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SULPHURIC ACID
Uses:
1. Manufacture of : Detergents, artificial fabres and paint.
2. As electrolyte in car batteries
3. production of fertilizer
Manufacture:
The process called Contact Process
The raw materials used are sulphur, air and water.
The stages of process:
S + O2 SO2
Sulphur dioxide alsa can be produced by roasting sulphide ores
( lead )II sulphide) in air.
2 SO2 + O2 2SO3
Optimum condition used are:
Temperature: 450 C
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Pressure: 1 atm
Catalyst : Vanadium(V) oxide
About 97 % conversion occurs under this condition.
Will cause:
1. acid rain
2. coughing
3. chest pain
4. shortness of breath
5. bronchitis and lung disease
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Uses Of Ammonia
To make fertilizers which is important to provide nitrogen for the
healthy growth of plants.
Can be converted to nitric acid which used to synthetic fibres,
explosives, wood pulp, paints, varnishes, lacquers rocket propellants.
Manufacture of Ammonia
Through Haber Process
This process combines nitrogen gas from the air with hydrogen gas
derived mainly from natural gas to form Ammonia, NH3.
Nitrogen gas is obtained from the fractional distillation of liquid air.
Hydrogen gas obtained from natural gas.
Step :
1. The ratio of one volume of nitrogen gas to three volumes of hydrogen is
passed through the reactor.
2. The mixture is compressed to high temperature ( 200 atm) at 450 C.
3. Iron is used as catalyst in this process.
N2 + 3H2 2 NH3
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ALLOY
Is mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in
which the major component is metal.
Pure metals are make up of the same type and same size of atoms.
The orderly arrangement of atoms make the metal ductile and malleable.
Orderly arrangement of atoms in metal enables the layer of atoms to
slide on one another when force is applied.
Arrangement of atom in
pure Metal: Closely packed
& In an orderly manner
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SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
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1. Great purity
2. optical transparency
3. high temperature
4. chemical durability
5. Resistance to thermal shock.
It is used as :
1. Laboratory glassware
2. lenses
3. Telescope mirrors
4. optical fibres.
Ex : Starch, cellulose, wool, protein, silk and natural rubber.
The most common glass : Soda lime glass
Made by heating sand with limestone/ sodium carbonate.
Can be melted at a relatively low temperature
Easy to be shaped and has a good chemical durability.
High thermal expansion coefficient.
Expands a lot when it is heated and contracts a lot too when it is
cooled.
Do not withstand heat.
Used to make : flat glass, electrical bulbs, mirrors and glass
containers.
Ceramic
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Ceramics are very hard, brittle, chemically inert, do not corrode, high
melting point and are good insulators of electricity and heat.
Suitable for making abrasive, construction material,
tableware, insulators in electrical equipments and
refractories.
Comparing properties of glass and ceramics
Glass Ceramics
Highly transparent Optical transparency Opaque
Can be melted and Moulding Cannot be melted and
remoulded remoulded
Lower melting point Melting point Very high melting point
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
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Reinforced Concrete
Superconductors
Fibre optic
Fibre Glass
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Photochromic Glass