Universidad Rural de Guatemala

Axa María Estefan Galindo Morales

17-022-0011

Agronomía con Énfasis Ambiental

Nueva Concepción, Escuintla sede - 022

Cuarto semestre año 2018

Lic. Néstor Iban Rivas.

Texto Paralelo ingles IV

Guatemala, 11 de agosto de 2018

 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOS
El pasado continuo expresa la duración de una acción pasada y no indica si está
terminada, mientras que el pasado simple se refiere a una acción puntual que
empezó y acabó en el pasado.

 I worked last Saturday.

Trabajé el sábado pasado.

 It was snowing at half past four yesterday.

Estaba nevando a las cuatro y media de ayer (no había acabado).

Diferencias pasado simple y continuo

1 El pasado simple describe acciones acabadas y el pasado continuo no

especifica si la acciones finalizaron o no, sino que enfatiza que estaban en
desarrollo.

 He travelled around the world.

Viajó por todo el mundo.

 I was travelling around the world.

Estaba viajando por todo el mundo.

2 Para acciones simultáneas:

Si las acciones son consecutivas, los verbos irán en pasado simple.

 As I saw her I left the room.

Cuando la ví dejé la habitación.

Cuando hay un pasado simple y uno continuo este último resalta la duración de la
acción.

 As I was watching tv the telephone rang.

Cuando estaba viendo la tele sonó el teléfono.

Si las dos acciones tienen lugar durante un mismo periodo de tiempo se usará el
pasado continuo en las dos.

 As I was having dinner, she was watching tv.

Cuando estaba cenando ella estaba viendo la tv.

3 Para hablar de acciones habituales se suele usar el pasado simple.

 She visited her parents every day.

Sin embargo podemos usar el pasado continuo para enfatizar que la acción tuvo
lugar temporalmente.

 When I was ill he was visiting me twice a day.

Cuando estaba enfermo me visitaba dos veces al día (también es posible usar el
pasado simple en las dos).

4 En narraciones o historias se usa el pasado continuo para describir o ambientar

una acción.

 He was walking quickly. He was not wearing her glasses. Suddenly he

fall...

Estaba andando rápido. No llevaba sus gafas. De pronto se cayó...

 The Prime Minister died while he was sitting at his desk.

El Primer Ministro murió mientras estaba sentado en su mesa.

5 Con los verbos de estado en pasado, siempre que no tengan un significado

especial como ocurre en las diferencias entre presente simple y continuo.

 I loved him.

Le amaba (verbo estado pasado).

 I was tasting his cake.

Estaba probando su tarta (verbo acción voluntaria).

 She was being silly.

Estaba siendo tonta (verbo estado temporal).

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES
WHIT AUXILIARY DID

Affirmative sentences

1. If you want to learn another language, You DID learn some strategies.

2. You look so tired! You DID get more sleep.

3. Mariela works so hard. She DID take a vacation.

Negative sentences

1. Rodrigo DIDn't smoke so much, he has a terrible cough.

2. You DON't drink too much coffee before you go to bed.

3. Some doctors say that we DID't eat meat, it is bad for our health.

Interrogative sentences

1. DID Susan rent a car for her next trip to London? Travelling by plane is more

expensive!

2. What do you think? I rest for a moment? I feel tired.

3. I don't feel good today. What should I take?

QUESTION USING AUXILIARY DID WHIT SHORT AND

LONG ANSWER

Auxiliary verbs (also known as ’helping verbs’) include be, do and have. They are
used along with the main verb in a sentence to make questions, negative
statements, passives and tenses.
In this question, "Do you like Czech food?" - do is the auxiliary verb, like is the
main verb.
In questions, auxiliary verbs come before the subject - in our example
question, you is the subject.
Auxiliary verbs - Do/does/did
Do is used for forming questions and making negatives.
Does is the form for the 3rd person singular (does she...) and did is the past tense
of do .
Do and does is never used for the past.
The auxiliary verb - "be"
Be can be used as an auxiliary verb or the main verb in a sentence.
Be when it is used as an auxiliary verb is used to form the continuous tense and
the passive form .
Am, is a are are the present tense for be .
Am is used for the first person singular (I). Is is used for the 3rd person singular
( he, she, it ). Are is used for the other cases ( you , they and we ).
Was is the form used for the 1st and 3rd person singular - I, he , she, it .
Were is the past tense for - you , they and we .
The auxiliary verb "have"
Have is used to make the perfect tenses (it is always followed by the past participle
- the third form of the verb). The forms of the perfect tense are the present perfect,
past perfect and future perfect.
 Has is the form for the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) and have is used for all
other forms (I, you, we, they).
Had is the past tense for "have" for all pronouns.
Other auxiliary verbs - modal verbs
Other auxiliary verbs: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will,
would and ought to.
These are also known as modal verbs . We use them to show obligation,
possibility and necessity. For example:

 Jack is late. He might be sleeping.

 Possibility
 I should clean my room today.
 Obligation
 I must wear a tie to school.
 Necessity

2. Present simple questions

Present simple questions where we expect a „yes “ or „no“ reply.
For present simple questions, we use DO or DOES at the start of the sentence.
DO for I, you, we, us them. DOES for he, she, it.

Subject + Verb Question

 you go  Do you go to work on Saturdays?

 

 she like  Does she like ice cream?

 

 they work  Do they work in a bank?

 
 

3. Past simple questions

Past simple questions where we expect a „yes “ or „no“ reply.
For past simple questions, we use DID at the start of the sentence.
Note that we do not need to use the past tense of the verb in the sentence.

Subject + Verb Question

 you go  Did you go to work last Saturday?

 

 she like  Did she like ice cream when she was younger?
 

 they work  Did they work in a bank?

 

4. Questions with who/what/how etc (Wh- Questions)

When answering Wh- Questions we cannot reply with „yes“ or „no“.
When we are asking a question to find out who or what was the object of a situation we use the
auxillary verb DO.

Information sentence Question sentence

 Kate spoke to somebody.  Who did Kate speak to?

 Somebody is the object of the sentence.  We use the auxilary verb (do) in the past tense.

When we are asking a question to find out who or what was the subject of a situation we do not use
the auxillary verb do.
 Information sentence Question sentence

 Somebody spoke to Kate.  Who spoke to Kate?

 somebody is the subject.  Note, We do not use the auxilary verb DO.

 Who does want something to drink? incorrect

 Who wants something to drink? correct
 Who is the subhect
 How many people did go skiing with you? incorrect
 How many people went skiing with you? correct
 People is the subject
 Which train does go to London? incorrect
 Which train goes to London? correct
 Train is the subject

5. Question Tags
Question tags are often used in spoken English. A rising intonation is used to show that the
question is real and you expect an answer, whereas a falling intonation shows that the speaker just
wants confirmation from the person being spoken to.

 It is raining, isn’t it?


 „Isn’t it“ is a negative tag
 It is not raining, is it?
 PAST EVENTS

• However , I would like to add that it is easy to evaluate pastevents with the
wisdom of hindsight. Sin embargo, quisiera añadir que es fácil evaluar
acontecimientos pasados con el conocimiento de la visión retrospectiva.

• One might conclude that the Commission had decided in some fields to
draw a veil over and forget pastevents. En el seno de la Comisión se ha dado
manifiestamente para algunos ámbitos la consigna de ocultar y olvidar.

• I have no intention of talking about pastevents; rather I want to look to the

future. No voy a remontarme al pasado. Prefiero dirigir la mirada al futuro.

• We have heard some particularly moving accounts of pastevents which

some of you have experienced at first hand. Hemos escuchado relatos
particularmente conmovedores de sucesos del pasadoque algunos de ustedes
experimentaron de primera mano.

• Therefore the international community must prevent the repetition of those

past events, and should also call on Israel to stop its destructive policies. Por tanto
la comunidad internacional debe evitar que estos hechospasados se repitan, y
debe solicitar a Israel que cese sus políticas destructivas.

• It is easy to evaluate past events with the wisdom of hindsight. Es fácil

evaluar acontecimientospasados cuando setiene la perspectiva del tiempo.

