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LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS

FORM 4

CHAPTER ONE (INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS )

ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION


Physical quantity A quantity that can be measured
Kuantiti fizik Kuantiti yang boleh diukur
Base quantity A physical quantity that cannot be defined in terms of other physical
Kuantiti asas quantities
Kuantiti fizik yang tidak dapat ditakrifkan dalam sebutan kuantiti fizik
yang lain
Derived quantity A physical quantity that is derived by combining base quantities. This
Kuantiti terbitan can be done by multiplication or division or both.
Kuantiti fizik yang dihasilkan daripada gabungan kuantiti asas secara
pendaraban atau pembahagian atau kedua-duanya
Precision / Consistency A measurement is more consistent when there is a smaller deviation
Kepersisan among the readings.
Suatu pengukuran adalah lebih konsisten apabila terdapat sisihan yang
kecil antara bacaan-bacaan
Accuracy The accuracy of a measurement is how close the measurement is to the
Kejituan actual value of the quantity being measured.
A measurement is more accurate when the reading is closer to the
actual value
Suatu pengukuran adalah lebih jitu apabila bacaan itu lebih hampir
kepada nilai sebenar
Sensitivity The ability of an instrument to detect small changes in the physical
Kepekaan quantity that is measured
Kebolehan alat mengesan perubahan kecil pada kuantiti yang diukur.
Error The difference between the reading obtained and the actual value
Ralat Perbezaan antara bacaan yang diperoleh dan nilai sebenar
Systematic error A systematic error is an experimental error that will produce readings
Ralat sistematik which are either always higher or always lower than the actual value
that is being measured.
Ralat sistematik ialah ralat eksperimen yang akan menghasilkan
bacaan-bacaan yang sama ada sentiasa lebih besar atau sentiasa lebih
kecil daripada nilai sebenar yang sedang diukur.
Random error A random error is caused by uncertainties in a measurement that will
Ralat rawak produce readings that could be higher or lower than the actual value
that is being measured.
Ralat rawak adalah disebabkan oleh ketakpastian dalam suatu
pengukuran yang akan menghasilkan bacaan-bacaan yang lebih tinggi
atau lebih kecil daripada nilai sebenar.
Parallax error Is a random error which occurs when the eye of the observer is not
Ralat paralaks directly above the scale of the instrument, causing the line of sight to
be not perpendicular to the scale
Ialah ralat rawak yang berlaku apabila mata pemerhati tidak tegak di
atas skala alat pengukur, menyebabkan garis penglihatan tidak
serenjang dengan skala itu
Zero error Is a systematic error where the instrument does not show zero reading
Ralat sifar when it is not taking a measurement.
Ialah ralat sistematik di mana alat itu tidak menunjukkan bacaan sifar
semasa tidak membuat pengukuran
Manipulated variable A physical quantity which you control and change for the purpose of
Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan investigation in an experiment
Kuantiti fizik yang dikawal atau diubah untuk tujuan menjalankan

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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
penyiasatan dalam suatu eksperimen
Responding variable A physical quantity which changes in response to changes to the
Pembolehubah bergerakbalas manipulated variable
Kuantiti fizik yang yang berubah disebabkan oleh perubahan kepada
pembolehubah dimanipulasikan
Fixed variable A physical quantity which is kept constant throughout the experiment
Pembolehubah dimalarkan Kuantiti fizik yang dikekalkan malar sepanjang eksperimen

CHAPTER TWO (FORCES AND MOTION)

ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION


Linear motion Motion along a straight line
Gerakan linear Gerakan sepanjang satu garis lurus
Scalar quantity A physical quantity which has only magnitude
Kuantiti skalar Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud sahaja
Vector quantity A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction
Kuantiti vektor Kuantiti yang mempunyai magnitud dan arah
Velocity The rate of change of displacement
Halaju Kadar perubahan sesaran
Speed The rate of change of distance
Laju Kadar perubahan jarak
Acceleration The rate of change of velocity
Pecutan Kadar perubahan halaju
Distance The total length of the path travelled
Jarak Jumlah panjang lintasan yang dilalui
Displacement Displacement is the shortest distance from one point to another point
Sesaran along a specific direction
Jarak terpendek dari satu titik ke titik yang lain mengikut satu arah
tertentu
Inertia The tendency of an object to resist change to its state of rest or motion.
Sifat semulajadi sesuatu objek yang menentang perubahan kepada
keadaan asalnya sama ada pegun atau bergerak
Newton’s First law An object will remain at rest or motion with uniform velocity along a
Hukum Pertama Newton straight line unless it is acted upon by an external force.
Suatu objek akan berada dalam keadaan pegun atau gerakan dengan
halaju seragam sepanjang garis lurus kecuali dikenakan satu daya luar
Newton’s Second law The net force on an object is proportional to the rate of change in
Hukum Kedua Newton momentum.
Daya bersih pada suatu objek berkadar terus dengan kadar perubahan
momentum
Newton’s Third law To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Hukum Ketiga Newton Bagi setiap tindakan terdapat satu tindakbalas yang mempunyai
magnitud yang sama dan bertindak pada arah yang bertentangan.
Momentum The product of mass and velocity of an object
Momentum Hasil darab jisim dengan halaju bagi suatu objek
Principle of conservation of The total momentum of a system is constant if no external forces act on
momentum the system.
Prinsip keabadian momentum Jumlah momentum suatu system adalah tetap jika tiada daya bertindak
pada sistem itu.
Force A push or a pull that can change the size, shape or velocity of an object.
Daya Suatu tolakan atau tarikan yang boleh mengubah saiz, bentuk atau
halaju suatu objek
Impulse Change of momentum.
Impuls Perubahan momentum
Impulsive force A large force that acts for a short period of time during a collision or

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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Daya impuls explosion
Daya yang besar yang bertindak untuk masa yang pendek semasa
suatu perlanggaran atau letupan
Weight The force of gravity which is exerted on it by earth.
Berat Daya tindakan gravity ke atas suatu jasad.
Mass The amount of matter in the object.
Jisim Jumlah kuantiti jirim di dalam suatu objek.
Free fall Free fall occurs when an object falling under the force of gravity only
Jatuh bebas without being affected by any other external forces.
Jatuh bebas berlaku apabila suatu objek jatuh disebabkan oleh daya
gravity sahaja tanpa kesan daripada sebarang daya luar.
Work The product of force and the displacement along the direction of the
Kerja force
Hasil darab daya dengan sesaran dalam arah daya itu.
Energy The capacity to do work.
Tenaga Keupayaan melakukan kerja.

Gravitational field The region in which an object experiences a force due to gravitational
Medan graviti attraction.
Kawasan di mana suatu objek mengalami daya yang disebabkan oleh
tarikan graviti
Potential energy The energy of an object because of its position.
Tenaga keupayaan Tenaga yang dimiliki oleh suatu objek disebabkan oleh kedudukannya.
Elastic potential energy The energy of an object when it is stretched or compressed
Tenaga keupayaan kenyal Tenaga yang dimiliki oleh objek yang diregang atau dimampat
Kinetic energy The energy of an object due to its motion
Tenaga kinetik Tenaga yang dimiliki oleh suatu jasad disebabkan oleh gerakannya.
The principle of conservation of Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed from one
energy form to another, but the total energy in a closed system is constant.
Prinsip keabadian momentum Tenaga tidak boleh dicipta atau dimusnahkan tetapi boleh berubah
bentuk ke bentuk yang lain. Jumlah tenaga di dalam suatu system
tertutup adalah tetap.
Power The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
Kuasa Kadar melakukan kerja atau pemindahan tenaga.
Elasticity The property of an object that enables it to return to its original shape
Kekenyalan and dimensions (size) after an applied external force is removed.
Keupayaan bahan untuk kembali ke bentuk dan saiz asalnya apabila
tindakan daya yang dikenakan dialihkan.
Hooke’s law The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the stretching force
Hukum Hooke provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
Pemanjangan spring adalah berkadar terus dengan daya regangan
dengan syarat had kenyal tidak dilampaui.
Elastic limit The elastic limit of a spring is the maximum stretching force which can
Had kenyal be applied to the spring before it ceases to be elastic.
Had kenyal suatu spring adalah daya maksimum yang boleh dikenakan
pada spring itu sebelum ia hilang kekenyalannya.
Force constant (spring constant) The force constant of a spring is the force per unit extension.
Pemalar daya (pemalar spring) Pemalar daya spring ialah daya per unit pemanjangan

CHAPTER THREE (FORCES AND PRESSURE)

