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Routing Algorithms
Broadcast Routing
Multicast Routing
1
The Model
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D. Dobre
Broadcast Routing
2
Metrics
• Simplest method:
• Makes a copy of the broadcast packet at the source, one for each
destination.
• Uses the normal routing mechanism for delivering each one
• Pros (+):
• No changes required to the routing algorithm or packet format.
• The reliability is that of the underlying routing mechanism
• Cons (-):
• Large values of C(n) => level of congestion increases
• Large A(n) and M(n) because of queuing delays
• Sender has to know all hosts in the network
6
D. Dobre
3
Example
1 2
2 3
2 3 2
4
4 3
4 3
4 3
Multidestination Addressing
4
Example
1 2
2,3
2
2,3,4
4 3
4 3
4 3
9
D. Dobre
10
D. Dobre
5
Example
1 2
1
0
-1 2
1
0 1
diameter =
threshold = 2
1
1 2
1
4 2 2
3
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D. Dobre
12
D. Dobre
6
Example
1 2
m
m
m m
m m
m
4 3
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D. Dobre
M(1) = 4 3
M(2) = 3 M(3) = 4
4
M(4) = 3
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D. Dobre
7
Source Based Forwarding
15
D. Dobre
Example (1)
sender 1 2
m
m
m
m m
m
4 3
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D. Dobre
8
Example (2)
sender
1 2
m
m m
m
m
m m
4 3
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D. Dobre
s l
…
…
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D. Dobre
9
Example
1 2
m
m
m
m m
m m
m m
4 3
19
D. Dobre
Example (2)
Reverse path forwarding. (a) A subnet. (b) a Sink tree. (c) The
tree built by reverse path forwarding.
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D. Dobre
10
Reverse Path Forwarding (2)
• Pros (+):
• Smaller number of copies than hot potato (duplicates are
immediately discarded)
• No additional routing tables needed
• Minimum transmission delays (if shortest path tree from source =
shortest reverse path tree from source)
• Cons (-):
• Larger number of copies than source based routing
21
D. Dobre
Multicast Routing
• Recall:
• Some applications require many processes to work
together in groups (e.g. a group of objects implementing
a fault-tolerant service)
• Multicasting: sending a message to a well-defined
group of processes.
• Challenge: groups are too large to use p-t-p and too
small to use broadcast.
• Group management (create, destroy, join, leave)
• Routers learn about the groups their hosts are in
• Routers tell to their neighbors
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D. Dobre
11
Multicast Routing
12