Chapter 3 Diode Circuits

 3.3 Applications of Diodes

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 Applications of Diode

CH3 Diode Circuits 2

 Half-Wave Rectifier

 A very common application of diodes is half-wave

rectification, where either the positive or negative half of
the input is blocked.
 But, how do we generate a constant output?
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 Diode-Capacitor Circuit: Constant Voltage Model

Rangkaian
peak detector

 If the resistor in half-wave rectifier is replaced by a

capacitor, a fixed voltage output is obtained since the
capacitor (assumed ideal) has no path to discharge.
CH3 Diode Circuits 4
 Diode-Capacitor Circuit: Ideal Model

D1 mulai OFF

 Bagaimana plot
tegangan pada D1?

 Note that (b) is just like Vin, only shifted down.

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 Diode-Capacitor With Load Resistor

 Bagaimana jika diberi

Resistor beban ?

 A path is available for capacitor to discharge. Therefore,

Vout will not be constant and a ripple exists.

CH3 Diode Circuits 6

 Behavior for Different Capacitor Values

 Plot output Jika C bervariasi nilainya!

 For large C1, Vout has small ripple.

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 Peak to Peak amplitude of Ripple

t
Vout (t )  (V p  VD ,on ) exp 0  t  t3
RL C1
t V p  VD ,on t
Vout (t )  (V p  VD ,on )(1  )  (V p  VD ,on ) 
RL C1 RL C1
V p  VD ,on Tin V p  VD ,on
VR   
RL C1 RLC1 f in

 The ripple amplitude is the decaying part of the exponential.

 Ripple voltage becomes a problem if it goes above 5 to 10%
of the output voltage.

CH3 Diode Circuits 8

Peak to Peak amplitude of Ripple

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 Maximum Diode Current

2VR V p V p 2VR
I p  C1inV p   ( RLC1in  1)
V p RL RL Vp

 The diode has its maximum current at t1, since that’s when
the slope of Vout is the greatest.
 This current has to be carefully controlled so it does not
damage the device.
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Maximum Diode Current

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 Full-Wave Rectifier

 A full-wave rectifier passes both the negative and positive

half cycles of the input, while inverting the negative half of
the input.
 As proved later, a full-wave rectifier reduces the ripple by a
factor of two.

CH3 Diode Circuits 12

 The Evolution of Full-Wave Rectifier

 Figures (e) and (f) show the topology that inverts the negative
half cycle of the input.
CH3 Diode Circuits 13
 Full-Wave Rectifier: Bridge Rectifier

 The figure above shows a full-wave rectifier, where D1 and

D2 pass/invert the negative half cycle of input and D3 and D4
pass the positive half cycle.
CH3 Diode Circuits 14
Input/Output Characteristics of a Full-Wave Rectifier
(Constant-Voltage Model)

 The dead-zone around Vin arises because Vin must exceed 2

VD,ON to turn on the bridge.
CH3 Diode Circuits 15
 Complete Full-Wave Rectifier

 Since C1 only gets ½ of period to discharge, ripple voltage

is decreased by a factor of 2. Also (b) shows that each
diode is subjected to approximately one Vp reverse bias
drop (versus 2Vp in half-wave rectifier).
CH3 Diode Circuits 16
 Current Carried by Each Diode in the Full-Wave Rectifier

CH3 Diode Circuits 17

 Summary of Half and Full-Wave Rectifiers

 Full-wave rectifier is more suited to adapter and charger

applications.
CH3 Diode Circuits 18
19
 Voltage Regulator

 The ripple created by the rectifier can be unacceptable to

sensitive load; therefore, a regulator is required to obtain a
very stable output.
 Three diodes operate as a primitive regulator.
CH3 Diode Circuits 20
 Voltage Regulation With Zener Diode

rD
Vout  Vin
rD  R1

 Voltage regulation can be accomplished with Zener diode.

Since rd is small, large change in the input will not be
reflected at the output.
CH3 Diode Circuits 21
 Vout rD1  rD 2 Vout
  (rD1  rD 2 ) || R1
Vin rD1  rD 2  R1 IL
 Line regulation is the suppression of change in Vout due to
change in Vin (b).
 Load regulation is the suppression of change in Vout due to
change in load current (c).
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23
 Evolution of AC-DC Converter

CH3 Diode Circuits 24

 Limiting Circuits

 The motivation of having limiting circuits is to keep the

signal below a threshold so it will not saturate the entire
circuitry.
 When a receiver is close to a base station, signals are large
and limiting circuits may be required.
CH3 Diode Circuits 25
 Input/Output Characteristics

 Note the clipping of the output voltage.

CH3 Diode Circuits 26

 Limiting Circuit Using a Diode:
Positive Cycle Clipping

 As was studied in the past, the combination of resistor-

diode creates limiting effect.
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 Limiting Circuit Using a Diode:
Negative Cycle Clipping

CH3 Diode Circuits 28

 Limiting Circuit Using a Diode:
Positive and Negative Cycle Clipping

CH3 Diode Circuits 29

 General Voltage Limiting Circuit

 Two batteries in series with the antiparalle diodes control

the limiting voltages.

CH3 Diode Circuits 30

 Untai Pemangkas (Clipper)

 Dioda digunakan sebagai pemangkas sehingga

sebagian gelombang terpangkas.
 Non-idealities in Limiting Circuits

 The clipping region is not exactly flat since as Vin

increases, the currents through diodes change, and so
does the voltage drop.
CH3 Diode Circuits 32
 Capacitive Divider

C1
Vout  Vin Vout  Vin
C1  C2

CH3 Diode Circuits 33

 Waveform Shifter: Peak at -2Vp

(asumsi diode ideal dg

Ingat ini
initial V = 0V @t1)
(digambar ulang
VD1 = VOUT)

 As Vin increases, D1 turns on and Vout is zero.

 As Vin decreases, D1 turns off, and Vout drops with Vin from
zero. The lowest Vout can go is -2Vp, doubling the voltage.
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 Waveform Shifter: Peak at 2Vp

 Similarly, when the terminals of the diode are switched, a

voltage doubler with peak value at 2Vp can be conceived.
CH3 Diode Circuits 35
 Voltage Doubler

+ peak detector

@0-t1  Vx =0- (-Vp)

D1 ON  Vo =0
@t1-t2  polaritas C1
terbalik D1 OFF & D2 ON 
Vo dibagi tegangan dg dua C
@t2-t3  D1 & D2 OFF 
Vo tetap @t3-t4  D1 ON &
D2 OFF  Vo tetap @t3-t4
 D1 & D2 OFF  Vo tetap
@t5  D1 OFF & D2 ON 
Vo plus Vp/2

 The output increases by Vp, Vp/2, Vp/4, etc in each input

cycle, eventually settling to 2 Vp.
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Lanjutan
 Another Application: Voltage Shifter

CH3 Diode Circuits 38

 Voltage Shifter (2VD,ON)

CH3 Diode Circuits 39

 Untai Penjepit (Clamper)

 Menambahkan komponen DC kepada masukan

gelombang AC
 Diode as Electronic Switch

 Diode as a switch finds application in logic circuits and

data converters.
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 Diode Implementation of OR Gate

 The circuit above shows an example of diode-implemented

OR gate.
 Vout can only be either VA or VB, not both.

CH3 Diode Circuits 42

Untai Pensaklaran (Switching)