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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Pressure The force acting perpendicularly on unit area of a surface.
Tekanan Daya yang bertindak secara normal pada seunit luas permukaan
Atmospheric Pressure The pressure which is caused by the weight of the thick layer of air
Tekanan Atmosfera (atmosphere) above the earth’s surface.
Tekanan yang disebabkan oleh lapisan tebal udara di atas
permukaan bumi.
Archimedes’ principle An object that is completely or partially immersed in a fluid is acted
Prinsip Archimedes on by a buoyant force which is equal to the weight of the displaced
fluid.
Objek yang direndam atau separa rendam dalam suatu bendalir
akan dikenakan oleh satu daya julangan yang sama dengan berat
bendalir yang tersesar oleh jasad itu.
Bernoulli’s principle In a steady flow of a fluid, the pressure of the fluid decreases when
Prinsip Bernoulli the velocity of the fluid increases.
Dalam suatu pengaliran bendalir yang mantap, tekanan bendalir itu
berkurang apabila laju pengaliran bertambah.
Pascal's principle The pressure applied on the surface of an enclosed liquid is
Prinsip Pascal transmitted uniformly throughout the liquid
Tekanan yang dikenakan pada permukaan suatu cecair akan
dipindahkan dengan seragam ke seluruh cecair.
Law of flotation The weight of an object floating on the surface of a liquid is equal to
Hukum apungan the weight of the liquid displaced by the object.
Berat objek yang terapung adalah sama dengan berat cecair yang
disesarkan
Hydrometer An instrument that measures the relative density of liquids.
Hidrometer Alat untuk mengukur ketumpatan relatif cecair.

CHAPTER FOUR (HEAT)

ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION


Temperature The degree of hotness of an object
Suhu Darjah kepanasan suatu objek.
Heat Energy transferred from hot object to a colder object.
Haba Tenaga yang dipindahkan dari objek yang panas ke objek yang lebih
sejuk.
Thermal equilibrium Two objects are in thermal equilibrium when the net rate of heat
Keseimbangan terma transfer between them is zero.
Dua objek berada dalam keseimbangan terma apabila tiada
pemindahan bersih haba antaranya
Heat capacity The heat capacity of an object is the quantity of heat energy required
Muatan haba to increase its temperature by 1oC.
Muatan haba adalah kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan
suhu objek itu sebanyak 1oC.
Specific heat capacity The quantity of heat energy required to increase the temperature of
Muatan haba tentu 1 kg of the substance by 1 oC or 1 K.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu 1 kg bahan
sebanyak 1 °C atau 1 K.
Latent heat The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature
Haba pendam during a change of phase.
Haba yang diserap atau dikeluarkan pada suhu yang malar semasa
perubahan fasa.
Specific latent heat The amount of heat energy required to change the phase of 1 kg of
Haba pendam tentu the substance at a constant temperature.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk mengubah
1 kg bahan dari satu keadaan fizikal ke keadaan yang lain.
Specific latent heat of fusion The quantity of heat energy required to change 1 kg of the substance

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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Haba pendam tentu pelakuran from solid to liquid without a change in temperature.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk mengubah
1 kg bahan dari pepejal ke cecair tanpa perubahan suhu.
Specific latent heat of vaporisation The quantity of heat energy required to change 1 kg of the substance
Haba pendam tentu pengewapan from liqiud to gas without a change in temperature.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menggubah
1 kg bahan dari cecair ke gas tanpa perubahan suhu.
Boiling A process where a liquid changes to vapour at a constant
Pendidihan temperature known as the boiling point.
Proses di mana cecair berubah menjadi wap pada suhu tetap yang
dikenali sebagai takat didih.
Boyle’s law The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its
Hukum Boyle volume provided the temperature of the gas is kept constant.
Tekanan bagi suatu jisim tetap gas berkadar songsang dengan
isipadu apabila suhu adalah tetap.
Charles’ Law The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its
Hukum Charles absolute temperature provided the pressure of the gas is kept
constant.
Isipadu suatu jisim tetap gas berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlaknya
apabila tekanan gas itu dikekalkan tetap
Pressure law The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its
Hukum Tekanan absolute temperature provided the volume of the gas is kept
constant.
Tekanan suatu jisim tetap gas berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlaknya
apabila isipadu gas itu dikekalkan tetap

CHAPTER FIVE (LIGHT)

ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION


Reflection of light Reflection of light occurs when a light ray is incident on a mirror and
Pantulan cahaya changes its direction of propagation
Pantulan cahaya berlaku apabila suatu sinar cahaya ditujukan pada
suatu cermin dan arah perambatannya berubah
Laws of reflection 1 The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point of
Hukum pantulan cahaya incidence all lie in the same plane.
2 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
1 Sinar tuju, sinar pantulan dan garis normal di titik tuju berada
pada satah yang sama.
2 Sudut tuju sama dengan sudut pantulan
Refraction of light The change of direction of propagation light when it crosses the
Pembiasan cahaya boundary between two materials of different optical densities.
Perubahan arah perambatan sinar cahaya apabila sinar itu melintasi
sempadan antara dua medium dengan ketumpatan optik yang
berlainan.

Laws of refraction 1 The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal at the point of
Hukum pembiasan incidence all lie in the same plane.
2 Snell's law : The ratio (sin i) / (sin r) is a constant.
1 Sinar tuju, sinar biasan dan garis normal di titik tuju berada
pada satah yang sama.
2 Nisbah (sin i) / (sin r) adalah suatu pemalar
Apparent depth The distance of the image formed by refraction from the surface of
Dalam ketara the water.
Jarak dari permukaan air ke imej yang dibentuk oleh pembiasan
Real depth The distance of the object from the surface of the water.
Dalam nyata Jarak dari permukaan air ke objek

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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION

Total internal reflection Total internal reflection occurs when light travelling in a denser
Pantulan dalam penuh medium towards a less dense medium is totally reflected when the
angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle
Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku apabila cahaya yang merambat
dalam medium yang lebih tumpat kea rah medium yang kurang
tumpat dipantul sepenuhnya apabila sudut tuju melebihi sudut
genting
Critical angle The angle of incidence in the optically denser medium for which the
Sudut genting angle of refraction in the less dense medium is 90 o
Sudut tuju dalam medium lebih tumpat yang menyebabkan sudut
biasan dalam medium yang kurang tumpat menjadi 90o

Convex lens Converges parallel light rays to a point


Kanta cembung Menumpukan sinar-sinar selari pada satu titik
Concave lens Diverges parallel light rays from a point.
Kanta cekung Mencapahkan sinar-sianr selari dari satu titik
Focal length The distance between the principal focus, F and the optical centre, O
Panjang fokus of a lens.
Jarak antara fokus utama, F, dan pusat optik suatu kanta

FORM 5

CHAPTER SIX (WAVES)

ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION


Wave motion Wave motion carries energy from one place to another place in a
Perambatan gelombang medium without the transfer of the particles along the medium.
Wavefront A wavefront is a line or plane where the vibrations of every point on
Muka Gelombang it are in phase
Transverse wave A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is at
Gelombang Melintang perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave.
Longitudinal wave A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to
Gelombang Membujur the direction of propagation of the wave.
Amplitude The maximum displacement from its equilibrium position.
Amplitud
Period The time taken to make one complete oscillation
Tempoh
Frequency, f The number of complete oscillations made by a vibrating system in
Frekuensi one second
One complete oscillation A complete oscillation may be referred as the movement of a
Satu ayunan lengkap vibrating system from one extreme position to the other and back to
the same position.
Wavelength, λ The wavelength is the distance between successive points of the
Panjang gelombang same phase in a wave.
Damping Damping occurs when an oscillating system loses energy due to
Pelembapan frictional forces.
Forced oscillation Forced oscillation occurs when a system oscillates under the
Ayunan paksa influence of an external driving force.
Natural frequency The frequency of a system when it oscillates freely.
Frekuensi asli
Resonance Resonance occurs when a system oscillates at the maximum