• I am afraid, however, that it was a bit of officialese in that we are limiting

ourselves to a reply which simply confirms pastevents. Pero me temo que ha sido
un poco burocrática, es decir, nos limitamos a una respuesta que confirma
acontecimientos anteriores.
• Now is not the time to pass judgement pastevents and situations. No es
propio del momento juzgar losacontecimientos y situaciones anterior

PAST TIME EXPRESSIONS

In English, we use the simple pastto talk about when things happened. There are a
number of words and phrasesthat are often used to show when an action or
situation happened in the past. We call them time adverbials. Here are some of
the most common ones.

Now let's see how and when to use them.

Time adverbial: ago

We use time reference + ago to show how far back in the past something
happened:
Examples:

• The movie ended five minutes ago.

• The plane landed two hours ago.

• My son was born six months ago.

• Her husband died ten years ago.

• I took that photo many years ago.

• I came to this city a long time ago.

Time adverbial: last

We use last + time reference to mean the most recent or nearest to the present
day time:
Examples:

• I saw a game on TV last night.

• My parents traveled to Japan last month.

• Michael arrived in Mexico last January.

• Last Christmas I got a lot of presents.

• My girlfriend and I met at the beach last summer.

• Last year Jake and Jill got married.

ADJETIVES

1. good

having desirable or positive qualities

2. bad

having undesirable or negative qualities

3. happy

marked by good fortune

4. sad

experiencing or showing sorrow or unhappiness

5. nice
pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance

6. mean

denote or connote

7. delicious

extremely pleasing to the sense of taste

8. healthy

free from infirmity or disease

9. tasty

pleasing to the palate

10. pleasant

being in harmony with your taste or likings

11. sunny

bright and pleasant; promoting a feeling of cheer

12. excellent

very good; of the highest quality

13. impressive

making a strong or vivid mental image

14. entertaining

agreeably diverting or amusing

15. attractive

pleasing to the eye or mind as through beauty or charm

16. handsome
pleasing in appearance

17. stunning

causing bewilderment, shock, or insensibility

18. satisfactory

giving contentment

19. useful

having a helpful function

20. top-notch

of the highest quality

21. confident

having or marked by assurance

ANTONIMOUS

alive-vivo

dead-muerto

backward-atrás

forward-adelante

beautiful- hermoso

ugly-feo

big-grande

small- pequeño

blunt-romo, desafilado

sharp-afilado, puntiagudo

boring-aburrido
interesting-interesante, entretenido

bright- brillante, claro

dark-oscuro

broad-ancho

narrow-estrecho

clean-limpio

dirty-sucio

clever-listo

stupid-tonto

closed-cerrado

open-abierto

cool-fresco

warm-templado

cruel-cruel, despiadado

kind-amable

dangerous-peligroso

safe-seguro

dark-oscuro

light (colour)- claro

deep-profundo

shallow-superficial

difficult-difícil

easy-fácil

dry-seco

wet-húmedo
early-temprano

late-tarde

fake-falso

real-real, verdadero

fast-rápido

slow-lento

fat-gordo

thin-delgado

gentle-moderado,dulce, discreto

fierce-feroz, violento, extremo

good-bueno

bad-malo

happy-feliz

sad-triste

hard-duro,

soft-suave,blando, mullido

heavy-pesado

light (weight)-ligero

high-alto

low-bajo

hot-caliente

cold-frío

ill-enfermo

well-sano

innocent-inocente
guilty-culpable

long-largo

short (length)-corto

loose-flojo, suelto

tight-apretado,ceñido

loud-alta (voz)

soft (voice)-baja, suave

low-bajo (altura, nivel)

