TITLE XI Article 1939. Commodatum is purely personal in character.

Consequently:
LOAN
(1) The death of either the bailor or the bailee extinguishes the contract;
General Provisions
(2) The bailee can neither lend nor lease the object of the contract to a
Article 1933. By the contract of loan, one of the parties delivers to another, either third person. However, the members of the bailee's household may make
something not consumable so that the latter may use the same for a certain time and use of the thing loaned, unless there is a stipulation to the contrary, or
return it, in which case the contract is called a commodatum; or money or other unless the nature of the thing forbids such use. (n)
consumable thing, upon the condition that the same amount of the same kind and
quality shall be paid, in which case the contract is simply called a loan or mutuum.
Article 1940. A stipulation that the bailee may make use of the fruits of the thing
loaned is valid. (n)
Commodatum is essentially gratuitous.

Simple loan may be gratuitous or with a stipulation to pay interest.

In commodatum the bailor retains the ownership of the thing loaned, while in simple
loan, ownership passes to the borrower. (1740a)

Article 1934. An accepted promise to deliver something by way of commodatum or

simple loan is binding upon parties, but the commodatum or simple loan itself shall
not be perfected until the delivery of the object of the contract. (n)

CHAPTER 1
Commodatum

SECTION 1 SECTION 2
Nature of Commodatum Obligations of the Bailee

Article 1935. The bailee in commodatum acquires the use of the thing loaned but
not its fruits; if any compensation is to be paid by him who acquires the use, the
contract ceases to be a commodatum. (1941a)
Article 1936. Consumable goods may be the subject of commodatum if the purpose
of the contract is not the consumption of the object, as when it is merely for
exhibition. (n)
Article 1937. Movable or immovable property may be the object of commodatum.
(n)
Article 1938. The bailor in commodatum need not be the owner of the thing loaned.
(n)
Article 1941. The bailee is obliged to pay for the ordinary expenses for the use and
preservation of the thing loaned. (1743a)
Article 1942. The bailee is liable for the loss of the thing, even if it should be
through a fortuitous event:
(1) If he devotes the thing to any purpose different from that for which it
has been loaned;
(2) If he keeps it longer than the period stipulated, or after the
accomplishment of the use for which the commodatum has been
constituted;
 (3) If the thing loaned has been delivered with appraisal of its value,
unless there is a stipulation exempting the bailee from responsibility in
case of a fortuitous event;
(4) If he lends or leases the thing to a third person, who is not a member of
his household;
(5) If, being able to save either the thing borrowed or his own thing, he
chose to save the latter. (1744a and 1745)
Article 1943. The bailee does not answer for the deterioration of the thing loaned
due only to the use thereof and without his fault. (1746)
Article 1944. The bailee cannot retain the thing loaned on the ground that the bailor
owes him something, even though it may be by reason of expenses. However, the
bailee has a right of retention for damages mentioned in article 1951. (1747a)
Article 1945. When there are two or more bailees to whom a thing is loaned in the
same contract, they are liable solidarily. (1748a)
SECTION 3
Obligations of the Bailor
ARTICLE 1946. The bailor cannot demand the return of the thing loaned till after
the expiration of the period stipulated, or after the accomplishment of the use for
which the commodatum has been constituted. However, if in the meantime, he
should have urgent need of the thing, he may demand its return or temporary use.
In case of temporary use by the bailor, the contract of commodatum is suspended
while the thing is in the possession of the bailor. (1749a)
Article 1947. The bailor may demand the thing at will, and the contractual relation