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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Resonans amplitude when the driving frequency is equal to the natural
frequency of the system.
Reflection of waves Reflection of waves is the change in direction of propagation when a
Pantulan gelombang wave strikes an obstacle.
Incident waves The waves moving towards an obstacle.
Gelombang Tuju
Reflected wave The wave which has undergone a change in direction of propagation
Gelombang Pantulan after reflection.
Angle of incidence The angle between the direction of propagation of the incident wave
Sudut Tuju and the normal
Angle of reflection The angle between the direction of propagation of reflected wave
Sudut pantulan and the normal.
Law of Reflection The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
Hukum Pantulan
Refraction of waves Refraction is the change of direction of propagation when the speed
Pembiasan Gelombang of a wave changes as it moves from one medium to another
Diffraction of wave Diffraction of waves is the spreading of waves as they pass through
Pembelauan Gelombang an aperture or around the edge of an obstacle
Principle of superposition The sum of the displacements of all the component waves at the
Prinsip superposisi point.
Coherent waves Waves of the same frequency and are in phase.
Gelombang Koheren
Interference Superposition of two coherent waves constructively or destructively
Interferens
Constructive interference Occurs when two waves that are in phase superimpose
Interferens membina to produce a wave with crests and troughs of maximum amplitude.
Destructive interference Occurs when two waves that are out of phase superimpose to
Interferens memusnah produce zero resultant amplitude
Antinode A point where constructive interference occurs.
Antinod
Node A point where destructive interference occurs.
Nod
Sound wave Sounds are longitudinal waves produced by vibrations such as the
Gelombang bunyi vibrations of the diaphragm of a loudspeaker, guitar string and tuning
fork.
Loudness The intensity of a sound as heard by an observer (depends on the
Kenyaringan amplitude of the sound)
Pitch The pitch of the sound is an indication of the sharpness of a sound
Kelangsingan (depends on the frequency of the sound)
SONAR Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) is a system used to detect
underwater objects or to determine the depth of the water by means
of an echo.
Electromagnetic waves Electromagnetic waves are propagating waves in space with electric
Gelombang elektromagnet and magnetic components.

CHAPTER SEVEN (ELECTRICITY)

ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION


Current Current is the rate of flow of electric charge
Arus
Ampere, A SI unit of current
Coulomb, C A unit of charge
Electric field An electric field is a region where an electric force acts on a particle
Medan elektrik with an electric charge.
Potential Difference Potential difference is defined as the work done to move a unit of

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Beza keupayaan charge from one point to another in an electric field.
Ohm’s Law The electric current flowing through a conductor is directly
Hukum Ohm proportional to the potential difference across the ends of the
conductor, if the temperature and other physical dimensions remain
constant.
Ohmic Conductor Material which obey Ohm’s Law
Konduktor Ohm
Non Ohmic Conductor Material which do not obey Ohm’s Law
Konduktor bukan Ohm
Resistance Resistance is defined as (potential difference)/(current)
Rintangan
Effective Resistance The effective resistance is the combined resistance in the circuit.
Rintangan berkesan
Electromotive Force (e.m.f) The total energy supplied by a cell when one unit of charge flows
Daya gerak elektrik (d.g.e.) through the cell.
Internal Resistance The resistance within a cell due to its electrolyte or electrodes
Rintangan dalam
Electrical Energy Energy supplied by a source of electricity (cell / battery) when current
Tenaga elektrik flows in a closed circuit.
Power Power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy
Kuasa
Power Rating The power rating of an appliance denotes the rate at which it
Kadar kuasa consumes electrical energy at a certain voltage

CHAPTER EIGHT (ELECTROMAGNETISM)

ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION


Electromagnet An electromagnet is a device in which magnetism is produced by an
Elektromagnet electric current. It is a temperory magnet. It acts as a magnet when
the current is flow and ceases to be a magnet when the current is
switched off.
Magnetic field A magnetic field is a region in which a magnetic materials
Medan magnet experiences a force.
Catapult field The resultant field produced when a straight wire carries a current in
Medan lastik a uniform magnetic field.
Direct current motor A direct current motor is used to convert electrical energy into
Motor arus terus rotational kinetic energy.
Electromagnetic induction The production of an electromotive force in a conductor due to a
Aruhan elektromagnet changing magnetic flux.
Induced e.m.f. An emf produced in a conductor when there is a changing magnetic
D.g.e. teraruh flux or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor
Induced current Induced current is produced in a circuit when there is a changing
Arus teraruh magnetic flux or cutting of magnetic flux by a conductor
Faraday's law The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the
Hukum Faraday rate at which a conductor cuts through the magnetic flux.
Lenz's law Lenz's Law state that an induced electric current always flows in such
Hukum Lenz a direction as to oppose the change in magnetic flux.
Direct current Current which flows in one direction.
Arus terus
Alternating current Current which flows back and forth in two opposite directions
Arus ulang alik
Transformer A device which steps up or steps down the voltage of an alternating
Transformer current.
Step-up transformer A transformer that steps up voltage
Transformer injak naik

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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Step-down transformer A transformer that steps down voltage
Transformer injak turun
Ideal transformer A transformer where the output power is equal to the input power
Transformer unggul and the efficiency is 100%
Transmission of electricity The transmission of electricity from the power station to consumers
Penghantaran elektrik (industries and residential areas) by electric cables
National Grid Network The national grid is a network of electrical cables connecting
Rangkaian Grid Nasional electrical power stations to consumers of electricity.