high-alto

modern-moderno

ancient-antigüo

noisy-ruidoso

quiet-tranquilo, silencioso

BODY PARTS

ARM – BRAZO

Elbow codo

Finger dedo

fingertip yema del dedo

Fist puño

forearm antebrazo

Hand mano

humerus húmero

index finger índice

knuckle nudillo

little finger meñique

middle finger dedo medio

Nail uña

Palm palma de la mano

phalanx falange

ring finger anular

radius radio

second phalanx falangina

shoulder hombro

third phalanx falangeta

thumb pulgar

Ulna cúbito

upper arm brazo

Wrist muñeca

HEAD - CABEZA

bags under the eyes ojeras

Beard barba

Brain cerebro

canine tooth colmillo

Cheek mejilla

Chin mentón

crinkles pequeñas arrugas

crow's feet patas de gallo

dimple hoyuelo

Ear oreja

Eye ojo
eyebrow ceja

eyelash pestaña

eyelid párpado

forehead frente

freckle peca

Gum encía

Hair cabello

hard palate paladar duro

incisors incisivos

Lips labios

lower jaw mandíbula inferior

lower lip labio inferior

molars molares

moustache bigote

mouth boca

neck cuello

nose nariz

nostrils agujeros de la nariz

palate paladar

premolars premolares

pupil pupila

sideboards (GB) patillas

sideburns (US) patillas

tongue lengua

tonsil amígdala

tooth, teeth diente, dientes

throat garganta

upper jaw mandíbula superior

upper lip labio superior

uvula campanilla

wisdom tooth muela de juicio

wrinkles arrugas

SKELETON - ESQUELETO

backbone columna vertebral

breast bone esternón

carpal carpo

clavicle, collarbone clavícula

eye socket cuenca del ojo

femur fémur

hipbone ilion

humerus húmero

kneecap rótula

mandible mandíbula

pelvis pelvis
 phalanx falange

radius radio

Rib costilla

scapula omóplato

shinbone tibia

shoulder blade omóplato

skull cráneo

spine columna vertebral

sternum esternón

HAIR

beginning to lose your hair bouffant

bedhead ADJECTIVE

NOUN bouffant hair is arranged in a style

that lifts it awayfrom your head
BRITISHINFORMAL messy hair that
looks as if someone has just got out bristly
of bed
ADJECTIVE

bristly hair is short and rough

body

NOUN
bushy
a thick healthy appearance of your
hair ADJECTIVE

bushy hair or fur is very thick

 ADJECTIVE

close-cropped an American spelling of dishevelled

ADJECTIVE

cut very short dishevelled

ADJECTIVE

coiffed if you are dishevelled, your hair and

clothes do not look tidy
ADJECTIVE

OFTEN HUMOROUS coiffed hair has

been carefullyarranged in a special down to
style

used for saying how long someone’s

coiffured hair is or how long their clothes are

ADJECTIVE

OFTEN HUMOROUS coiffured hair flowing

has been carefullyarranged in a
special style ADJECTIVE

flowing clothes or hair hang in an

attractive way
crinkly

ADJECTIVE
flyaway
crinkly hair is rough and curly
ADJECTIVE

flyaway hair is very thin and soft, so

curl that it is difficultto keep in a tidy
hairstyle
NOUN

the way that someone’s hair grows in

curls frizz

NOUN

disheveled
the condition of hair that has very the shiny and attractive appearance
small tight stiffcurls of something, especially someone’s
hair

frizzy
hairless
ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE
frizzy hair has small tight stiff curls
with no hair

fuzzy
hairy
ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE
covered with short soft hairs or fibres
like hair with a lot of hair

gloss lank

NOUN ADJECTIVE

lank hair is thin and strai

PLEOPLE

The term "person of color" (plural: people of color, persons of color; sometimes
abbreviated POC)[1] is used primarily in the United States to describe any person
who is not white. The term encompasses all non-white people, emphasizing
common experiences of systemic racism.[2][3] The term may also be used with
other collective categories of people such as "communities of color", "men of color"
(MOC), and "women of color" (WOC).[4] Person of color was originally equivalent
in use to the term "colored", but usage of the appellation "colored" in the Southern
United States gradually came to be restricted to "negroes".
“People of color” is a term primarily used in the United States and Canada to
describe any person who is not white. It does not solely refer to African-Americans;
rather, it encompasses all non-white groups and emphasizes the common
experiences of systemic racism, which is an important point I discuss in more detail
below.

Where does it come from? The Oxford English Dictionary says that it derived from
a term used in the French colonial era in the Caribbean and in La Louisianne in
North America. It traditionally referred to gens de couleur libres, or people of mixed
African and European ancestry who were freed from slavery or born into freedom.
In the late 20th century, the term “person of color” was adopted as a preferable
replacement to “non-white.” Unfortunately, the contrast pits all people who have a
“color” against people who do not have a color or who possess “whiteness.”
However, the word “minority” has also come to have a negative meaning attached
to it, especially in places like California, Texas, New York City, and Florida where
people of color are not a numerical minority anymore.