is called a precarium, in the following cases:
(1) If neither the duration of the contract nor the use to which the thing
loaned should be devoted, has been stipulated; or
(2) If the use of the thing is merely tolerated by the owner. (1750a)
Article 1948. The bailor may demand the immediate return of the thing if the bailee
commits any act of ingratitude specified in article 765. (n)
Article 1949. The bailor shall refund the extraordinary expenses during the contract
for the preservation of the thing loaned, provided the bailee brings the same to the
knowledge of the bailor before incurring them, except when they are so urgent that
the reply to the notification cannot be awaited without danger.
If the extraordinary expenses arise on the occasion of the actual use of the thing by
the bailee, even though he acted without fault, they shall be borne equally by both
the bailor and the bailee, unless there is a stipulation to the contrary. (1751a)
Article 1950. If, for the purpose of making use of the thing, the bailee incurs
expenses other than those referred to in articles 1941 and 1949, he is not entitled to
reimbursement. (n)
Article 1951. The bailor who, knowing the flaws of the thing loaned, does not
advise the bailee of the same, shall be liable to the latter for the damages which he
may suffer by reason thereof. (1752)
Article 1952. The bailor cannot exempt himself from the payment of expenses or
damages by abandoning the thing to the bailee. (n)
CHAPTER 2
Simple Loan or Mutuum
Article 1953. A person who receives a loan of money or any other fungible thing
acquires the ownership thereof, and is bound to pay to the creditor an equal amount
of the same kind and quality. (1753a)
Article 1954. A contract whereby one person transfers the ownership of non-
fungible things to another with the obligation on the part of the latter to give things
of the same kind, quantity, and quality shall be considered a barter. (n)
Article 1955. The obligation of a person who borrows money shall be governed by
the provisions of articles 1249 and 1250 of this Code.
If what was loaned is a fungible thing other than money, the debtor owes another
thing of the same kind, quantity and quality, even if it should change in value. In
case it is impossible to deliver the same kind, its value at the time of the perfection
of the loan shall be paid. (1754a)
Article 1956. No interest shall be due unless it has been expressly stipulated in
writing. (1755a)
Article 1957. Contracts and stipulations, under any cloak or device whatever,
intended to circumvent the laws against usury shall be void. The borrower may
recover in accordance with the laws on usury. (n)
Article 1958. In the determination of the interest, if it is payable in kind, its value
shall be appraised at the current price of the products or goods at the time and place
of payment. (n)
Article 1959. Without prejudice to the provisions of article 2212, interest due and
unpaid shall not earn interest. However, the contracting parties may by stipulation
capitalize the interest due and unpaid, which as added principal, shall earn new
interest. (n)
Article 1236. The creditor is not bound to accept payment or performance by a third
person who has no interest in the fulfillment of the obligation, unless there is a
stipulation to the contrary.
Whoever pays for another may demand from the debtor what he has paid, except
that if he paid without the knowledge or against the will of the debtor, he can
recover only insofar as the payment has been beneficial to the debtor. (1158a)
Article 1237. Whoever pays on behalf of the debtor without the knowledge or
against the will of the latter, cannot compel the creditor to subrogate him in his
rights, such as those arising from a mortgage, guaranty, or penalty. (1159a)
Article 1238. Payment made by a third person who does not intend to be reimbursed
by the debtor is deemed to be a donation, which requires the debtor's consent. But
the payment is in any case valid as to the creditor who has accepted it. (n)