CHAPTER NINE (ELECTRONICS)

ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION


Thermionic emission A process of emitting electrons from a hot metal surface.
Pemancaran termionik
Cathode ray A beam of fast moving, high energy electrons
Sinar katod
Semiconductor Materials whose resistance is between those of good conductors and
Semikonduktor good insulators.
Doping The process of adding a small amount of impurities into the
Pendopan semiconductors.
n-type semiconductor Semiconductor where the majority charge carriers are free electrons
Semikonduktor jenis-n
p-type semiconductor Semiconductor where the majority charge carriers are holes
Semikonduktor jenis-p
Semiconductor diode A p-n junction device which conducts current in one direction only
Diod semikonduktor
Forward-biased A diode is forward biased when the p-end is connected to the
Pincang ke hadapan positive terminal of the battery and the n-end is connected to the
negative terminal of the battery.
Reverse-biased A diode is reverse biased when the p-end is connected to the
Pincang songsang negative terminal of the battery and the n-end is connected to the
positive terminal of the battery.
Rectification To convert alternating current into direct current using diodes
Rektifikasi
Half-wave rectification The process of rectification using a diode which allows current flow in
Rektifikasi separuh gelombang half of a cycle.
Full-wave rectification The process of rectification using four diodes to allow current to flow
Rektifikasi penuh gelombang in a complete cycle and in the same direction.
Smoothing Capacitor A capacitor that is used to smoothen the output voltage of a
Kapasitor perata rectification process
n-p-n transistor A transistor which consists of a layer of p-type semiconductor
Transistor n-p-n sandwiched between two layers of n-type semiconductors.
p-n-p transistor A transistor which consists of a layer of n-type semiconductor
Transistor p-n-p sandwiched between two layers of p-type semiconductors.

Logic gate A logic gate is an electronic switch with one or more inputs and only
Get logik one output.
Truth table A truth table shows the results of every possible output given every
Jadual kebenaran possible input.
AND gate A logic gate where the output is 1 only when both inputs are 1
Get DAN
NOT gate A logic gate that inverts the input
Get TAK
Or gate A logic gate where the Output is 1 except when both inputs are 0
Get ATAU
CHAPTER TEN (RADIOACTIVITY)

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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Nucleus The small core of the atoms which contains the protons and neutrons
Nukleus
Nucleon Protons and neutrons
Nukleon
Proton number, Z The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Nombor proton
Nucleon number, A The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Nombor nucleon
Nuclide A nuclide is one type of nucleus with a particular proton number and
Nuklid a particular nucleon number.
Isotope Atoms of an element which have the same proton number but
Isotop different nucleon numbers
Radioisotope Isotopes with unstable nuclei
Radioisotop
Radioactivity Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of unstable nucleus
Radioaktiviti into a more stable nucleus with the random emission of radiation.
Radioactive decay Radioactive decay is a process where an unstable nucleus becomes a
Reputan radioaktif more stable nucleus by emitting radiation
Alpha decay A radioactive decay where an alpha particle is emitted
Reputan alfa
Beta decay A radioactive decay where a beta particle is emitted
Reputan beta
Gamma decay A radioactive decay where gamma rays are emitted
Reputan gama
Half life The time taken for mass or activity of a radioactive substance to
Setengah hayat become half its original value
Atomic mass unit (a.m.u) The atomic mass unit (a.m.u) is used to measure the masses of
Unit jisim atom atomic particles.
Nuclear fission A process involving the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter
Pembelahan nuklear nuclei and several neutrons at the same time
Chain reaction A chain reaction is a self-sustaining reaction in which the neutrons
Tindak balas berantai produced in a reaction can initiate another similar reaction.
Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion is the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a
Pelakuran nuklear heavier nucleus
Nuclear reactor A nuclear reactor produces tremendous amount of energy through
Reaktor nuklear nuclear fission.

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