment significant in
terrorism.
Information
Risk communication
Communicable Diseases after Disasters
Pre existing Diseases in the Population
Dysentery, cholera, measles, tuberculosis, malaria, intestinal parasites,
scabies, skin infections.

Ecological Changes
Altered ecology
Vector borne and water borne diseases
Stray animals and wild animal displacement- rabies.

Damage to public Utilities

Water supplies & sewage disposal disrupted.
Communicable Diseases after Disasters

Population Movements:
Introduction of new disease or vector.
In settlements - diarrheal diseases , measles, viral hepatitis,
whooping cough, malaria etc.
Interruption in Public Health Services:
Disruption of curative and preventive services.
Interrupted vector control - malaria, dengue
Interrupted immunization - measles, whooping cough, and diphtheria.
Altered Individual Resistance to diseases:
Malnutrition increases susceptibility to diseases
Rehabilitation
Restoration of basic social functions.
Providing temporary shelters,
Stress debriefing for responders and victims,
Economic Rehabilitation,
Psycho-social Rehabilitation,
Scientific Damage Assessment
Environment recovery
Infrastructure recovery (services and lifelines).
Reconstruction
• Rebuilding homes.
• Permanently repairing and rebuilding infrastructures
• Elements - Owner Driven Reconstruction.
• Speedy Reconstruction.
• Linking Reconstruction with Safe Development.
Disaster Continuum Model
Pakistan and Disasters
Pakistan
Administrative Structure
Pakistan consists of
1. Four provinces (Balochistan,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab &
Sindh),
2. One Federal Capital Territory
(Islamabad),
3. Two autonomous and disputed
territories (Gilgit Baltistan and
Azad Jammu & Kashmir)
4. Seven Federally Administered
Tribal Areas (FATA)

1. Each Province is sub-divided in

to districts;
2. District into Tehsils/ Towns,
3. Tehsil/ Town into Union
Councils

Pakistan has strategic location; sharing its border with China, Afghanistan,
RAPID Fund presentation for Effective Development Conference, Bangkok
Iran, and India
Country Context
Disasters in Pakistan
Geo-Physical Factors Major Factors
1. Heterogeneous physical features; (Mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus, coastal belt)
2. Seismic belt; tectonic movements, leading to earthquakes and tsunamis;
3. 8th out of 197 countries with highest exposure to natural hazards

Hydro-Climatic Factors
1. Climatic changes; Continuous dry conditions leading to prolonged droughts,
2. Unexpected heavy rains, and excessive snowfalls, floods, landslides, and avalanches

Politico-Religious Factors
1. Insecurity and political instability; Conflict induced displacement
2. Religious diversity and fundamentalism;
 Country Context
Disasters in Pakistan
Major Factors
Socio-Economic Factors
1. Uneven population density; Unplanned development in hazard prone areas; Poor
construction practices, Poor communication infrastructure.
2. High poverty; high rate of illiteracy & lack of awareness regarding disaster preparedness
and DRR measures;
3. 146th out of 186 countries on 2013 HDI; 22% of population lives on less than US$1.25
per day
Institutional infancy
1. Disaster Management Structure established after 2005
2. Lack of Early warning systems; Lack of preparedness and Planning; Limited institutional
and organizational capacity for disaster management
Pakistan
Hazard-prone Areas

Northern Pakistan and

AJ&K are vulnerable to
earthquakes, avalanches,
landslides, floods, and
drought, etc. The arid, semi-arid
and plain areas are
FATA/ KP is exposed exposed to floods,
to militancy / complex flash floods, drought,
emergency pest attacks, and river
erosion, etc.

The coastal areas of

Pakistan are exposed to
cyclones, storm surges,
and hydrological drought,
and floods as well.
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Pakistan
Natural Disasters
Some Examples

1974 Hunza earthquake

(6.2 Richter scale) killed
& injured, 17,000; overall
affected 97,000

2005 Quake (October 8, 2010 Floods country-wide

2005, a 7.6 Richter scale) affected the whole of Pakistan;
73,000 people killed killed around 2,000 people and
affected over 20 million
Flood 2011/12/13 affected
millions of people

1950 floods An estimated

2000 drought affected 1.2
2,900 people were killed and
million people in
over 100,000 homes
Balochistan; over 100 died,
destroyed
mostly because of
dehydration 2007 Cyclone Yemyin killed 730
1945 Balochistan tsunami people as a result of flash floods in
killed 4,000 people. coastal areas of Sindh and
1935 Quetta earthquake; Balochistan. Some 350,000 people
RAPID Fund presentation for Effective Development Conference,
displaced,Bangkok
1.5 million affected
60,000 people were killed
Flood 2010
An aerial view

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Flood 2010
Human
Displacement

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Flood 2010
Children & Women
suffered

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Flood 2013
Balochistan

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Flood 2013
Rajanpure-Punjab

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Earthquake
2005
Balakot, KP

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Earthquake
2005
Balakot, KP

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 Country Context
Disasters in Pakistan (Cont.)
Complex Emergency
 Pakistan is exposed to internal conflicts since
2001.
 There is significant Displacement & Return in
KP/ FATA as a result of government
operations against non-state armed groups.
 Since 2009, over two million people have
returned to their hometowns (Malakand Div,
Mohamand, Bajour, SWA, & parts of Khyber
Ag)
 1.1 million people are still displaced in safer
areas of KP/ FATA
 Influx/Returns of IDPs have resulted in
humanitarian crises which are beyond the
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)
capacity of the government to manage on its are special areas under the administrative
own. control of Federal Government; consisting of 7
Agencies

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 Country Context
Disasters in Pakistan (Cont.)
Complex Emergency
Current IDPs Statistics
As of December 2013
Source UNHCR/FDMA 8,557

IDPs IDPs Total

Families Families IDPs
in-camps off-camps Families
IDPs in-camps

IDPs off-camps

8,557 152,515 161,072

Total Individuals
1.1 152,515
IDPs
million
(@ 7 persons per HH)
IDP Population reflects the total number of displaced families verified
by NADRA

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Displacement from
Malakand Division
(Swat) 2008-9

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Displacement from
Malakand Division (Swat)
2008-9

RAPID Fund presentation for Effective Development Conference, Bangkok

Houses burnt
Khyber Agency

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Houses damaged
due to shelling
Khyber Agency

RAPID Fund presentation for Effective Development Conference, Bangkok

Girls School Blown
away by militants
Buner District, KP

RAPID Fund presentation for Effective Development Conference, Bangkok

Govt Building Blown
away by militants
Buner District, KP

RAPID Fund presentation for Effective Development Conference, Bangkok

Disaster Management Video Game

Stop Disasters
http://www.stopdisastersgame.org/en/home.html
Further Resources
 National Disaster Management
Framework Pakistan

http://www.ndma.gov.pk/plans/National%20
Disaster%20Risk%20Management%20Fram
ework-2007.pdf
 Disaster Risk Reduction Policy
DRR Policy - National Disaster Management
Authority(NDMA)

http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Documents/drrpolicy2013
.pdf
National Disaster Management Authority
Pakistan
(NDMA)

http://www.ndma.gov.pk/
Thank you