CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the Research Methodology with the following parts;

Research Method Used, Population and Sampling Scheme, Instrument of the

Study, Description of the Respondents, Data Gathering Procedures, Validation of

Instrument and Statistical Treatment of Data.

Research Method Used

The researcher used the descriptive method of research and utilized a

questionnaire in gathering the needed data.

According to Aggarwal, (2008) descriptive research is devoted to the

gathering of information about prevailing conditions or situations for the purpose

of description and interpretation. This type of research method is not simply

amassing and tabulating facts but includes proper analyses, interpretation,

comparisons, identification of trends and relationships.

Descriptive research is conclusive in nature, as opposed to exploratory.

This means that descriptive research gathers quantifiable information that can be

used for statistical inference on your target audience through data analysis. As a

consequence this type of research takes the form of closed-ended questions,

which limits its ability to provide unique insights. However, used properly it can

help an organization better define and measure the significance of something

about a group of respondents and the population they represent.

 28

Since the present study is concerned in “Factors Affecting Reading Skills

of Senior High School of Rizal Technological University for school year 2017-

2018 , the descriptive is the most appropriate method to use.

Instrument of the Study

The instrument used by the researchers was the researcher made

questionnaire. It is the main source of information used in the study and it is

divided into three parts.

The first part of the questionnaire includes the profile of the respondents in

terms of Age, Gender and Strand. Second, the questionnaire contains the

problem in reading. And last the recommendations to value your problems in

reading. The respondents need to evaluate or rate the choices from one to five.

Take one as the most.

Data Gathering Procedure

In gathering data, the researcher first made a survey questions. After the

questionnaire approval. The researcher gave a letter of request to the teachers in

Grade 12 students of Rizal Technological University to allow them to conduct the

study to respondent.

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on

targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one

to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. Data collection is a

component of research in all fields of study including physical and social

 29

sciences, humanities, and business. While methods vary by discipline, the

emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same. The

goal for all data collection is to capture quality evidence that allows analysis to

lead to the formulation of convincing and credible answers to the questions that

have been posed.

Regardless of the field of study or preference for defining data

(quantitative or qualitative), accurate data collection is essential to maintaining

the integrity of research. Both the selection of appropriate data collection

instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed) and clearly delineated

instructions for their correct use reduce the likelihood of errors occurring.

A formal data collection process is necessary as it ensures that the data

gathered are both defined and accurate and that subsequent decisions based on

arguments embodied in the findings are valid.[2] The process provides both a

baseline from which to measure and in certain cases an indication of what to

improve.

Population and Sampling Scheme

The researcher used the purposive sampling in the selection of

respondent to this study.

According to Palys (2008), Purposive sampling (also known as judgment,

selective or subjective sampling) is a sampling technique in which researcher

relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of population to

participate in the study. Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method

 30

and it occurs when elements selected for the sample are chosen by the judgment

of the researcher. Researchers often believe that they can obtain a

representative sample by using a sound judgment, which will result in saving time

and money.

This study involved Grade 12 student of Rizal Technological University for

SY 2017-2018. The respondents were taken all blocks in Grade 12 Senior High

School Student.

Description of Respondents

The respondent of this study are the Grade 12 student of Rizal

Technological University, Pasig Campus for school year 2017-2018. They are

described according to Age, Gender and Strand.

Validation of Instrument

The researcher made instrument were forwarded to experts for validation.

After instrument validated, the researcher gave a letter to the Senior High

teachers and students to conduct survey. Instrument is the generic term that

researchers use for a measurement device (survey, test, questionnaire, etc.).

Statistical Treatment of Data

According to Cams (2014), Simple Percentage Formula was utilized to

compute the percentage of the profile of the respondents in terms of Age,

Gender and Strand. Statistical treatment of data is essential in order to make use

of the data in the right form. Raw data collection is only one aspect of any
 31

experiment; the organization of data is equally important so that appropriate

conclusions can be drawn. This is what statistical treatment of data is all about.