Article 1960. If the borrower pays interest when there has been no stipulation
therefor, the provisions of this Code concerning solutio indebiti, or natural
obligations, shall be applied, as the case may be. (n)
Article 1961. Usurious contracts shall be governed by the Usury Law and other
special laws, so far as they are not inconsistent with this Code. (n)
SECTION 1
Payment or Performance
Article 1239. In obligations to give, payment made by one who does not have the
free disposal of the thing due and capacity to alienate it shall not be valid, without
prejudice to the provisions of article 1427 under the Title on "Natural Obligations."
(1160a)
Article 1240. Payment shall be made to the person in whose favor the obligation has
been constituted, or his successor in interest, or any person authorized to receive it.
(1162a)

Article 1232. Payment means not only the delivery of money but also the
performance, in any other manner, of an obligation. (n)

Article 1233. A debt shall not be understood to have been paid unless the thing or
service in which the obligation consists has been completely delivered or rendered,
as the case may be. (1157)

Article 1234. If the obligation has been substantially performed in good faith, the
obligor may recover as though there had been a strict and complete fulfillment, less
damages suffered by the obligee. (n)
Article 1241. Payment to a person who is incapacitated to administer his property
shall be valid if he has kept the thing delivered, or insofar as the payment has been
Article 1235. When the obligee accepts the performance, knowing its beneficial to him.
incompleteness or irregularity, and without expressing any protest or objection, the
obligation is deemed fully complied with. (n)
Payment made to a third person shall also be valid insofar as it has redounded to the
benefit of the creditor. Such benefit to the creditor need not be proved in the
following cases:
(1) If after the payment, the third person acquires the creditor's rights;
(2) If the creditor ratifies the payment to the third person;
(3) If by the creditor's conduct, the debtor has been led to believe that the third
person had authority to receive the payment. (1163a)
Article 1242. Payment made in good faith to any person in possession of the credit
shall release the debtor. (1164)
Article 1243. Payment made to the creditor by the debtor after the latter has been
judicially ordered to retain the debt shall not be valid. (1165)
Article 1244. The debtor of a thing cannot compel the creditor to receive a different
one, although the latter may be of the same value as, or more valuable than that
which is due.
In obligations to do or not to do, an act or forbearance cannot be substituted by
another act or forbearance against the obligee's will. (1166a)
Article 1245. Dation in payment, whereby property is alienated to the creditor in
satisfaction of a debt in money, shall be governed by the law of sales. (n)
Article 1246. When the obligation consists in the delivery of an indeterminate or
generic thing, whose quality and circumstances have not been stated, the creditor
cannot demand a thing of superior quality. Neither can the debtor deliver a thing of
inferior quality. The purpose of the obligation and other circumstances shall be
taken into consideration. (1167a)
Article 1247. Unless it is otherwise stipulated, the extrajudicial expenses required
by the payment shall be for the account of the debtor. With regard to judicial costs,
the Rules of Court shall govern. (1168a)
Article 1248. Unless there is an express stipulation to that effect, the creditor cannot
be compelled partially to receive the prestations in which the obligation consists.
Neither may the debtor be required to make partial payments.
However, when the debt is in part liquidated and in part unliquidated, the creditor
may demand and the debtor may effect the payment of the former without waiting
for the liquidation of the latter. (1169a)
Article 1249. The payment of debts in money shall be made in the currency
stipulated, and if it is not possible to deliver such currency, then in the currency
which is legal tender in the Philippines.
The delivery of promissory notes payable to order, or bills of exchange or other
mercantile documents shall produce the effect of payment only when they have been
cashed, or when through the fault of the creditor they have been impaired.
In the meantime, the action derived from the original obligation shall be held in the
abeyance. (1170)
Article 1250. In case an extraordinary inflation or deflation of the currency
stipulated should supervene, the value of the currency at the time of the
establishment of the obligation shall be the basis of payment, unless there is an
agreement to the contrary. (n)
Article 1251. Payment shall be made in the place designated in the obligation.
There being no express stipulation and if the undertaking is to deliver a determinate
thing, the payment shall be made wherever the thing might be at the moment the
obligation was constituted.
In any other case the place of payment shall be the domicile of the debtor.
If the debtor changes his domicile in bad faith or after he has incurred in delay, the
additional expenses shall be borne by him.
These provisions are without prejudice to venue under the Rules of Court. (1171a)
SUBSECTION 1. Application of Payments
Article 1252. He who has various debts of the same kind in favor of one and the
same creditor, may declare at the time of making the payment, to which of them the
same must be applied. Unless the parties so stipulate, or when the application of
payment is made by the party for whose benefit the term has been constituted,
application shall not be made as to debts which are not yet due.

If the debtor accepts from the creditor a receipt in which an application of the
payment is made, the former cannot complain of the same, unless there is a cause for
invalidating the contract. (1172a)

Article 1253. If the debt produces interest, payment of the principal shall not be
deemed to have been made until the interests have been covered. (1173)

Article 1254. When the payment cannot be applied in accordance with the preceding
rules, or if application can not be inferred from other circumstances, the debt which
is most onerous to the debtor, among those due, shall be deemed to have been
satisfied.

If the debts due are of the same nature and burden, the payment shall be applied to
all of them proportionately. (1174a)

REPUBLIC ACT No. 7653

THE NEW CENTRAL BANK ACT

ARTICLE II

ISSUE OF MEANS OF PAYMENT

Section 60. Legal Character. - Checks representing demand deposits do not have
legal tender power and their acceptance in the payment of debts, both public and
private, is at the option of the creditor: Provided, however, That a check which has
been cleared and credited to the account of the creditor shall be equivalent to a
delivery to the creditor of cash in an amount equal to the amount credited to his
account.