Simple Percentage Formula

𝐅
P= X 100
𝐍

Where:

P = Percentage

F = Frequency

N = Total number of respondents

100 = Constant

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the Research Methodology that contains the following;

Research Method Used, Population and Sampling Scheme, Instrument of the Study,

Description of the Respondents, Data Gathering Procedures, Validation of Instrument

and Statistical Treatment of Data.

Research Method Used

 32

The researchers used the inferential statistics model of research and utilized a

questionnaire in gathering the needed data.

According to Aggarwal, (2008) inferential statistics use statistical models to help

you compare your sample data to other samples or to previous research. Most research

uses statistical models called the Generalized Linear Model and include student’s t-tests,

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), regression analysis and various other models that result

in straight-line (“linear”) probabilities and results.

With inferential statistics you take that sample data from a small number of

people and try to determine if the data can predict whether the drug will work for

everyone (i.e. the population). There are various ways you can do this, from calculating

a z-score (z-scores are a way to show where your data would lie in a normal distribution

to post-hoc (advanced) testing.

Inferential Statistics makes inferences about populations using data drawn from

the population. Instead of using the entire population to gather the data, the statistician

will collect a sample or samples from the millions of residence and make inferences

about the entire population using the sample.

Instrument of the Study

The instrument used by the researchers was the researcher made questionnaire.

It is the main source of information used in the study and it is divided into three parts.

The first part of the questionnaire includes the profile of the respondents in terms

of Gender, Grade Level, Strand and Hour/s Spend in Studying. Second, the

questionnaire contains the holistic management approach in terms of decision-making,

task management, process management, plan procedure. And last the

 33

recommendations to improve critical thinking. The respondents need to evaluate or rate

the choices from one to five. Take one as the most.

Data Gathering Procedure

In gathering data, the researcher first made a survey questions. After the

questionnaire has been approved. The researcher gave a letter of request to the

teachers in Grade 11 and 12 students of Rizal Technological University to allow them to

conduct the study to the respondents.

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on

targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one to

answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. Data collection is a component of

research in all fields of study including physical and social sciences, humanities, and

business. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and

honest collection remains the same. The goal for all data collection is to capture quality

evidence that allows analysis to lead to the formulation of convincing and credible

answers to the questions that have been posed.

Regardless of the field of study or preference for defining data (quantitative or

qualitative), accurate data collection is essential to maintaining the integrity of research.

Both the selection of appropriate data collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly

developed) and clearly delineated instructions for their correct use reduce the likelihood

of errors occurring.

A formal data collection process is necessary as it ensures that the data

gathered are both defined and accurate and that subsequent decisions based on

arguments embodied in the findings are valid The process provides both a baseline from

which to measure and in certain cases an indication of what to improve.

 34

Population and Sampling Scheme

The researcher used the purposive sampling in the selection of respondent to

this study.

According to Palys (2008), Purposive sampling (also known as judgment,

selective or subjective sampling) is a sampling technique in which researcher relies on

his or her own judgment when choosing members of population to participate in the

study. Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method and it occurs when

elements selected for the sample are chosen by the judgment of the researcher.

Researchers often believe that they can obtain a representative sample by using a

sound judgment, which will result in saving time and money.

This study involved the Senior High School Student of Rizal Technological

University for school year 2018-2019. The respondents were taken in Grade 11 and 12

Senior High School Student.

Description of Respondents

The respondent of this study are the Grade 11 and 12 students of Rizal

Technological University, Pasig Campus for school year 2018-2019. They are described

according to Gender, Grade Level, Srand and Hour/s Spend in Studying.

Validation of Instrument

The researcher made instrument were forwarded to experts for validation. After

instrument validated, the researcher gave a letter to the Senior High teachers and

students to conduct survey. Instrument is the generic term that researchers use for a

measurement device (survey, test, questionnaire, etc.).

 35

Statistical Treatment of Data

This study used Inferential Statistics to nake inferences from gathered

data alone. Inferential Statisticsuse a random sample of data taken from a

population to describe and make inferences about thr population. Inferential

Statistics are valuable when examination of each member of an entire population

is not convenient or possible. With Inferential Statistics, the researchers can take

data from samples and make generalization about a population.